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Izwi rinoreva mitsara yakasiyana-siyana yenziyo (manzwi) muRussia polyphonic (choral uye ensemble) mitambo yenziyo, kunyanya dzine nziyo. Inoshandiswa muNar. chanter practice, akapinda mumhanzi. folklore. Kubva pairi izwi rinonyanya kutaurwa "vocal polyphony". P. inobatanidzwa neshoko rokuti "inzwi" muchirevo chekuimba kune mumwe munhu pane zvinyorwa zvepamusoro (mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro ivo vanotiwo "squeal") osn. rwiyo kana kusiyanisa kwayo (unyanzvi hwemabhero). Vamwe vanhu vanozivikanwawo. mashoko echirevo chimwe chetecho: “eyeliner” (kunharaunda yokumaodzanyemba kweRussia, muchiUkraine neBelarusian Polesie), “dishkant” (paDon), “dhonza pisitoni” (dunhu reBelgorod), “goryak” (muUkraine) . Mazwi ekupedzisira anoshandiswa chete kune yepamusoro P., ichigadzira yakazvimiririra. melodic party; manzwi ezasi muzviitiko izvi "bass" (Belgorod region), "bass" (Ryazan region), etc. Izwi rokuti "overvoice" harina kushandiswa - zvose zvepamusoro uye pasi makwaya. manzwi acho anodaidzwa zvakaenzana kuti P. Iro repamusoro P. rinowanzoronzeswa kuzwi rimwe, nepo panogona kuva neakaderera akati wandei. T. n. chikuru rwiyo runowanzoitwa nezwi repakati; kazhinji inoitwa nemuimbi (paDon - bass), kunyangwe mabasa emanzwi murwiyo rwese mune mamwe masitaera anogona kuchinja (semuenzaniso, rwiyo rukuru runogona kubva painzwi kuenda kune izwi apo neapo). Muzviitiko zvese, P. anonzi manzwi anotsauka kubva kune mukuru kumusoro kana pasi. Ichi chimiro chenyika chikamu chefolklore polyphony sechiito che "collective discovery of music" (BV Asafiev). Chinhu kana inotsigira osn. rwiyo (kazhinji kubva pazasi), kana kuchimisa, kuchishongedza (kubva kumusoro), kana kuchipikisa, kunoumba musiyano wechinguvana.

MuchiRussian Kuchamhembe, nheyo yemonophonic yerwiyo inoimbwa pamwe chete kana muoctave, nepo P., ichinzvenga yunifomu parallel kufamba, inosiyana mutsindo wakafanana, sekunge uchiishongedza, dzimwe nguva ichipikisa nekuzvimiririra. kuimba (kazhinji kubva kumusoro), zadza kumira uye kusvetuka kweiyo huru. manzwi anowanzobatana naye pamwe chete kana kuti octave, zvichibva zvanyatsobudisa pachena kutendeuka kwake. Kupedzwa kweunison-octave kwerwiyo rwekupedzisira fret-rhythm nguva dzose inosungirwa. stable. P. - "nhungirwa pamhanzi huru, dzimwe nguva zvakanyanya, dzimwe nguva zvisinganyanyi kusimuka kubva pahunde huru" (Asafiev). Dzimwe nguva P. mukuzvimiririra uye kutaura kunofananidzwa neinonzi. rwiyo rukuru, uye zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kusiyanisa pakati pavo. Kuchamhembe kweRussia. Zvitaera zvinotongwa naP. - nhungirwa kubva kune huru. manzwi (chaizvoizvo, misiyano yayo yepedyo):

Kubva muunganidzwa weEV Gippius naZV Ewald "Nziyo dzePinezhya", Nha 55.

Kubva muunganidzwa we AM Listopadov "Nziyo dzeDon Cossacks", vol. 3, Nha.

Pakati uye kunyanya kumaodzanyemba kweRussia. P.'s masitaera anowanzo pikisa zvakasununguka neDOS. izwi (ona muenzaniso uri pamusoro).

Mamwe maungira anorerutsa, “ruramisa” chikuru. rwiyo, vamwe, pane kudaro, vashongedze, vakudziridze uye vapfume. Mhando dzakakosha dzeP. idzo pedal (ch. arr. muzvikamu zvipfupi zverwiyo) uye zvinodaidzwa. isiri-zvinyorwa P. - "vocalises" (somuenzaniso, munharaunda yeVoronezh), nekumira nguva dzose pakunzwika kwakawedzerwa kwe tonic (pasi kana kumusoro) uye, zvishoma, chikamu chechishanu kana VII dhigirii yepanyama (munyaya ye kutsauka kwekanguva).

MuBelarusian. Polissya chorus yakakamurwa kuita maviri akazvimirira. mapato: chikuru rwiyo runorira nepasi, "bass" izwi (nekuda kweiyo melodic conciseness, ZV Ewald akaitsanangura semhando ye cantus firmus), iyo mukuita kwepolygoal. rwiyo runogona kubuda papolyphonically, nepo izwi repamusoro riri roga ("padvodchyk") richitungamira liner. Mutsindo mumwe uye wakafanana kazhinji unova pasi pezvizhinji. zvakasiyana hunhu uye mutinhimira. kuvandudzwa kwezwi. polygonal nziyo (semuenzaniso, mumusha wePolissya weTonezh).

Mukati merwiyo rumwe, kuoma zvishoma nezvishoma kwekwaya kunobvira. maumbirwo, activation yeP. Pamusoro pese, iyo yakaoma, ine simba "mechanics" yekubatana kwechokwadi kwemanzwi muNar chaiyo. korasi haisati yanyatsoongororwa. Iyo ichangoburwa yakawanda-chiteshi ruzha kurekodha uye humwe hunyanzvi. zvinoreva zvinogona kubatsira mukuwanikwa kwenzvimbo yechokwadi uye zvinoreva P. muNar. kwaya. kuimba dec. zvitaera zvematunhu.

References: Melgunov Yu., nziyo dzechiRussia dzakarekodhwa zvakananga kubva kumanzwi evanhu, vol. 1, M., 1879; Palchikov N., Nziyo dzePeasant dzakanyorwa mumusha weNikolaevka, Menzelinsky district, Ufa province, M., 1888; Lopatin HM, Prokunin VP, Kuunganidzwa kwenziyo dzenziyo dzechiRussia, zvikamu 1-2, M., 1889; Lineva E., Nziyo huru dzechiRussia mukubatana kwevanhu, vol. 1, St. Petersburg, 1904; Gippius E., Pamusoro peRussia folk polyphony mukupera kwe1948 - kutanga kwezana remakore rechipiri, "Soviet Ethnography", 2, No. 1960; Rudneva A., kwaya yevanhu vokuRussia uye anoshanda naye, M., 1974, zvimwe chetezvo, 1961; Bershadskaya T., Iwo makuru ekuumbwa mapatani epolyphony yerwiyo rwevanhu vekuRussia rwiyo rwevarimi, L., 1; Popova T., Russian folk musical creativity, vol. 1962, M., 1965; Asafiev B., Kutaura kunona, M.-L., 1971; Mozheiko Z., Rwiyo tsika yeBelarusian Polissya. Tonezh musha, Minsk, 1972; Mienzaniso yefolk polyphony, comp., yakazara. ed. uye chirevo chaI. Zemtsovsky, L.-M., XNUMX.

II Zemtsovsky