Moisey (Mechislav) Samuilovich Weinberg (Moisey Weinberg) |
Moisey Weinberg
Zita raM. Weinberg rinozivikanwa zvikuru munyika yemimhanzi. D. Shostakovich akamuti mumwe wevanyori vakatanhamara venguva yedu. Muimbi ane tarenda guru uye rekutanga, ane njere dzakadzama, Weinberg anorova nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvido zvekugadzira. Nhasi, nhaka yake ndeye 19 symphonies, 2 symphoniettes, 2 chamber symphonies, 7 operas, 4 operettas, 3 ballets, 17 tambo quartets, quintet, 5 instrumental concertos uye akawanda sonatas, mimhanzi yemafirimu akawanda nemakatuni ekugadzira maAppatrics ... nhetembo Shakespeare naF. Schiller, M. Lermontov naF. Tyutchev, A. Fet naA. Blok anopa pfungwa yenyika yeimba yemuimbi rwiyo. Weinberg inokwezva nenhetembo dzevanyori veSoviet - A. Tvardovsky, S. Galkin, L. Kvitko. Kudzama kwekunzwisisa kwenhetembo kwakanyatso kuratidzwa mukuverenga kwemimhanzi yenhetembo dzemazuva ano uye muvakidzani munyori Y. Tuwim, ane zvinyorwa zvakaumba hwaro hweEighth ("Maruva ePoland"), yepfumbamwe ("Surviving lines"). symphonies, cantata Piotr Plaksin, kutenderera kwezwi. Tarenda remunyori rakawanda - mumabasa ake anokwira kunzvimbo dzakakwirira dzenjodzi uye panguva imwechete anogadzira masutu ekonzati akajeka, azere nekuseka uye nenyasha, comic opera "Love d'Artagnan" uye ballet "The Golden Key". Magamba emu symphonies ake muzivi, akajeka uye akapfava lyricist, muimbi, achifungisisa nezve ramangwana uye chinangwa chehunyanzvi, nehasha achipokana nekusarudzika uye kutyisa kwefascism yevatongi.
Muunyanzvi hwake, Weinberg akakwanisa kuwana chimiro chakakosha, chisingaenzaniswi, achitora zvishuwo zvemumhanzi wemazuva ano (tendeukira kune chambernization, neoclassicism, kutsvaga mumunda weiyo genre synthesis). Chimwe nechimwe chemabasa ake akadzika uye akakomba, akafuridzirwa nezviitiko zvakakosha zvezana remakore, pfungwa dzemuenzi mukuru uye mugari. Weinberg akaberekerwa muWarsaw kune wechiJudha muimbi wemitambo uye violinist. Mukomana wacho akatanga kudzidza mimhanzi pazera remakore gumi, uye mwedzi mishomanana gare gare akaita dhipatimendi rake semupiyano-muperekedzi munhandare yababa vake. Pazera ramakore gumi nemaviri Mieczysław ari mudzidzi paWarsaw Conservatory. Kwemakore masere ekudzidza (Weinberg akapedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory muna 10, nguva pfupi hondo isati yatanga), akanyatsoziva unyanzvi hwepiyano (zvino, munyori aizoita zvakawanda zvezvinyorwa zvake mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana pachake kekutanga) . Munguva iyi, mazano eunyanzvi emunyori wenguva yemberi anotanga kugadziriswa. Nenzira dzakawanda, izvi zvakafambiswa nehupenyu hwetsika hweWarsaw, kunyanya zviitiko zvePhilharmonic Society, iyo inoshingairira kusimudzira Western European classics. Maonero akadzama zvikuru akaitwa nevaimbi vakatanhamara vakadai saA. Rubinstein, S. Rachmaninov, P. Casals, F. Kreisler, O. Klemperer, B. Walter.
Hondo yakachinja zvikuru uye zvinosuruvarisa upenyu hwomunyori wacho. Mhuri yose inofa, iye pachake, pakati pevapoteri, anomanikidzwa kusiya Poland. ISoviet Union inova imba yechipiri yeWeinberg. Akagara muMinsk, akapinda muchengeti padhipatimendi rekunyora mukirasi yeV. Zolotarev, yaakapedza kudzidza muna 1941. Migumisiro yekusika yemakore aya ndiyo Symphonic Poem, Second Quartet, piyano zvidimbu. Asi zviitiko zvehondo zvinotyisa zvakare zvinopinda muhupenyu hwemuimbi - anova chapupu chekuparadzwa kunotyisa kwenyika yeSoviet. Weinberg anoendeswa kuTashkent, anoenda kunoshanda kuOpera neBallet Theatre. Pano anonyora First Symphony, iyo yaifanira kuita basa rinokosha mukuguma kwemunyori. Muna 1943, Weinberg akatumira zvibodzwa kuna Shostakovich, achitarisira kuwana maonero ake. Mhinduro yacho yakanga iri kudana kwehurumende kwakarongwa naDmitry Dmitrievich kuMoscow. Kubva ipapo, Weinberg anga achigara uye achishanda muMoscow, kubvira gore iro vaimbi vaviri vakabatanidzwa nehushamwari hwakasimba, hwechokwadi. Weinberg aigara achiratidza Shostakovich zvose zvinyorwa zvake. Hukuru uye kudzika kwepfungwa, kukwezva kune misoro yeruzhinji resonance, kunzwisiswa kwehuzivi kwemadingindira ekusingaperi ehunyanzvi sehupenyu nerufu, runako, rudo - izvi hunhu hwemimhanzi yaShostakovich hwakazove hwakafanana negwara rekugadzira raWeinberg ndokuwana yekutanga. kushanda mumabasa ake.
Dingindira guru reunyanzvi hwaWeinberg ihondo, rufu uye kuparadzwa sezviratidzo zvehuipi. Upenyu humene, kumonyaniswa kunosuruvarisa kwejambwa kwakamanikidza munyori kunyora pamusoro pezviitiko zvinotyisa zvehondo yakapfuura, kutendeukira “kundangariro, uye naizvozvo kuhana yomumwe nomumwe wedu.” Akapfuura nekuziva uye mweya wegamba renziyo (kumashure kwake, pasina mubvunzo, kumire munyori pachake - murume ane rupo rwemweya unoshamisa, hunyoro, kuzvininipisa kwechisikigo), zviitiko zvinosuruvarisa zvakawana yakakosha, lyric-huzivi chirevo. Uye uku ndiko kusarudzika kwemimhanzi yese yemunyori.
Dingindira rehondo rakanyanya kujekeswa muyeTatu (1949), Yechitanhatu (1962), Eighth (1964), Ninth (1967) symphonies, mune symphonic trilogy Kuyambuka Chikumbaridzo cheHondo (Yegumi nenomwe - 1984, Gumi nesere - 1984, Gumi nepfumbamwe - 1985); mu cantata "Diary of Love", yakatsaurirwa kuyeuka kwevana vakafa muAuschwitz (1965); muRequiem (1965); muma operas The Passenger (1968), Madonna uye Murwi (1970), mune akati wandei quartets. “Mimhanzi yakanyorwa neropa remwoyo. Iyo yakajeka uye inofananidzira, hapana "isina chinhu", isina hanya noti mairi. Zvese zvine ruzivo uye zvinonzwisiswa nemunyori, zvese zvinoratidzwa chokwadi, neshungu. Ndinozviona serwiyo kumunhu, rwiyo rwekubatana kwepasirese kwevanhu vachipesana nehuipi hwakaipisisa munyika - fascism, "aya mazwi aShostakovich, achireva opera "Passenger", anogona kuverengerwa nebasa rose raWeinberg. , dzinonyatsobudisa pfungwa huru dzezvinyorwa zvake zvakawanda. .
Tambo yakakosha mubasa raWeinberg ndiro dingindira rehudiki. Yakaiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, yakave chiratidzo chekuchena kwetsika, chokwadi uye kunaka, chimiro chevanhu, chimiro chemimhanzi yose yemunyori. Dingindira rehunyanzvi rakabatana naro semutakuri wepfungwa yekusingaperi kwetsika yepasirese uye hunhu hunokosha, hwakakosha kumunyori. Mamiriro ekufananidzira uye emanzwiro emumhanzi waWeinberg airatidzwa mune chaiwo maficha emurimbo, timbre dramaturgy, uye orchestral kunyora. Chimiro chemhanzi chakakura pahwaro hwenziyo dzine chekuita nengano. Kufarira muduramazwi renyika renziyo dzeSlavic nedzechiJudha, dzakanyanya kuratidzwa mukutanga kwema40-50s. (Panguva ino, Weinberg akanyora symphonic suites: "Rhapsody paMoldavian Themes", "Polish Melodies", "Rhapsody on Slavic Themes", "Moldavian Rhapsody yeViolin neOrchestra"), yakakanganisa mavambo emimhanzi yezvose zvaitevera. Mavambo enyika ekugadzira, kunyanya echiJudha nePolish, akatemesa timbre palette yemabasa. Sezvineiwo, iwo akakosha madingindira - vatakuri veiyo pfungwa huru yebasa - vanopihwa kune zvaunofarira zviridzwa - violin kana nyere uye clarinets. Weinberg's orchestral kunyora inoratidzirwa neyakajeka yakajeka mutsara wakasanganiswa nehukama hwepedyo. Yechipiri (1945), Yechinomwe (1964), yeGumi (1968), symphonies, Yechipiri Symphonietta (1960), mbiri dzekamuri symphonies (1986, 1987) dzakanyorerwa kuumbwa kwekamuri.
80s inoratidzwa nekusikwa kwehuwandu hwemabasa akakosha, kupupurira kuzara kwakazara kwetarenda rine simba remunyori. Zviri mucherechedzo kuti basa raWeinberg rekupedzisira rakapedzwa, opera The Idiot yakavakirwa panganonyorwa yaF. Dostoevsky, inokwezva kune chinyorwa chine basa repamusoro-soro ("kuratidza munhu akanaka, kuwana akakodzera") rinonyatsoenderana. pfungwa yebasa rose remunyori. Rimwe nerimwe remabasa ake matsva ndechimwe chido chinofadza kune vanhu, shure kwechirevo chemimhanzi chega chega pane nguva dzose munhu "kunzwa, kufunga, kufema, kutambura".
O. Dashevskaya
