Viola – Musical Instrument

Pakutanga kuona, mutereri asina ruzivo anogona kuvhiringidza zviri nyore ichi chiridzwa chetambo chakakotamiswa ne violin. Zvechokwadi, kunze kwehukuru, ivo vakafanana kunze. Asi mumwe anofanirwa kungoteerera kune timbre yayo - musiyano unoonekwa pakarepo, chifuva uye panguva imwechete zvinoshamisa zvinyoro uye zvishoma muffled inzwi rinofanana ne contralto - nyoro uye inoratidzira.

Kana uchifunga nezve zviridzwa zvine tambo, viola inowanzo kanganwa nekuda kwezvidiki zvayo kana zvihombe, asi iyo yakapfuma timbre uye inonakidza nhoroondo inoita kuti itaridzike padyo. Viola chiridzwa chemuzivi, pasina kukwezva kutarisa, akazvidzikamisa muochestra pakati peviolin uye cello.

Verenga nhoroondo ye viola uye zvakawanda zvinonakidza chokwadi nezve chiridzwa ichi chiri papeji yedu.

Viola rira

Kunyarara, kutaura, kukudzwa, velvety, kunzwa, simba, uye dzimwe nguva rakafukidzwa - iyi ndiyo nzira yaungatsanangura nayo yakasiyana-siyana ye viola. Ruzha rwayo runogona kunge rusina kutaura uye kupenya ser violin, asi yakanyanya kudziya uye yakapfava.

Ruvara rwakajeka rwetimbre mhedzisiro yekurira kwakasiyana kwetambo imwe neimwe yechiridzwa. Rwodzi rwakadzika "C" tambo ine simba, resonant, hupfumi hwetimbre inogona kuburitsa pfungwa yekufanofungidzira uye kumutsa kusuruvara uye kusuruvara. Uye iyo yepamusoro "la", mukusiyana kwakasiyana nemamwe tambo, ine hunhu hwayo wega: mweya uye kuzvipira.

Vaimbi vakawanda vakatanhamara vakashandisa mucherechedzo kurira kweiyo viola: mukupfuura "1812" na. PI Tchaikovsky - rwiyo rwechechi; mu opera "Mambokadzi weSpades" - kuimba kwemasisita muchiitiko chechishanu, apo Herman anoratidzwa nemariro; mu DD Shostakovich 's symphony "1905" - rwiyo rwerwiyo "Wakabatwa."

Viola Photo:

Mashoko Anofadza nezve viola

• Vaimbi vakuru vakadaro se IS Bach , VA Mozart , LV Beethoven , A. Dvorak , B. Britten, P. Hindemith vairidza viola.
• Andrea Amati aiva mugadziri weviolin ane mukurumbira wepanguva yake, uye muna 1565 Mambo Charles IX weFrance akamuraira kuti agadzire zviridzwa makumi matatu nemasere (violin, violas uye cellos) zvevaimbi vedare ramambo. Mazhinji eaya mabasa ehunyanzvi akaparadzwa panguva yeChimurenga cheFrance, asi viola imwe chete inopona uye inogona kuonekwa paAshmolean Museum muOxford. Iyo yakakura, ine urefu hwemuviri 38 cm.
• Imwe viola inokosha, pamuviri waifananidzirwa muchinjikwa, wakaitwa nevanakomana vaAmati. Chiridzwa ichi chaive chemukurumbira weviolist LA Bianchi.
• Violas neuta zvakaitwa nevatenzi vane mukurumbira hazviwanzo kuwanikwa, saka viola yakagadzirwa naA. Stradivari kana A. Guarneri inodhura kupfuura violin nevatenzi vakafanana.
• Vazhinji vakakurumbira violinists vakaita se: Niccolo Paganini , David Oistrakh, Nigel Kennedy, Maxim Vengerov, Yehudi Menuhin vakanyatsobatanidzwa uye vachiri kusanganisa kuridza viola nekuridza violin.
• Mumakore ekuma1960, bhendi rerock rekuAmerica The Velvet Underground, bhendi rerock reChirungu The Who, uye mazuvano Van Morrison, bhendi redombo reGoo Goo Dolls, uye Vampire Weekend vese vanoisa viola zvakanyanya muhurongwa hwavo. nziyo uye maalbum.
• Mazita echiridzwa mumitauro yakasiyana anonakidza: French - alto; Italian neChirungu - viola; Finnish – alttoviulu; ChiGerman - bratsche.
• Yu. Bashmet yakazivikanwa seyakanakisa violist yenguva yedu. Kwemakore 230, ndiye wekutanga akabvumirwa kuridza chiridzwa chaVA Mozart muSalzburg. Uyu muimbi ane tarenda akanyatsodzokorora repertoire yose yakanyorerwa viola - inenge 200 zvidimbu zvemimhanzi, iyo 40 yakanyorwa uye yakatsaurirwa kwaari nevanyori vemazuva ano.

• Yuri Bashmet achiri kuridza viola, yaakatenga 1,500 rubles muna 1972. Jaya racho rakaita mari mumadhisiko achiridza nziyo kubva kuBeatles 'repertoire pagitare. Chiridzwa ichi chine makore anopfuura mazana maviri uye chakagadzirwa nemhizha yekuItaly Paolo Tastore muna 200.
• Mubatanidzwa mukuru wevanoridza mhirizhonga waive nevatambi mazana matatu nemakumi maviri nemumwe uye wakaunganidzwa nePortuguese Violists Association paSuggia Concert Hall muPorto, Portugal munaKurume 321, 19.
• Maviolist ndivo vanonyanya kufarirwa mavara mune orchestral anecdotes uye majee.

Mabasa akakurumbira eviola:

VA Mozart: Concertante Symphony yeViolin, Viola uye Orchestra (teerera)

Audio PlayerA. Vietan - Sonata ye viola uye piano (teerera)

A. Schnittke – Concerto for viola and orchestra (teerera)

Kuvaka Viola

Kunze, iyo viola yakafanana neyo violin, musiyano chete ndewekuti yakakura zvishoma muhukuru kupfuura violin.

Iyo viola ine zvikamu zvakafanana neiyo violin: dhizaini mbiri - kumusoro uye pasi, mativi, fretboard, mashava, stand, fingerboard, darling nevamwe - huwandu hwe70 zvinhu. Iro bhodhi repamusoro rine maburi ekurira akafanana neviolin, inowanzonzi "efs". Nekugadzira viola, chete mhando dzakanakisa dzehuni dzakasakara dzinoshandiswa, dzine varnished, dzakagadzirwa nevatenzi maererano nemaitiro avo akasiyana.

Kureba kwemuviri weviola kunosiyana kubva 350 kusvika 430 mm. Hurefu hweuta hwakareba 74 cm uye hunorema zvishoma pane iyo violin.

Viola ine tambo ina dzakarongwa cheshanu kudzika pane tambo dze violin.

Zviyero zveviola hazvienderane nekuumbwa kwayo, nekuda kweiyi kureba kwakaringana kwemuviri wechiridzwa kunofanirwa kunge kuri 540 mm, uye chokwadi chete 430 mm uyezve yakakura. Mune mamwe mazwi, viola idiki zvakanyanya maererano nekugadzirisa kwayo - ichi ndicho chikonzero chehukuru hwayo hwetimbre uye ruzha rwakasiyana.

 Viola haina chinhu chakadai se "yakazara" uye inogona kubva muhukuru kubva "yakakura kupfuura violin" kusvika kune hombe violas. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti iyo viola yakakura, iyo inowedzera kuzara kwayo. Zvisinei, muimbi anosarudza chiridzwa chaanokwanisa kuridza, zvose zvinoenderana nekuvakwa kwemuiti, kureba kwemaoko ake uye kukura kweruoko.

Nhasi, viola iri kuwedzera kuzivikanwa chiridzwa. Vagadziri vanoramba vachiyedza nemhando dzakasiyana kuti vawedzere hunhu hwayo hwakasarudzika uye kugadzira hutsva. Semuenzaniso, viola yemagetsi haina acoustic body, sezvo pasina chikonzero, nekuti ruzha rwunoonekwa nekubatsirwa kweamplifiers uye maikorofoni.

Application uye repertoire

Iyo viola inonyanya kushandiswa mune symphony orchestra uye, sekutonga, inosanganisira kubva pa6 kusvika ku10 zviridzwa. Kare, viola yainzi "Cinderella" yeorchestra, nekuti kunyangwe chiridzwa ichi chine ruzha uye ruzha rwakanaka, hachina kuzivikanwa zvakanyanya.

Iyo timbre ye viola yakanyatso kusanganiswa nekunzwika kwezvimwe zviridzwa, senge violin, cello, mbira, oboe, nyanga - zvose zviri chikamu cheimba yeimba. Inofanirawo kucherechedzwa kuti viola inotora nzvimbo inokosha mu quartet yetambo, pamwe chete neviolin mbiri uye cello.

Pasinei nenyaya yekuti viola inonyanya kushandiswa mukuungana uye mumhanzi weorchestra, iri kuwedzera mukurumbira sechiridzwa chega. Vakatanga kuunza chiridzwa chacho pachikuva chikuru vaiva vaimbi vemhirizhonga vechiRungu L. Tertis naW. Primrose.

Izvo hazvibviriwo kusataura mazita evatambi vakatanhamara vakaita saY. Bashmet, V. Bakaleinikov, S. Kacharyan, T. Zimmerman, M. Ivanov, Y. Kramarov, M. Rysanov, F. Druzhinin, K. Kashkashyan, D. Shebalin, U Primrose, R. Barshai nevamwe.

Raibhurari yemimhanzi ye viola, kana ichienzaniswa nezvimwe zviridzwa, haina kunyanyokura, asi munguva pfupi yapfuura nziyo dzayo dzakawanda dzakabuda pasi pepeni yevanyori. Heino runyoro rudiki rwemabasa ega akanyorwa zvakananga kune viola: concertos naB. Bartok , P. Hindemith, W. Walton, E. Denisov, A. Schnittke , D. Milhaud, E. Kreutz, K. Penderetsky; sonatas naM. Glinka , D. Shostakovich, I. Brahms, N. Roslavets, R. Schumann, A. Hovaness, I. David, B. Zimmerman, H. Henz.

Viola kutamba matekiniki

А вы знаете каких усилий требует игра на альте? Его большой корпус плюс длина грифа требуют от музыканта немалую силу и ловкость, ведь исполнение на этом инструменте зложенные слово. Из-за больших размеров альта техника игры, по сравнению со скрипкой, несколько ограничена. Позиции на грифе располагаются дальше, что требует большой растяжки пальцев левой руки у исполнителя.

Nzira huru yekubudisa inzwi pa viola ndiyo "arco" - kufambisa uta pamwe chete netambo. Pizzicato, col lego, martle, details, legato, staccato, spiccato, tremolo, portamento, ricochet, harmonics, kushandiswa kwembeveve uye mamwe maitiro anoshandiswa nevanoridza violin zvakare ari pasi pevaridzi, asi zvinoda humwe hunyanzvi kubva kumuimbi. Imwezve chokwadi inofanirwa kutariswa kune: maviolist, kuitira nyore kunyora nekuverenga manotsi, vane yavo clef - alto, zvisinei, ivo vanofanirwa kuverenga zvinyorwa mu treble clef. Izvi zvinokonzeresa mamwe matambudziko uye kusagadzikana kana uchitamba kubva papepa.

Kudzidzisa viola muhuduku hazvibviri, sezvo chiridzwa chikuru. Vanotanga kudzidza pairi mumakirasi ekupedzisira echikoro chemimhanzi kana mugore rokutanga rechikoro chemimhanzi.

Nhoroondo yeviola

Nhoroondo yeviola uye iyo inonzi mhuri yeviolin yakabatana zvikuru. Munguva yakapfuura yemimhanzi yekare, viola, kunyange zvazvo yakaregeredzwa mune zvakawanda, yakaita basa rinokosha.

Kubva mumanyoro ekare eMiddle Ages, tinodzidza kuti India ndiko kwakaberekerwa zviridzwa zvetambo dzakakotamiswa. Zvishandiso zvakafamba nevatengesi kunyika dzakawanda dzepasi, zvakatanga kusvika kuvaPersia, maArabu, vanhu vekuNorth Africa uyezve muzana remakore rechisere kuEurope. 

Mhuri yeviolin yeviola yakaonekwa uye yakatanga kukura kutenderera 1500 muItari kubva kune zvakambokotamira zviridzwa. Chimiro che viola, sezvavanotaura nhasi, chakanga chisina kugadzirwa, chaiva chikonzero chekushanduka kwezviridzwa zvekare uye kuedza kwevatenzi vakasiyana-siyana kuti vawane muenzaniso wakanaka. 

Vamwe vanopikisa kuti viola yakatangira violin. Nharo yakasimba inotsigira dzidziso iyi iri muzita rechishandiso. Kutanga viola, ipapo viol + ino - duku alto, soprano alto, viol + imwe - yakakura alto, bass alto, viol + pa + cello (duku kudarika violone) - maduku maduku alto. Izvi zvine musoro, Imwe nzira kana imwe, asi wekutanga akagadzira zviridzwa zveviolin vaive vatenzi vekuItaly kubva kuCremona - Andrea Amati naGasparo da Solo, uye vakavaunza pakukwana, chaizvo nechimiro chazvino, Antonio Stradivari naAndrea Guarneri. Zviridzwa zvevatenzi izvi zvakapona kusvika nhasi uye zvinoramba zvichifadza vateereri nezwi ravo. Dhizaini yeviola haina kushanduka zvakanyanya kubva payakatanga, saka kutaridzika kwechiridzwa chatinoziva kwakafanana nemazana emakore apfuura.

Mhizha dzeItaly dzakagadzira violas hombe zvainzwika zvinoshamisa. Asi pakanga paine gangaidzo: vaimbi vakasiya maviola makuru uye vakazvisarudzira zviridzwa zvidiki - zvaive nyore kuzviridza. Vatenzi, vachizadzisa mirairo yevatambi, vakatanga kuita violas, iyo yakanga yakakura zvishoma muhukuru kupfuura violin uye yakanga yakaderera mukunaka kwezwi kune zvigadzirwa zvekare.

The viola chiridzwa chinoshamisa. Mumakore ekuvapo kwayo, achiri kukwanisa kutendeuka kubva ku "orchestral Cinderella" isinganzwisisike kuva muchindakadzi uye kukwira kune imwe nhanho se "mambokadzi wedariro" - violin. Vakwikwidzi vane mukurumbira, vatyora zvese stereotypes, vakaratidza kupasirese kuti yakanaka uye yakakurumbira sei chiridzwa ichi, uye munyori. K. Gluck akaisa hwaro hweizvi, achipa rwiyo rukuru mu opera "Alceste" kune viola.

Viola FAQ

Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati peviolin nealt?

Maturusi ese ari maviri tambo, asi Alt inonzwika murejista yepasi. Maturusi ese ane chimiro chakafanana: kune gora nekesi, tambo ina. Nekudaro, iyo alt yakakura kupfuura violin muhukuru. Imba yaro inogona kusvika 445 mm kureba, uyewo gora reAlta rakareba kupfuura iro reviolin.

Chii chakaoma kuridza viola kana violin?

Zvinotendwa kuti zviri nyore kuridza paAlt (viola) pane pa violin, uye kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, ALT yanga isingatariswe sechishandiso chega.

Chii chinonzi Viola?

Tambo dzeViola dzakagadziridzwa pane quints pazasi violin uye pane octave pamusoro pe cello - C, G, D1, A1 (kusvika, Munyu weDiki Oktava, Re, La First Oktava). Ruzhinji rwakanyanya runobva kuC (kusvika kune diki octave) kuenda kuE3 (yangu yechitatu octave), manzwi epamusoro anowanikwa mumabasa ega.