Violin - chiridzwa chemimhanzi

Violin chiridzwa chine tambo dzakaita seovhari chine mativi akaenzana pamativi emuviri. Inzwi rinobudiswa ( simba uye timbre ) paunenge uchiridza chiridzwa chinokonzerwa ne: chimiro chemuviri weviolin, zvinhu izvo chiridzwa chacho chinogadzirwa uye unhu uye kuumbwa kwevarnish iyo inoridzwa chiridzwa chemimhanzi.

Violin mafomu aive yakatangwa nezana remakore rechi16; vagadziri vakakurumbira veviolin, mhuri yeAmati, ndeyezana rino uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 17. Italy yaive nemukurumbira wekugadzira violin. Iyo violin yanga iri chiridzwa choga kubvira XVII

patani

Iyo violin ine zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: muviri nemutsipa , iyo iyo tambo dzakatambanudzwa. Ukuru hweviolin yakazara ndeye 60 cm, uremu - 300-400 magiramu, kunyange kune maduku maduku.

furemu

Muviri weviolin une chimiro chakatenderedzwa. Kusiyana nemhando yechinyakare yenyaya, chimiro chetrapezoidal parallelogram chakanyanya masvomhu nemanotsi akatenderedzwa pamativi, achigadzira "chiuno". Kutenderera kwemakona ekunze uye mitsara ye "chiuno" inovimbisa kunyaradza kwePlay, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakakwirira. Iyo ndege dzepasi uye dzepamusoro dzemuviri - dhizaini - dzakabatanidzwa kune imwe neimwe nemitsetse yehuni - makungu. Vane chimiro che convex, vachigadzira "vaults". Iyo geometry yezvivharo, pamwe nehupamhi hwayo, kugovera kwayo kune imwe dhigirii kana imwe inosarudza simba uye timbre yezwi. Mudiwa anoiswa mukati mekesi, iyo inotaura kuzunguzika kubva pachigadziko - kuburikidza nepamusoro deki - kusvika pasi pedhisiki. Pasina iyo, timbre ye violin inorasikirwa nehupenyu uye kuzara kwayo.

Simba uye timbre yezwi reviolin rinonyanya kukonzerwa nezvinhu zvazvinogadzirwa, uye, zvishoma, kuumbwa kwevarnish. Kuedza kunozivikanwa nekubviswa kwemakemikari zvakakwana kwevarnish kubva kune Stradivarius violin, mushure mokunge inzwi rayo risina kuchinja. Iyo lacquer inodzivirira violin kubva pakuchinja kunaka kwehuni pasi pesimba rezvakatipoteredza uye inosvibisa violin nemuvara wakajeka kubva pachiedza chegoridhe kusvika kune rima tsvuku kana tsvuku.

Nzvimbo yepasi inogadzirwa kubva kune yakasimba maple huni (mamwe matanda akaoma), kana kubva kune maviri symmetrical halves.

Nzvimbo yepamusoro inogadzirwa kubva kune resonant spruce. Iine maburi maviri eresonator - effs (kubva pazita retsamba diki yechiLatin F, iyo inoratidzika seyi). Chigadziko chinomira pakati pepamusoro pepamusoro, pane iyo tambo, yakagadzika pamubati wetambo (pasi pechigunwe), zorora. Chitubu chimwe chete chakasungirirwa kumusoro webhodhi pasi pegumbo rekumira parutivi rweG tambo - danda rehuni rinogara kureba, iro rinonyanya kusimbisa kusimba kwebhodhi repamusoro uye zvimiro zvayo zvinonzwika.

Iwo matemba batanidza dhigirii rezasi uye repamusoro, kugadzira rutivi rwepamusoro pemuviri weviolin. Kureba kwavo kunotemesa vhoriyamu uye timbre yeviolin, ichinyanya kupesvedzera kunaka kweruzha: iyo yakakwira mabhomba, iyo yakanyungudika uye yakapfava ruzha, yakaderera, yakanyanya kuboora uye pachena zvinyorwa zvepamusoro. Makungu anogadzirwa, senge dhizaini, kubva pamuti wemepu.

Makona kumativi anoshumira kuisa uta paunenge uchitamba. Apo uta hunonongedzwa pane imwe yemakona, inzwi rinobudiswa patambo inowirirana. Kana uta huri pakati pemakona maviri, ruzha runoridzwa patambo mbiri panguva imwe chete. Kune vatambi vanogona kuburitsa ruzha patambo nhatu kamwechete, asi nekuda kweizvi iwe unofanirwa kutsauka kubva pakutonga kwekumisa uta mumakona uye shandura gadziriso yekumira.ad

The darling  chitundumuseremusere chakatenderera chakagadzirwa nemuti wespruce unobatanidza nemuchina mabhodhi eruzha uye unotumira tension yetambo uye yakakwirira-frequency vibrations kune yepasi inonzwika. Nzvimbo yaro yakanaka inowanikwa mukuedza, sekutonga, kuguma kwemumba kunowanikwa pasi pegumbo rekumira padivi retambo E, kana pedyo nayo. Dushka inorongedzerwa chete natenzi, sezvo kufamba kwayo kudiki kunokanganisa zvakanyanya ruzha rwechiridzwa.

Mutsipa , kana muswe , inoshandiswa kusungira tambo. Yakagadzirwa kubva kumatanda akaoma ebony kana mahogany (kazhinji ebony kana rosewood). Mazuva ano inowanzogadzirwa nemapurasitiki kana machira akareruka. Kune rumwe rutivi, mutsipa une loop, kune imwe - maburi mana ane splines ekubatanidza tambo. Mhedziso yetambo ine bhatani (mi na la) inosungirirwa mugomba rakatenderera, mushure mezvo, nekukwevera tambo yakananga kumutsipa, inomanikidzwa kupinda mukati. D uye G tambo dzinowanzogadziriswa mumutsipa nechiuno chinopfuura nepaburi. Parizvino, lever-screw michina inowanzoiswa mumakomba emutsipa, ayo anonyatso fambisa kugadzirisa. Serily yakagadzirwa chiedza alloy mitsipa nemichina yakarongeka yakabatanidzwa.

Loop yakagadzirwa netambo gobvu kana waya yesimbi. Kana uchitsiva tambo yetambo yakakura kupfuura 2.2 mm muhupamhi neyakagadzirwa (2.2 mm dhayamita), weji inofanira kuiswa uye gomba rine dhayamita ye2.2 rinofanira kudhirowazve, zvikasadaro kudzvanywa kwetambo yekugadzira kunogona kukanganisa. iyo yemapuranga sub-neck.

Bhatani  imusoro wembambo yemapuranga inopinzwa mugomba mumuviri, iri kune rumwe rutivi rwehuro, inoshandiswa kusungirira mutsipa. Iyo wedge inopinzwa mugomba conical inoenderana nehukuru hwayo uye chimiro, zvachose uye yakasimba, kana zvikasadaro kuputika kwemhete uye goko zvinogoneka. Mutoro uri pabhatani wakakwira zvakanyanya, anenge 24 kg.

Nzvimbo yacho itsigiro yetambo kubva padivi pemuviri uye inotumira kuzunguzika kubva kwadzi kuenda kubhodhi rekurira, yakananga kumusoro, uye kuzasi imwe kuburikidza nemudiwa. Nokudaro, nzvimbo yekumira inokanganisa timbre yechiridzwa. Yakave yakasimbiswa nekuyedza kuti kunyangwe kuchinjika kudiki kwekumira kunotungamira kune shanduko yakakosha mukugadzirisa chiridzwa nekuda kwekuchinja kwechiyero uye kune imwe shanduko yetimbre - kana yachinjirwa kune fretboard - ruzha rwunoputika, kubva pairi - kupenya. Chigadziko chinosimudza tambo dziri pamusoro pebhodhi rekurira kwepamusoro kune zvakasiyana kuitira mukana wekutamba pane imwe neimwe yadzo neuta, inodziparadzira kure kure kubva kune imwe kune imwe arc yeradius yakakura kupfuura nati, kuitira kuti kana uchitamba. patambo imwe, uta hwaisanamatira kune dzakavakidzana.

gora

Mutsipa weviolin  ipuranga refu remuti wakaoma (black ebony kana kuti rosewood), rakakomberedzwa nepakati kuitira kuti pakuridza patambo imwe chete, uta hwaisabatirira kune tambo dziri pedyo. Chikamu chezasi chemutsipa chinonamirwa kumutsipa, iyo inopinda mumusoro, inosanganisira peg box uye curl.ad

Nzungu  indiro yebhoni iri pakati pemutsipa nemusoro, ine tambo dzetambo. Slots mu nut inogovera tambo zvakaenzana uye inopa kubvumidzwa pakati petambo nemutsipa.

Mutsipa  iri semicircular tsanangudzo iyo muiti anovhara neruoko rwake panguva yeMutambo, inobatanidza muviri weviolin, mutsipa uye musoro. Mutsipa une nut wakabatanidzwa pamutsipa kubva kumusoro.

Peg box  chikamu chemutsipa umo slot inogadzirwa pamberi, maviri maviri ekugadzirisa mbambo anoiswa kumativi ose maviri , nerubatsiro rwekuti tambo dzakagadzirirwa. Mapegi acho ane conical rods. Tsvimbo inopinzwa mugomba rekoni mubhokisi repegi uye yakagadziridzwa kwairi - kukundikana kuenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya kunogona kukonzera kuparadzwa kwechimiro. Kuti zvitenderere kana kutsvedzerera, mapegi anotsikirirwa mukati kana kudhonzwa kubva mubhokisi, zvichiteerana, uye kuitira kutenderera kwakatsetseka anofanirwa kuzorwa nelapping paste (kana choko nesipo). Mapegi haafaniri kubuda zvakanyanya kubva mubhokisi remapegi. Mapegi ekugadzirisa anowanzo kugadzirwa ebony uye anowanzo kuve akashongedzwa naamai-we-pearl kana simbi (sirivha, goridhe) inlays.

The curl yakagara ichishanda sechinhu chakaita sechiratidzo chekambani - humbowo hwekuravira uye hunyanzvi hwemusiki. Pakutanga, iyo curl yakangofanana netsoka yechikadzi mune shangu, nekufamba kwenguva, kufanana kwakava zvishoma uye zvishoma - chete "chitsitsinho" chinozivikanwa, "chigunwe" chakachinja kupfuura kuzivikanwa. Vamwe mhizha vakatsiva mupendero nechivezwa, sevhiyori, nemusoro weshumba wakavezwa, semuenzaniso, sezvakaita Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632). Masters ezana ramakore reXIX, vachirebesa fretboard yemaviolin ekare, vakatsvaga kuchengetedza musoro uye curl se "gwaro rekuzvarwa" rakaropafadzwa.

Tambo, tuning uye kuseta violin

Tambo dzinomhanya kubva mumutsipa, kuburikidza nebhiriji, pamusoro pepamusoro pemutsipa, uye kuburikidza ne nut kusvika kune mapegi, ayo akakuvadzwa kumativi emusoro. String Composition:

• 1 - Mi yechipiri octave. Tambo yacho ine homogeneous mukuumbwa, sonorous brilliant timbre .
• 2nd - La yekutanga octave. Tambo ine core uye braid, dzimwe nguva homogeneous mukuumbwa ("Thomastik"), yakapfava matte timbre.
• 3rd - D yekutanga octave. Tambo ine core uye braid, soft matte toni.
• 4th - munyu ye octave diki. Tambo ine musimboti uye yakarukwa, yakaoma uye gobvu timbre.

Kugadzira violin

The A tambo inokwenenzverwa neA tuning fork or piyano . Tambo dzakasara dzakarongwa nenzeve muzvikamu zvishanu zvakachena : the Mi uye Re tambo kubva ku La tambo, iyo Sol tambo kubva ku Re tambo .

Kugadzirwa kweviolin:

The curl yakagara ichishanda sechinhu chakaita sechiratidzo chekambani - humbowo hwekuravira uye hunyanzvi hwemusiki. Pakutanga, kupeta kwaive kwakafanana netsoka yechikadzi mune shangu, nekufamba kwenguva, kufanana kwakava kushoma.

Vamwe vatenzi vakatsiva curl nechivezwa, senge viola ine musoro weshumba, semuenzaniso, sezvakaita Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632).

Mapegi ekugadzirisa or peg mechanics zvikamu zveviolin fittings, akaiswa kuti asimbise tambo uye kuridza violin.

fret board - chikamu chehuni chakarebeswa, icho tambo dzinodzvanywa paunenge uchitamba kuti uchinje chinyorwa.

Nzungu irondedzero yezviridzwa zvetambo zvinoganhura chikamu chinorira chetambo uye chinosimudza tambo pamusoro pefretboard kusvika paurefu hunodiwa. Kudzivirira tambo kubva pakuchinja, nut ine grooves inoenderana nehupamhi hwetambo.

The shell inhengo yeparutivi yemuviri (yakakotama kana kuumbwa) yemumhanzi. zvishandiso.

Resonator F - maburi ari muchimiro chetsamba yechiLatin "f", iyo inoshanda kukwidziridza ruzha.

Nhoroondo yeviolin

Vatangiri veviolin vaiva rebab yechiArabic, Kazakh kobyz, Spanish fidel, British crotta, iyo yakabatanidzwa yakaumba viola. Nokudaro zita reItaly reviolin violin , pamwe chete neSlavonic chiridzwa chine tambo ina chejig yechishanu (saka zita rechiGerman reviolin - violin ).

Kurwisana pakati pevaristocratic viola uye folk violin, iyo yakagara kwemazana emakore akawanda, yakaguma mukukunda kwekupedzisira. Sechiridzwa chevanhu, violin yakapararira zvakanyanya muBelarus, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Istria neDalmatia. Kubva muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19, yakapararira pakati pevaTatars ^[3] . Kubva muzana remakore rechi20, yakawanikwa muhupenyu hwemimhanzi yeBashkirs ^[4] .

Pakati pezana remakore rechi16, kugadzirwa kwemazuva ano kweviolin kwakagadzirwa kuchamhembe kweItaly. Kodzero yekuonekwa semuvambi we "aristocratic" violin yerudzi rwemazuva ano inopokana naGasparo da Salo (d. 1609) kubva kuguta reBresci naAndrea Amati. ^[mu] (d. 1577) - muvambi wechikoro cheCremonese ^[5] . Cremonese Amati violin, akachengetedzwa kubva muzana ramakore rechi 17, anosiyaniswa nechimiro chavo chakanakisa uye zvinhu zvakanakisa. Lombardy yaive nemukurumbira wekugadzira violin muzana ramakore rechi 18; maviolin anogadzirwa naStradivari uye Guarneri anokosheswa zvakanyanya. ^[6]Violin inogadzirwa nevagadziri veviolin.

"Mhuri yemhuri" yekwakabva violin yemazuva ano.

Iyo violin yanga iri chiridzwa chega kubva muzana ramakore rechi17. Mashandiro ekutanga eviolin anoonekwa: "Romanesca per violino solo e basso" naBiagio Marini (1620) uye "Capriccio stravagante" neakararama panguva yake Carlo Farina. Arcangelo Corelli anoonekwa semuvambi wekuridza violin; zvino tevera Torelli naTartini, pamwe chete naLocatelli (mudzidzi waCorelli akagadzira nzira ye bravura yekuridza violin), mudzidzi wake Magdalena Laura Sirmen (Lombardini), Nicola Matthijs, akasika chikoro cheviolin muGreat Britain, Giovanni Antonio Piani.

Zvishandiso uye zvishongedzo

Vanoridza violin neuta, iyo yakavakirwa padanda rehuni, richipfuura kubva kune rumwe rutivi kuenda mumusoro, kune rimwe bhuroka rakabatanidzwa. Bvudzi reponytail rinodhonzwa pakati pemusoro nebhuroko. Bvudzi rine zvikero zvekeratin, pakati peiyo, kana yakanyungudutswa, rosin inogadziriswa (yakagadzirirwa), inobvumira bvudzi kuti ribatanidze kune tambo uye ribudise inzwi.

Kune zvimwe, zvishoma zvinosungirwa, zvishongedzo:

• Chirebvu yakagadzirirwa kuve nyore kudzvanya violin nechirebvu. Nzvimbo dzepashure, dzepakati uye dzepakati dzinosarudzwa kubva kune anoridza violinist's ergonomic zvido.
• Bhiriji rakagadzirirwa kuve nyore kuisa violin pacollarbone. Yakaiswa pazasi pedhizaini. Indiro, yakatwasuka kana yakakombama, yakaoma kana yakavharwa nechinhu chakapfava, huni, simbi kana purasitiki, ine zvisungo kumativi ese.
• Midziyo yekunhonga inodiwa kushandura ma mechanic vibrations eviolin kuita magetsi (yekurekodha, yekusimudzira kana kushandura ruzha rweviolin uchishandisa yakakosha michina). Kana kurira kweviolin kwakaumbwa nekuda kweacoustic properties yezvikamu zvemuviri wayo, violin is acoustic, kana inzwi rinoumbwa nemagetsi uye electromechanical components, iyo yemagetsi violin, kana inzwi rinoumbwa nezvikamu zvose. mune imwe dhigirii inofananidzwa, violin inoiswa semi-acoustic.
• Chimumumu i “muzinga” diki wemuti kana rabha une mazino maviri kana matatu ane longitudinal slot. Inoiswa pamusoro pechigadziko uye inoderedza kudengenyeka kwayo, kuitira kuti inzwi rive rakasvibiswa, "socky". Kazhinji mbeveve inoshandiswa mumimhanzi yeorchestra uye ensemble.
• "Jammer" - rabha rinorema kana simbi mbeveve inoshandiswa kuita basa rechikoro, pamwe chete nemakirasi munzvimbo dzisingabvumiri ruzha. Paunenge uchishandisa jammer, chiridzwa chacho chinombomira kurira uye chinoburitsa manzwi asinga zivikanwi, anokwana kuona uye kutonga nemuiti.
• Typewriter  - chigadziro chesimbi chinosanganisira screw yakaiswa mugomba remutsipa, uye lever ine hook iyo inoshumira kusungira tambo, iri kune rumwe rutivi. Muchina uyu unobvumira kukwenenzvera, iyo inonyanya kukosha kune mono-metal tambo ine yakaderera yakatambanudzwa. Kune imwe neimwe saizi yeviolin, imwe saizi yemuchina inotarirwa, kune zvakare pasi rose. Ivo vanowanzouya mune nhema, goridhe, nickel kana chrome, kana musanganiswa wekupedzisa. Mienzaniso inowanikwa zvakananga kune gut tambo, yeE tambo. Icho chiridzwa chinogona kunge chisina michina zvachose: munyaya iyi, tambo dzinoiswa mumakomba emutsipa. Kuiswa kwemichina kwete patambo dzose kunogoneka. Kazhinji munyaya iyi, muchina unoiswa patambo yekutanga.
• Chimwe chinowedzera che violin ikesi kana trunk yewadhiropu umo chiridzwa, uta uye zvimwe zvekuwedzera zvinochengetwa uye zvinotakurwa.

Kuridza violin nzira

Tambo dzakamanikidzwa neminwe mina yeruboshwe kune fretboard (chigunwe chisina kubatanidzwa). Tambo dzinotungamirirwa neuta muruoko rworudyi rwomutambi.

Kudzvanya chigunwe kurwisa fretboard kunopfupisa tambo, nekudaro kusimudza kukwirira kwetambo. Tambo dzisina kudzvanywa nemunwe dzinonzi tambo dzakavhurika uye dzinotaridzwa ne zero.

Violin chikamu chakanyorwa mumutsetse we treble.

Kuwanda kweviolin inobva mumunyu weoctave duku kusvika kune yechina. Manzwi epamusoro akaoma.

Kubva pakudzvanya kwetambo mune dzimwe nzvimbo, harmonics zvinowanikwa . Mimwe kurira kweharmonic kunodarika mutsara weviolin waratidzwa pamusoro.

Kushandiswa kweminwe yeruoko rworuboshwe kunonzi fingering . Chigunwe cheruwoko chinonzi chekutanga, chepakati ndechechipiri, chechitatu chemhete, uye kagunwe kechina. Chinzvimbo chigunwe chezvigunwe zvina zvakatarisana zvakaparadzana toni imwe kana semitone zvakaparadzana. Tambo imwe neimwe inogona kuva nezvinzvimbo zvinomwe kana kupfuura. Iyo yakakwirira nzvimbo, iyo yakanyanya kuoma. Patambo yega yega, kusasanganisa zvishanu, vanoenda zvakanyanya kusvika pachinzvimbo chechishanu zvinosanganisira; asi pachishanu kana tambo yekutanga, uye dzimwe nguva pane yechipiri, nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzinoshandiswa - kubva kune yechitanhatu kusvika kune gumi nembiri.

Nzira dzekugadzira makumbo vane simba guru pahunhu, simba, timbre yeruzha, uye pazvimiso.

Pa violin, unogona kutora manotsi maviri panguva imwe chete patambo dziri pedyo ( tambo mbiri ), muzviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana - zvitatu (kumanikidza kwakasimba kweuta kunodiwa), uye kwete panguva imwe chete, asi nokukurumidza zvikuru - zvitatu ( tambo nhatu ) uye mana. Kusanganiswa kwakadaro, kunyanya harmonic, zviri nyore kuita netambo dzisina chinhu uye zvakanyanya kuoma pasina ivo, uye zvinowanzo shandiswa mumabasa ega.

Ochestra yakajairika tremolo unyanzvi ndiko kukurumidza kuchinjana kwemanzwi maviri kana kudzokororwa kweruzha rwumwe chete, zvichiita kuti kudedera, kudedera, kurira.

The hunyanzvi hwe col legno, zvinoreva kurova tambo neshaft yeuta, kunokonzera kugogodza, kunouraya, kunoshandiswawo nekubudirira kukuru nevanyori munziyo dzesymphonic.

Pamusoro pekutamba neuta, vanoshandisa kubata tambo nechimwe chemunwe weruoko rwerudyi – pizzicato (pizzicato).

Kuti vaderedze kana kuvharidzira ruzha, vanoshandisa chimumumu - simbi, rabha, rabha, bhonzo kana ndiro yemapuranga ine zvidzitiro muchikamu chezasi chetambo, iyo inosungirirwa kumusoro kwechigadziko kana kuzara.

Violin iri nyore kuridza mumakiyi iwayo anobvumira kushandiswa kukuru kwetambo dzisina chinhu. Mavhesi akanyanya nyore ndeaya anoumbwa nezvikero kana zvikamu zvadzo, pamwe nearpeggios yemakiyi echisikigo.

Zvakaoma kuva violinist mukukura (asi zvinogoneka!), Sezvo kunzwisiswa kwemunwe uye ndangariro yemhasuru zvakakosha kune vaimbi ava. Kunzwa kweminwe yemunhu mukuru kuduku kudarika kwevechiduku, uye ndangariro dzetsandanyama dzinotora nguva yakareba kuti dzikure. Zvakanakisisa kudzidza kuridza violin kubva pazera remakore mashanu, matanhatu, manomwe, zvichida kunyange kubva pazera rekutanga.

10 Vatambi veviolin vane mukurumbira

• Arcangelo Corelli
• Antonio Vivaldi
• Giuseppe Tartini
• Jean-Marie Leclerc
• Giovanni Batista Viotti
• Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin
• Niccolo Paganini
• Ludwig Spohr
• Charles-Auguste Bériot
• Henri Vietain

Kurekodha uye kuita

notation

Chikamu che violin chakanyorwa mu treble clef. Muyero weviolin range unobva pamunyu weoctave diki kusvika kune yechina octave. Manzwi epamusoro akaoma kuita uye anoshandiswa, sekutonga, chete mumabhuku e-solo virtuoso, asi kwete muzvikamu zve orchestra.

Ruoko chinzvimbo

Tambo dzakamanikidzwa neminwe mina yeruboshwe kune fretboard (chigunwe chisina kubatanidzwa). Tambo dzinotungamirirwa neuta muruoko rworudyi rwomutambi.

Nekudzvanya nemunwe, kureba kwenharaunda yeoscillating yetambo inoderera, nekuda kwekuti iyo frequency inowedzera, ndiko kuti, inzwi repamusoro rinowanikwa. Tambo dzisina kudzvanywa nemunwe dzinonzi yakazaruka tambo uye zvinoratidzwa ne zero kana zvichiratidza munwe.

Kubva pakubata tambo neinenge isina kudzvanywa panzvimbo dzekuparadzanisa kwakawanda, harmonics inowanikwa. Maharmonics mazhinji ari kure neyakajairwa violin renji mukunzwika.

Kurongeka kweminwe yeruoko rworuboshwe pane fretboard inonzi fingering . Chigunwe cheruwoko chinonzi chekutanga, chepakati ndechechipiri, chechitatu chemhete, uye kagunwe kechina. Chinzvimbo chigunwe chezvigunwe zvina zvakatarisana zvakaparadzana toni imwe kana semitone zvakaparadzana. Tambo imwe neimwe inogona kuva nezvinzvimbo zvinomwe kana kupfuura. Iyo yakakwirira nzvimbo, zvakanyanya kuoma kutamba zvakachena mairi. Patambo imwe neimwe, kusasanganisa yechishanu (tambo yekutanga), vanoenda zvakanyanya kusvika pachinzvimbo chechishanu zvinosanganisira; asi patambo yekutanga, uye dzimwe nguva pane yechipiri, vanoshandisa nzvimbo dzakakwirira - kusvika kune gumi nembiri.

Pane nzira dzinenge nhatu dzekubata uta ^[7] :

• Iyo yekare ("German") nzira , iyo iyo index finger inobata tsvimbo yeuta nechepasi pasi, inenge ichipeta pakati pembambo phalanx nepakati; minwe yakavharwa zvakasimba; chigunwe chakatarisana nechepakati; Bvudzi routa nderemwero.
• Nzira itsva ("Franco-Belgian") , iyo iyo index finger inobata nzimbe pakona nekuguma kwayo pakati phalanx; pane mukaha mukuru pakati pechiratidzo neminwe yepakati; chigunwe chakatarisana nechepakati; zvakasimba taut bow bvudzi; nzvimbo yakarerekera yenzimbe.
• Nzira itsva ("Russian") , iyo iyo index finger inobata nzimbe kubva parutivi nepeta pakati pepakati phalanx uye metacarpal; zvakadzika kuvhara nzimbe nepakati pembambo phalanx uye kuumba acute angle nayo, inoratidzika kutungamirira mufambiro weuta; pane mukaha mukuru pakati pechiratidzo neminwe yepakati; chigunwe chakatarisana nechepakati; vhudzi rebvudzi rakasununguka rakasununguka; yakatwasuka (isina kurerekera) nzvimbo yenzimbe. Iyi nzira yekubata uta ndiyo inonyanya kukodzera yekuwana mhedzisiro yekurira yakanakisa nekushomeka kwesimba.

Kubata uta kune simba guru paunhu, simba, timbre yezwi, uye kazhinji pane zvirevo. Pa violin, unogona kutora manotsi maviri panguva imwe chete patambo dzepedyo ( manotsi maviri ), muzviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana - zvitatu (kumanikidza kwakasimba kweuta kunodiwa), uye kwete panguva imwe chete, asi nokukurumidza zvikuru - zvitatu ( manotsi katatu ) uye mana. Kusanganiswa kwakadaro, kunyanya harmonic, zviri nyore kuita pamatambo akazaruka, uye anowanzoshandiswa mumabasa ega.

Nzvimbo yeruboshwe

• "Tambo dzakavhurika" - zvigunwe zveruoko rweruboshwe hazvibatise tambo, ndiko kuti, violin inoburitsa manotsi mana akaparadzaniswa neshanu: g,d ¹ , mumwe ¹ , e ² (munyu we octave diki, re, la yekutanga octave, mi yechipiri octave).
• Nzvimbo yekutanga - zvigunwe zveruoko rworuboshwe, kunze kwechigunwe, zvinogona kusungirira tambo munzvimbo ina, yakaparadzaniswa kubva kune imwe uye kubva patambo yakazaruka nezwi re diatonic. Pamwe chete netambo dzakavhurika, dzinoumba 20-ton siyana yemanzwi kubva pachinoti Sol chediki octave kusvika kuC chechipiri octave.

Chokutanga nzvimbo

Chigunwe chinotungamirirwa kune mutambi, chichigadzira "sherufu" iyo mutsipa we violin uripo - inoita basa rinotsigira chete. Mimwe minwe yeruboshwe iri pamusoro, ichidzvanya tambo pasina kubata mutsipa. Ruoko rweruboshwe rune huwandu hwezvinzvimbo zvinomwe "zvakakosha", izvo zvinoenderana nezvinotevera:

• Zvigunwe zviri munzvimbo inoenderana nemakiyi machena epiyano;
• Zvigunwe hazvifambi pamutsipa;
• Nhambwe pakati peminwe yakatarisana patambo imwe chete inzwi kana semitone;
• Nhambwe iri pakati pechigunwe chechina patambo hombe nemunwe wekutanga (vashandi vakanyanyisa) patambo diki i toni imwe.

Kunyanya, nzvimbo yekutanga inoita seizvi:

Basic tricks:

• Détaché - chinyorwa chimwe nechimwe chinoridzwa nekufamba kwakasiyana kweuta, nekushandura kutungamira kwayo;
• Martelé - sitiroko inoitwa nekusundirwa kweuta, umo kureba kwezwi pachayo kwakapfupika kupfuura nguva yekuora kwe sonority;
• Staccato pasi uye kumusoro neuta - kufamba kweuta nekumira;
• Staccato volant imhando ye staccato. Pakutamba, uta hunosvetuka, huchibvarura tambo;
• Spiccato - jerky uye rebounding sitiroko, inorema staccato ine kuwedzera kwepfudzi kufamba;
• Sautillé - kubata kudzokororwa, kurerutswa uye kukwidziridzwa neSpiccato;
• Ricochet-saltato - kurohwa kunoitwa nekurova bvudzi rehuta hwakasimudzwa pamutsara, sekutonga, inoitwa neboka rinopfuurira;
• Tremolo - kudzokorora kwakawanda kwekukurumidza kwezwi rimwe chete kana kuchinjika nekukurumidza kwemanzwi maviri asiri pedyo, makonzonenzi maviri ( intervals , chords ), inzwi rimwechete uye consonance.
• Legato - kushanda kwakabatana kwemanzwi, umo kune kushanduka kwakatsetseka kubva kune imwe inzwi kuenda kune imwe, hapana kumbomira pakati pemanzwi.
• Col legno – kurova tambo neshaft yeuta. Inokonzeresa ruzha, ruzha rwakafa, iro rinoshandiswawo nekubudirira kukuru nevanyori mumimhanzi yesymphonic.

Mukuwedzera pakutamba neuta, vanoshandisa kubata tambo neimwe yeminwe yeruoko rwerudyi ( pizzicato ). Kune zvakare pizzicato neruoko rweruboshwe, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumabhuku ega.

Panewo imwe nzira yakakosha yekuparadzanisa overtone kubva pakuumbwa kwetimbre yetambo inorira - harmonica. Natural harmonics inoitwa nekubata tambo panzvimbo dzeakawanda kupatsanurwa kwehurefu hwayo - ne2 (pitch yetambo inokwira neoctave), ne3, ne4 (maviri octaves), nezvimwewo. nenzira imwechete, patsanura iyo yakadzvanywa pazasi nemunwe wekutanga nenzira yenguva dzose tambo. Zvichienderana nekugadzirisa kwe1 uye 4 zvigunwe zveruoko rworuboshwe, flageolets inogona kuva yechina, yechishanu.

Kusiyana

Violin yakakamurwa kuva classical uye folk (zvichienderana nevanhu uye tsika dzavo uye mimhanzi tsika uye zvavanoda). Classical uye folk violin zvinosiyana zvishoma kubva kune mumwe uye hazvisi zvemumhanzi zviridzwa. Misiyano pakati peclassical violin nefolk violin ingangove mundima yekushandisa (yedzidzo uye ngano) uye mune zvavanofarira tsika nemagariro.

Mabasa eviolin sechiridzwa choga mumapoka emimhanzi

Nguva yeBaroque ndiyo nguva yemambakwedza eviolin sechiridzwa chehunyanzvi. Nekuda kwekuswedera kweinzwi kune inzwi remunhu uye kukwanisa kuburitsa simba rakasimba remanzwiro kune vateereri, violin yakava chiridzwa chinotungamira. Ruzha rweviolin rwakaiswa kumusoro kupfuura zvimwe zviridzwa, izvo zvakaita kuti ive chiridzwa chakakodzera chekuridza mutsara we melodic. Paunenge uchiridza violin, muimbi ane virtuoso anokwanisa kuita nekukurumidza uye zvakaoma zvidimbu zvemabasa ( ndima ).

Violin inoumbawo chikamu chakakosha cheochestra, umo vaimbi vakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri, anozivikanwa seyokutanga neyechipiri violin. Kazhinji kazhinji, mutsara wemimhanzi unotsaurirwa kune vekutanga violin, nepo boka rechipiri richiita rinoperekedza kana kutevedzera basa.

Dzimwe nguva rwiyo harupiwi kune boka rose reviolin, asi kune solo violin. Ipapo mutambi weviolin wekutanga, muperekedzi, anoridza rwiyo. Kazhinji kazhinji, izvi zvinodikanwa kupa rwiyo runokosha ruvara, rwakatetepa uye rusina kusimba. Iyo solo violin inowanzobatanidzwa nemufananidzo wenziyo.

Iyo tambo quartet muchimiro chayo chepakutanga ine maviolin maviri (vaimbi vanoridza yekutanga neyechipiri violin zvikamu), viola uye cello. Kufanana neochestra, kazhinji violin yekutanga inotamba, asi kazhinji, chiridzwa chimwe nechimwe chinogona kuva nenguva yega.

Kuridza violin ndeimwe yemazita makuru muchirongwa chemakwikwi chevechidiki Delphic Plays yekuRussia.

Sources

• Violin // Encyclopedic Dictionary yeBrockhaus naEfron : mumavhoriyamu makumi masere nematanhatu (86 mavhoriyamu uye mana ekuwedzera). – St. Petersburg. , 82-4.
• K. Nyama, The Art of Violin Kuridza (vol. 1)  - Mumhanzi, M., 1964.
• K. Nyama, Hunyanzvi hweKuridza Violin (vol. 2)  - Classics-XXI, M., 2007.
• L. Auer, Kuridza Violin Sezvandinoidzidzisa (1920); muchiRussia pa. - Chikoro Changu Chekutamba Violin , L., 1933;
• V. Mazel, Violinist nemaoko ake (kurudyi)  - Munyori, St. Petersburg, 2006.
• V. Mazel, Violinist nemaoko ake (kuruboshwe)  - Munyori, St. Petersburg, 2008.
• A. Tsitsikyan "Armenian bow art", Yerevan, 2004.
• Banin AA Mumhanzi weRussian instrumental wetsika tsika . Moscow, 1997.

FAQ nezve Violin

Violin inobata sei muviri wemunhu?

Violin inopa munhu fungidziro ine simba uye kuchinjika kwepfungwa, inowedzera kugona kwekugadzira njere, uye inovandudza intuition. Izvi hazvisi zvisinganzwisisiki, chokwadi ichi chinotsanangurwa nesayenzi.

Sei zvakaoma zvikuru kuridza violin?

Iyo violin haina frets, semamwe maturusi etambo, saka kuzvivimba kwakadaro kunopera. Ruoko rworuboshwe ruchafanira kushanda, ruchivimba chete nemuimbi pachake. Iyo violin haibvumiri kukurumidza, saka, pamberi pekutanga kwekuita kwemimhanzi, nguva yakawanda inogona kupfuura.

Marii paavhareji inodhura violin?

Mitengo inosiyana kubva ku70 USD kusvika ku15000 USD. Ko violin yevanotanga inodhura zvakadii kuti isashatise kunzwa kwako uye kudzidza zvakajairwa? Kutanga, ongorora bhajeti yako. Kana iwe uchikwanisa kutenga chishandiso pamutengo we500 $.