Cello – Musical Instrument

Iyo cello chiridzwa chetambo chakakotama, inhengo inosungirwa ye symphony orchestra uye tambo ensemble, iyo ine hupfumi hwekuita maitiro. Nekuda kweruzha rwayo rwakapfuma uye runyoro, inowanzoshandiswa sechiridzwa choga. Iyo cello inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kana zvichidikanwa kuratidza kusuruvara, kupererwa kana kudzika mazwi mumimhanzi, uye mune izvi hazvina zvakaenzana.

Cello (chiItalian: violoncello, abbr. cello; chiGerman: Violoncello; French: violoncelle; Chirungu: cello) chiridzwa chine tambo dzakakotamiswa chebass uye tenor register, inozivikanwa kubva muhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi 16, yechimiro chakafanana ne violin kana viola, zvisinei nehukuru hwakakura. Iyo cello ine yakafara inoratidzira mikana uye yakanyatso gadziridzwa maitiro ekuita, inoshandiswa seyoga, ensemble uye orchestral chiridzwa.

Kusiyana ne violin uye viola, iyo inoratidzika yakafanana zvikuru, cello haina kubatwa mumaoko, asi yakaiswa vertically. Sezvineiwo, pane imwe nguva yairidzwa yakamira, yakaiswa pachigaro chakakosha, chete ipapo vakauya nespire inozorora pasi, nokudaro vachitsigira chiridzwa.

Zvinoshamisa kuti pamberi pebasa re LV Beethoven, vanyori havana kunyanya kukoshesa kunaka kweiridzwa. Zvisinei, akagamuchira kuzivikanwa mumabasa ake, cello yakatora nzvimbo inokosha mubasa rerudo uye nevamwe vanyori.

Verenga nhoroondo ye cello uye zvakawanda zvinonakidza chokwadi nezve chiridzwa ichi chiri papeji yedu.

Cello inzwi

Iine ruzha rwakakora, rwakapfuma, rune ruzha, rune mweya, cello inowanzofanana nenzwi remunhu. Dzimwe nguva zvinoita sekunge panguva yekutamba ega kuti ari kutaura uye muhurukuro yekuimba-rwiyo newe. Nezvemunhu, tingati ane inzwi rechipfuva, kureva kuti, rinobva pakadzika pechipfuva, uye zvichida kubva kumweya chaiwo. Iri inzwi rakadzika rinotyisa rinoshamisa cello.

Kuvapo kwake kwakakosha kana zvichidikanwa kusimbisa njodzi kana lyricism yenguva yacho. Imwe neimwe yetambo ina dze cello ine ruzha rwayo yakakosha, yakasarudzika kwairi chete. Saka, mitsindo yakaderera yakafanana nezwi rechirume rebass, iyo yepamusoro yakanyanya kupfava uye inodziya yechikadzi alto. Ndokusaka dzimwe nguva zvichiita sokuti haangonzwika chete, asi "kutaura" nevateereri. 

Kuwanda kwekurira inovhara nguva yemaoctave mashanu kubva pakanoti “ita” yeoctave hombe kusvika painoti “mi” yechitatu octave. Zvisinei, kazhinji unyanzvi hwomuiti hunokubvumira kutora zvinyorwa zvakakwirira zvikuru. Tambo dzakaiswa muzvishanu.

Cello technique

Virtuoso cellists vanoshandisa nzira dzinotevera dzekutamba:

• harmonic (kubvisa inzwi repamusoro nekutsikirira tambo nemunwe muduku);
• pizzicato (kubvisa ruzha pasina rubatsiro rweuta, nekudzura tambo neminwe yako);
• trill (kurova chinyorwa chikuru);
• legato (yakapfava, inowirirana inzwi rezvinyorwa zvakawanda);
• bheji yechigunwe (zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kutamba mune yepamusoro kesi).

Kurongeka kwekutamba kunoratidza zvinotevera: muimbi anogara, achiisa chimiro pakati pemakumbo, achirerekera muviri zvishoma kune muviri. Muviri unozorora pa capstan, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti muiti abate chiridzwa panzvimbo chaiyo.

Cellists vanokwesha uta hwavo nemhando yakakosha yerosin vasati vatamba. Zviito zvakadaro zvinovandudza kusungirirwa kwebvudzi reuta uye tambo. Pakupera kwekuridza mimhanzi, rosin inonyatso kubviswa kuitira kudzivirira kukanganisa kusati kwasvika kuchiridzwa.

Cello Photo :

Inofadza Cello Chokwadi

• Chiridzwa chinodhura kwazvo munyika ndeye Duport Stradivari cello. Yakagadzirwa na tenzi mukuru Antonio Stradivari muna 1711. Duport, brilliant cellist, aiva nayo kwemakore akawanda kusvika pakufa kwake, ndicho chikonzero cello yakawana zita rayo. Ane kakukwenya. Pane vhezheni yekuti iyi ndiyo tsvakiridzo yeNapoleon's spurs. Changamire vakasiya chiratidzo ichi pavakaedza kudzidzira kuridza chiridzwa ichi ndokumonerera makumbo avo. Cello yakagara kwemakore akati wandei nemuunganidzi ane mukurumbira Baron Johann Knop. M. Rostropovich akaridza pairi kwemakore 33. Pane runyerekupe rwekuti mushure mekufa kwake, Japan Music Association yakatenga chiridzwa ichi kubva kuhama dzake nemadhora mazana maviri emadhora, kunyangwe ivo vachiramba chokwadi ichi. Zvichida chiridzwa chacho chichiri mumhuri yemuimbi wacho.
• Count Villegorsky aive nembiri mbiri dzakanaka dzeStradivarius cellos. Imwe yacho yakazove yekwaK.Yu. Davydov, ipapo Jacqueline du Pré, ikozvino inoridzwa nemukurumbira cellist uye muimbi Yo-Yo Ma.
• Pane imwe nguva muParis, makwikwi ekutanga akarongwa. Mukuru we cellist Casals akatora chikamu mairi. Inzwi rezviridzwa zvekare zvakaitwa nevatenzi Guarneri naStradivari zvakadzidzwa, pamwe chete nekunzwika kwema cellos emazuva ano akaitwa pafekitari. Zvose zvezviridzwa zve12 zvakatora chikamu mukuedza. Chiedza chakadzimwa kuitira kuchena kwekuedza. Chii chakanga chiri kushamisika kwejuri uye Casals pachake apo, mushure mekuteerera inzwi, vatongi vakapa 2 nguva dzakawanda pfungwa kune mienzaniso yemazuva ano yekunaka kwezwi kupfuura kune yekare. Ipapo Casals akati: “Ndinoda kuridza zviridzwa zvekare. Rega varasikirwe mukunaka kwezwi, asi vane mweya, uye vemazuva ano vane runako rusina mweya.
• The cellist Pablo Casals aida uye akaparadza zviridzwa zvake. Muuta hweimwe cellos, akaisa safiri, iyo yakaunzwa kwaari naMambokadzi weSpain.

• Iyo Finnish bhendi Apocalyptika yakawana mukurumbira mukuru. Repertoire yake inosanganisira hard rock. Chinoshamisa ndechekuti vaimbi vanoridza 4 cello nengoma. Kushandiswa kweichi chiridzwa chakakotamiswa, chinogara chichinzi chine mweya, chakapfava, chine mweya, chine nziyo, chakaunza boka iri mukurumbira pasi rose. Muzita reboka, vaimbi vakabatanidza mazwi maviri Apocalypse uye Metallica.
• Mutambi ane mukurumbira abstract Julia Borden anopenda mifananidzo yake inoshamisa kwete pajira kana bepa, asi pamaviolin nemasero. Kuti aite izvi, anobvisa tambo, anonatsa nzvimbo, anoishongedza uye obva apenda mufananidzo. Chikonzero nei akasarudza nzvimbo isina kujairika yemifananidzo, Julia haakwanise kana kuzvitsanangura. Akataura kuti zviridzwa izvi zvinoita sekunge zvinomukwevera kwazviri, zvichimukurudzira kuti apedzise hunyanzvi hunotevera.
• Muimbi Roldugin akatenga Stuart cello, yakagadzirwa natenzi Stradivarius muna 1732, nokuda kwe $ 12 mamiriyoni. Muridzi wayo wekutanga aive Mambo Frederick Mukuru wePrussia.
• Mutengo weAntonio Stradivari zviridzwa ndiwo wakanyanya. Pakazara, tenzi akagadzira 80 cellos. Kusvika iye zvino, maererano nenyanzvi, 60 zvishandiso zvakachengetedzwa.
• Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra ine 12 cellists. Vakave nemukurumbira nekuunza gadziriro dzakawanda dzenziyo dzakakurumbira dzemazuva ano murepertoire yavo.
• Iko kutaridzika kwekare kwechiridzwa kunogadzirwa nematanda. Zvisinei, vamwe vatenzi vemazuva ano vakasarudza kuputsa mafungiro. Semuenzaniso, Louis naClark vanga vachigadzira kabhoni fiber cellos, uye Alcoa yanga ichigadzira aluminium cellos kubva kuma1930s. Mudzidzisi weGermany Pfretzschner akatakurwawo nazvo.

• The ensemble of cellists kubva kuSt. Petersburg pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaOlga Rudneva ane zvinyorwa zvishoma. Iyo ensemble inosanganisira 8 cellos uye piano.
• Muna Zvita 2014, Karel Henn wekuSouth Africa akagadzira rekodhi yekuridza cello refu. Akatamba nguva dzose kwemaawa makumi maviri nematanhatu uye akapinda muGuinness Book of Records.
• Mstislav Rostropovich, cello virtuoso yezana ramakore rechi20, akaita mupiro wakakosha mukusimudzira uye kusimudzirwa kweiyo cello repertoire. Akaita kekutanga anopfuura zana mabasa matsva e cello.
• Imwe ye cellos inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye "Mambo" iyo yakagadzirwa naAndre Amati pakati pe1538 ne1560. Iyi ndiyo imwe yekare cellos uye iri muSouth Dakota National Music Museum.
• 4 tambo dziri pachiridzwa hadzina kushandiswa nguva dzose, muzana remakore rechi17 ne18 kwaiva nemasero mashanu ane tambo muGermany neNetherlands.
• Pakutanga, tambo dzacho dzaigadzirwa kubva pamvere dzemakwai, gare gare dzakatsiviwa nesimbi.

Akakurumbira anoshanda kune cello

JS Bach – Suite Nhamba 1 muG guru (teerera)

PI Tchaikovsky. -Kusiyanisa pane Rococo theme ye cello uye orchestra (teerera)

A. Dvorak – Concerto for cello and orchestra (teerera)

C. Saint-Saens - "Swan" (teerera)

I. Brahms - Kaviri concerto yeviolin uye cello (teerera)

Cello repertoire

Iyo cello ine yakapfuma kwazvo repertoire ye concertos, sonatas uye mamwe mabasa. Pamwe iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye masutu matanhatu e JS Bach yeCello Solo, Kusiyana paRococo Theme na PI Tchaikovsky uye The Swan naSaint-Saens. Antonio Vivaldi akanyora 25 cello concertos, Boccherini 12, Haydn akanyora angangoita matatu, Saint-Saens uye Dvorak akanyora maviri mumwe nemumwe. Iyo cello concerto inosanganisirawo zvidimbu zvakanyorwa naElgar naBloch. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa cello uye piano sonatas yakanyorwa naBeethoven, mendelssohn , Brahms, Rachmaninov , Shostakovich, Prokofeva , Poulenc uye British .

Cello kuvaka

Chishandiso chinochengetedza chimiro chayo chepakutanga kwenguva yakareba. Dhizaini yaro iri nyore uye haina kumboitika kune chero munhu kuti agadzirise uye achinje chimwe chinhu mairi. Izvo zvakasiyana ndeye spire, iyo iyo cello inozorora pasi. Pakutanga yakanga isipo zvachose. Chiridzwa ichi chakagadzikwa pasi chichibva charidzwa, chichibatanidza muviri nemakumbo, chichibva chagadzikwa padanda ndokuridzwa chakamira. Mushure mekuonekwa kwespire, shanduko chete yaive yakakombama, iyo yakabvumira hull kuve pane imwe kona. Cello inoratidzika sehombe violin. Inoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu zvikuru:

• Frame. Iine bhodhi repamusoro nepasi, efu (gomba resonation), neckboard, shell, loop, bhatani, shackle (spacer mukati).
• Gora. Kune nzungu, mutsipa uye chitsitsinho.
• Musoro. Iyi inyaya ine pegi bhokisi panowanikwa tuning pegs. Inopera nekupeta.

Chikamu chakakosha chakaparadzana chechiridzwa ndicho uta. Inouya muhukuru hwakasiyana uye zvakare ine zvikamu zvitatu:

• Mhizha yemapuranga (huni yeBrazil kana fernambuco inoshandiswa).
• Mapadhi (akagadzirwa kubva kudura ebony, ane mai-we-pearl anoisa).
• Mvere dzebhiza (yakasikwa kana yakagadzirwa inotorwa). Kushushikana kwayo kunodzorwa neoctagonal screw iri panzimbe.

Nzvimbo iyo bvudzi rinobata tambo inonzi nzvimbo yekutamba. Inzwi rinokanganiswa nenzvimbo yekutamba, simba rekumanikidza pauta, kukurumidza kwekufamba kwayo. Mukuwedzera, inzwi rinogona kuchinjwa nekurereka kweuta. Semuenzaniso, shandisa maitiro e harmonics, mhedzisiro yekutaura, kupfavisa inzwi, piyano.

Chimiro chakafanana nedzimwe tambo (gitare, violin, viola). Zvinhu zvikuru ndezvi:

• Musoro. Kuumbwa: peg box, mapegi, curl. Inobatanidza kumutsipa.
• Gora. Pano, tambo dzinowanikwa mune dzakakosha grooves. Nhamba yetambo ndeyeyero - 4 zvidimbu.
• Frame. Zvinhu zvekugadzira - huni, varnished. Zvikamu: kumusoro, pasi dheki, goko (parutivi chikamu), efs (maburi eresonator muhuwandu hwezvidimbu zviviri zvinoshongedza pamberi pemuviri zvinodanwa zvakadaro nekuti zvakafanana netsamba "f" muchimiro).
• Spire. Inowanikwa pasi, inobatsira chimiro chekuzorora pasi, chinopa kugadzikana.
• Bow. Basa rekugadzira ruzha. Inoitika muhukuru hwakasiyana (kubva pa1/8 kusvika 4/4).

Cello Dimensions

Chiyero (chakazara) cello size i4/4. Ndizvo zviridzwa izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa mu symphonic, chamber uye tambo ensembles. Zvisinei, mamwe maturusi anoshandiswawo. Kune vana kana vanhu vapfupi, mamodheru madiki anogadzirwa saizi 7/8, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/10, 1/16.

Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvakafanana muchimiro uye kurira kwekugona kune akajairwa cellos. Hukuru hwavo hudiki hunoita kuti zvive nyore kune vadiki matarenda avo vachangotanga rwendo rwavo muhupenyu hukuru hwemimhanzi.

Kune cellos, ukuru hwayo hunodarika mwero. Mienzaniso yakafanana yakagadzirirwa vanhu vane chimiro chakakura nemaoko marefu. Chishandiso chakadaro hachigadzirwa pachiyero chekugadzira, asi chinoitwa kurongeka.

Huremu hwesero idiki chaizvo. Pasinei nokuti inotaridzika yakakura, hairemi kupfuura 3-4 kg.

Nhoroondo yekusikwa kwe cello

Pakutanga, zvose zviridzwa zvakakotama zvakabva pauta hwemimhanzi, hwakasiyana zvishoma kubva pakuvhima. Pakutanga, vakapararira muChina, India, Persia kusvika kunyika dzeIslam. Munharaunda yeEurope, vamiririri veviolin vakatanga kupararira kubva kuBalkan, kwavakabva kuByzantium.

Cello inotanga zviri pamutemo nhoroondo yayo kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi16. Izvi ndizvo zvatinodzidziswa nenhoroondo yemazuva ano yechiridzwa chacho, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vachiwana kusava nechokwadi nazvo. Semuenzaniso, paIberian Peninsula, yatova muzana remakore rechi9, mifananidzo yakasimuka, iyo pane zviridzwa zvakakotamiswa. Nokudaro, kana iwe ukachera zvakadzika, nhoroondo ye cello inotanga kupfuura mireniyumu yapfuura.

Zviridzwa zvakakotamira zvainyanya kufarirwa viola da gamba . Akanga ari iye akazodzinga cello kubva kuimba yemimhanzi, ari muzukuru wayo wakananga, asi ane ruzha rwakanaka uye rwakasiyana. Hama dzake dzese dzinozivikanwa: violin, viola, kaviri bass, zvakare vanoteedzera nhoroondo yavo kubva kune viola. Muzana ramakore rechi 15, kupatsanurwa kwevhiyo kuva zviridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakotamiswa kwakatanga.

Mushure mekuonekwa kwayo semumiriri akaparadzana weiyo akakotama cello, cello yakatanga kushandiswa sebhesi kuperekedza kuita kwezwi uye zvikamu zve violin, nyere uye zvimwe zviridzwa zvaive nerejista yepamusoro. Gare gare, cello yaiwanzoshandiswa kuita zvikamu zvega. Kusvikira nhasi, hapana kana imwe tambo quartet uye symphony orchestra inogona kuita pasina iyo, uko 8-12 zviridzwa zvinobatanidzwa.

Vakuru vanogadzira cello

Vagadziri vekutanga vane mukurumbira cello ndiPaolo Magini naGasparo Salo. Vakagadzira chiridzwa pakupera kwe16 - kutanga kwezana remakore rechi17. Masero ekutanga akagadzirwa neava masters aingove kure sechiridzwa chatinogona kuona izvozvi.

Cello yakawana chimiro chayo chekare mumaoko evatenzi vane mukurumbira saNicolò Amati naAntonio Stradivari. Chinhu chakasiyana chebasa ravo chaive musanganiswa wakakwana wehuni nevanishi, kuvonga kwazvaikwanisika kupa chiridzwa chimwe nechimwe ruzha rwayo, kurira kwayo. Pane maonero ekuti imwe neimwe cello yakabuda mumusangano weAmati neStradivari yakanga ine hunhu hwayo.

Cellos Stradivari inoonekwa seyakadhura zvakanyanya kusvika parizvino. Mutengo wavo uri mumamiriyoni emadhora. Guarneri cellos haina mukurumbira zvishoma. Chaive chiridzwa chakadaro icho chakakurumbira cellist Casals aida zvakanyanya kupfuura zvese, achichifarira kune Stradivari zvigadzirwa. Mutengo wezviridzwa izvi wakadzikira (kubva pamadhora mazana maviri ezviuru).

Nei zviridzwa zveStradivari zvichikosheswa kakapetwa kakawanda? Panyaya yemavambo eruzha, hunhu, timbre, ese mamodheru ane akasarudzika maficha. Ingori zita rekuti Stradivari raimiririrwa nevasingapfuure vatatu, nepo Guarneri angangoita gumi. Kubwinya kuimba yaAmati naStradivari kwakauya munguva yehupenyu hwavo, zita rokuti Guarneri rakanzwika gare gare kupfuura rufu rwevamiririri vavo.

Notes for cello zvakanyorwa muchikamu chetenor, bass uye treble clef zvinoenderana nenzwi. Muchikamu che orchestral, chikamu chake chinoiswa pakati peviolas uye mabhesi maviri. Pamberi pekutanga kweMutambo, mutambi anokwesha uta ne rosin. Izvi zvinoitwa kuti zvisungirire bvudzi kune tambo uye kubvumira kuti inzwi ribudiswe. Mushure mokutamba mimhanzi, rosin inobviswa kubva pachiridzwa, sezvo inoparadza varnish nehuni. Kana izvi zvikasaitwa, ruzha runogona kuzorasa kunaka. Sezvineiwo, chiridzwa chimwe nechimwe chakakotamiswa chine mhando yayo yerosin.

Cello FAQ

Ndeupi musiyano pakati peviolin uye cello?

Musiyano mukuru, uyo unonyanya kushamisa ndezvipimo. Iyo cello mune yekirasi vhezheni yakakura zvakapetwa katatu uye ine huremu hwakakura. Nokudaro, munyaya yake kune zvigadzirwa zvakakosha (spire), uye vanotamba vakagara pairi chete.

Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pecello nedouble bass?

Kuenzanisa kweviri bass uye cello:
cello iri pasi pemabhesi maviri; Vanotamba zvisero vakagara, vakamira pazvinobiwa; Mabhesi maviri ane ruzha rwakaderera pane cello; Maitiro ekutamba mune maviri bass uye cello akafanana.

Ndeapi marudzi e cello?

Uyewo, semaviolin, cello imhando dzakasiyana (4/4, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8) uye dzinosarudzwa maererano nekukura uye ruvara rwemuimbi.
Cello
1st tambo - a (la small octave);
2nd tambo - D (re diki octave);
3rd tambo - G (hombe octave munyu);
4th tambo - C (kuna Big Oktava).

Ndiani akagadzira cello?

Antonio Stradivari

Parizvino, ndiyo cello inoonekwa sechiridzwa chemimhanzi chinodhura kwazvo pasi rose! Imwe yezviridzwa zvakagadzirwa naAntonio Stradivari muna 1711, maererano nerunyerekupe, yakatengeswa kuvaimbi vechiJapan nokuda kwemamiriyoni makumi maviri emadhora!