Movable counterpoint |

Movable counterpoint - rudzi rwekupikisa kwakaoma, kusanganiswa kwepolyphonic yenziyo (yakasiyana, pamwe chete, yakafanana, yakarongwa nenzira yekutevedzera), zvichiratidza kuumbwa kweimwe kana yakawanda. maumbirwo ezvinobvamo semugumisiro wekuchinja kwechiyero chekutanga nekugadzirisa zvakare (kufamba, kushandura) idzi nziyo dzisingachinji. Zvichienderana nenzira yekugadzirisa zvakare, maererano nedzidziso dzeSI Taneyev, kune marudzi matatu eP. kusvika. reshiyo yenziyo pakureba, - kubatana kunobva (ona mienzaniso yemimhanzi b, c, d, e) inoumbwa nekuendesa rwiyo kune imwe kana imwe nguva kumusoro kana pasi (kureva vertically); inofambiswa yakatwasuka, zvichibva pakuchinja panguva yekupinda kweimwe mutinhimira, izwi riine hukama kune rimwe, - rinobva kune rimwe divi (ona mienzaniso f, g) rinoumbwa kubva mukutama kweimwe rwiyo. manzwi eimwe nhamba yezviyero (mabhiti echiyero) kurudyi kana kuruboshwe (kureva, kuchinjika);

SI Taneev. Kubva mubhuku "Mobile counterpoint yekunyora kwakasimba".

kaviri nhare, kubatanidza zvinhu zve2 yapfuura, - chidimbu chinobva (ona mienzaniso h, i, j) inoumbwa semugumisiro wenguva imwe chete. shanduko mureshiyo yehurefu uye chiyero chenguva dzekupinda kwe melodic. mavhoti (kureva vertical and horizontal).

In the aesthetic Panyaya yepolyphony, sekugadzirwa kwakagadziridzwa kwekusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvisingashanduki, sekubatana kwekuvandudza uye kudzokorora, apo kuvandudzwa hakusviki pamwero wehumwe hutano, uye kudzokorora kunopfumiswa nerutsva rwemaitiro, zvinobuda. kuve imwe yekuratidzira kweiyo chaiyo yepolyphonic. kufunga (ona Polyphony).

Iko kukosha kukuru kunoshanda uye kugovera ndeye vertical-P. ku. Saka, ari technical. polygonal base. canons echikamu chekutanga (kunze kweavo manzwi anopinda panguva imwechete uye nenzira imwechete).

Somuenzaniso, mune quadruple. fp. MuCanon yeAV Stanchinsky, vertical permutations inomuka, iyo system inogona kuratidzwa nechirongwa chinotevera:

Pano Rl maererano neR (ona Risposta, Proposta) uye R3 maererano neR2 inopinda mu octave yepamusoro; R2 inopinda nechepasi yechishanu maererano neR1; Yekutanga musanganiswa wekutanga b + a1, mhedzisiro yayo a1 + b2 uye b1 + a2, 3nd yekutanga komputa c + b2, mhedzisiro yayo b1 + c2, ca + b1; kaviri counterpoint ye duodecym yakashandiswa (Iv = -3; ona pasi apa). Mvumo mu vertical-P. k. - pfuma isingaperi canons (kunze kwecanons mune Ini ndichagamuchira) uye canonical. kutevedzana kwechikamu chekutanga. Semuenzaniso, mukufara-kunzwika kune misoro miviri. Mumutsara usingaperi wakaunzwa naMI Glinka mumagumo ekupedzisira ekodha kubva pakupfuura kuenda kune opera Ruslan naLyudmila, manzwi anoumba anotevera mvumo:

Pano: musanganiswa wekutanga b + a1 (mazariro 28-27, 24-23, 20-19 kubva kumagumo ekupedzisira), dhirivative a + b1 (mazariro 26-25, 22-21); kaviri octave counterpoint yakashandiswa (kunyanya, yechishanu decimals, Iv = -14). Mienzaniso ye vertical-P. nekuti mu canon. kutevedzana: vane misoro miviri. kugadzirwa a-moll Nha. 13 uye. C. Bach, mbariro 3-4 (kuburuka mumasekondi); Mumhanzi unesimba unoshamisa wechikamu chechitatu chekantata "Johane weDhamasiko" naTaneyev chine mienzaniso isingawanzo kutevedzana mumanzwi mana: munhamba 3 zvichibva pane izvo chikamu chinokura chedingindira (kutevedzana kudzika muzvikamu zvitatu, mu chokwadi nekupetwa kwemanzwi), munhamba 13 zvichibva pavavariro yekutanga yedingindira (kuomeswa nekutama kwakachinjika). Vertical-P. nekuti - hunhu hwakaoma fugues uye fugues ine inochengeterwa kushorwa. Semuenzaniso, mune kaviri fugue kubva kuKyrie muRequiem V. A. Mozart, madingindira maviri akasiyana anoumba chinongedzo chekutanga mumabhawa (abbr. – tt.) 1-4; mubatanidzwa wemadingindira anotevera anenge asina mapindiro mumavols. 5-8 (octave permutation), 8-11, 17-20 (mune yekupedzisira kubvumidza kune duodecime) zvichingodaro. Concentration contrapuntal. matekiniki (vertical permutations of 3 themes) inoratidza kudzokororwa kwekatatu fugue muC kubva kuFP. Hindemith's "Ludus tonalis" kutenderera, uko kwekutanga kubatana mumavols. 35-37 uye zvinobva mumavols. 38-40, 43-45, 46-48. MuCis-dur fugue kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeWell-Tempered Clavier naI. C. Dingindira raBach rekuti fugue uye chiverengero chakachengetwa chinoumba chibatanidzo chekutanga muna tt. 5-7, zvinobva muzvikamu. 10-12, 19-21 uye mberi. Dingindira uye mbiri dzakaramba dzichipikisa mufugue naD. D. Shostakovich C-dur (No 1) kubva piano. denderedzwa "24 preludes and fugues" inoumba chinongedzo chekutanga mumavols. 19-26, rinobva mariri mumavhoriyamu. 40-47, 48-55, 58-65, 66-73. Vertical-P. nekuti ndiyo zvakare inonyanya kukosha nzira yekusimudzira uye kuumbwa mumafugues ane polyphonically akasiyana interludes. Semuenzaniso, mune c-moll fugue kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeBach's Well-Tempered Clavier, iyo yekutanga interlude (vol. 5-6) - yekutanga, 4th (tt. 17-18) - kubva (Iv = -11, ine chikamu chakapetwa kaviri chezwi rezasi), kusanganisira. 19 kubva pakutanga kwechikamu chechina (Iv = -4, uye kubva pa14st interlude Iv = -1); 3nd interlude (vols. 9-10) - yekutanga, yechishanu kupindirana (tt. 22-23) rinobva kune rimwe divi rine manzwi ari pamusoro pemanzwi. Mune homophonic uye yakasanganiswa homophonic-polyphonic. vertical-P mafomu. nekuti inogona kushandiswa neimwe nzira kana imwe mune chero chikamu chavo, semuenzaniso. pakugadzira dingindira mukusuma kwekutanga kufamba kweGlazunov's 1th symphony (5 vols. kusvika panhamba 2 - kutanga, 4 t. kusvika kunhamba 2 - derivative). Pakuratidza dingindira reparutivi mumutambo wekutanga we 1th symphony naP. Uye. Tchaikovsky (yekutanga inotanga muvol. 122. 128) vertical permutation inzira ye melodic. kuzara kwezwi. mimhanzi. Dzimwe nguva kufamba kwakamira kunoshandiswa pakati pezvivakwa zvemafomu akareruka (L. Beethoven, fp. sonata op. 2 No 2, Largo appassionato: yepakutanga iri pakati pezvikamu zviviri, kureva. 9, kubva - mumavols. 10 ne11); mukuvandudzwa kwe sonata, iyi ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakanyanya kukosha uye dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya yekukurudzira kusimudzira (semuenzaniso, muchikamu chekutanga kubva kuEs-dur quartet naV. A. Mozart, K.-V. 428: yekutanga - mavhoti. 85-86, kubva - vols. 87-88, 89-90, 91-92). Polyphonic inowanzoshandiswa. kugadziridzwa kwezvinhu nerubatsiro rwekuchinjika kuchinjika muzvikamu zvekudzokorora, kwavanenge vachibatsira pakuvandudzwa kwezwi (semuenzaniso, munhetembo yaScriabin op. 32 No 1 Fis-dur, derivative incl. 25). Kazhinji vertical permutations inoshandiswa mukugumisa. zvikamu zvefomu (somuenzaniso, muGlinka's Aragonese Jota kodhi: yekutanga ndiyo nhamba 24, kubva pa25). Vertical-P. nekuti - imwe yeinonyanya kushandiswa polyphonic zvinoreva. kusiyana (somuenzaniso, mumutambo we3 kubva kuBorodin's D-dur quartet: yekutanga mukudzokorora ndiyo nhamba 4, kana zvakadaro. 111, kubva - nhamba 5 kana zvakadaro. 133; muNo.

Chiyero cheiyo yakachinjika uye inofambiswa kaviri counterpoints yakanyanya kuganhurirwa. T. n. "kupikisa pamwe uye pasina kumbomira" kubva kuP. Mulu's mass (yakataurwa naSI Taneyev mu "Mobile counterpoint" uye yakadhindwazve muchikamu chekutanga cheMV Ivanov-Boretsky's Musical-Historical Reader, No 1) inoramba iri iyo yega nenzira yayo muenzaniso we music. kugadzirwa, kwakavakirwa zvachose pane horizontally-P. k.: polyphonic. chidimbu chinogona kuitwa mune 42 shanduro - nekumbomira (yepakutanga) uye pasina ivo (derivative); izvi zvisingawanzo zvinoshanda semufananidzo wakanaka wemaitiro ekushanda evatenzi venguva yehustere style. Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti maitiro ehorizontal uye kaviri-P. k. Iri pasi pemamwe macanoni echikamu chechipiri (semuenzaniso, kurira sepamusoro pebudiriro kubva muchikamu chekutanga che2th symphony yaDD Shostakovich, kanoni kaviri, apo madingindira makuru neechipiri akabatanidzwa, nhamba 2) uye canonical . kutevedzana kwechikamu chechipiri (somuenzaniso, muchikamu chechipiri cheMyaskovsky's quartet No. 1, vol. 5 et seq.). Kazhinji kazhinji mhando dzakatarwa dzeP. to. kusangana mumitsetse yemafugue ine madaro akasiyana esumo. Semuyenzaniso, ricercar-like fugue muC-dur kubva ku32st vhoriyamu yeBach's Well-Tempered Clavier chaizvoizvo ine zvishoma nezvishoma zvakanyanya kuoma strettas; muCredo (No 2) kubva kuMisa muh-moll naJS Bach, yekutanga - vols. 2-3, zvinyorwa - vols. 70-1, 12-4. Mune fugue kubva kuRavel's Tomb yeCouperin suite, mafambiro akaomarara mumitsetse anogadzira manzwi akapfava emhando yemunyori uyu: tt. 9-17 - yekutanga (stretta pamusoro pehurukuro yakananga inofamba ine chinhambwe chekupinda chezvisere zviviri); tt. 21-34 - inotorwa mu vertical reversible counterpoint; TT. 37-35 - kubva mune isina kukwana vertically reversible counterpoint; tt. 37-39 - yakabva kune yakapfuura ine yakatwasuka offset (yekupinda chinhambwe ndeyechisere); tt. 41-44 - kubva muchimiro chechinangwa chetatu. inotambanudza mu kaviri-P. ku.

Mafambiro akachinjika dzimwe nguva anowanikwa mumafugues ane anoramba akatarisana (semuenzaniso, mu gis-moll fugues kubva muvol. 1, As-dur naH-dur kubva muchikamu 2 cheBach's Well-Tempered Clavier; mune yekupedzisira fugue kubva mukonsari. ye2 FP Stravinsky).

Rega. Nyasha dzinosiyanisa mafambiro akatwasuka mumhanzi yeWA Mozart, semuenzaniso. mu sonata D-dur, K.-V. 576, mavhoti. 28, 63 uye 70 (chinhambwe chekupinda chinoteerana chimwe-chisere, nhanhatu-rusere uye nhatu-rusere ine vertical permutation).

Great art. siyana-yakasviba horizontal kufamba kwakakosha, semuenzaniso. mune grand fugue Es-dur yeogani naJS Bach, BWV 552, vol. 90 et seq.; muchikwata chechipiri cheGlazunov's 2th symphony, 7 inoyera kusvika nhamba 4. Mukupedzisira fugue yetambo quintet G-dur op. 16 Taneyev madingindira ehuviri fugue mumubatanidzwa wekubuda anoitwa nekuchinjika kuchinjika (nematani maviri) uye nemvumo yakatwasuka:

Pamwe chete naP. inofanira kuiswa rudzi rwekupokana kwakaoma - counterpoint inobvumira kupeta kaviri: chikamu chinotorwa chinoumbwa nekupeta kaviri (ona mienzaniso k, 1) kana zvese (ona muenzaniso m) manzwi ane makonzonenzi asina kukwana (mumimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi20 - kune chero zvimwe zvakapetwa kaviri kusvika kumasumbu). Zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira, iyo counterpoint, iyo inobvumira kupetwa kaviri, iri padyo zvakanyanya kune yakatwasuka-P. ku., nekuti izwi rinopetwa kaviri mhedzisiro yekutenderwa kwakamira kweiyo nguva yekupeta - chetatu, chechitanhatu, desimali. Kushandiswa kwekupeta kaviri mumakomboni anobva kunopa kunzwa kwekumanikana, ukuru hwezwi; semuenzaniso munhanganyaya uye fugue yefp. Glazunov, op. 101 Kwete 3 kudzokororwa kwemadingindira emafugue maviri mum. 71 ndiro rekutanga, mum. 93 rinobva kune rine octave vertical permutation uye nekupetwa kwemanzwi; muMusiyano VI kubva Kusiyanisa paDingindira rePaganini kwemapiyano maviri. Lutoslavsky mune yepakutanga, inzwi repamusoro rinofamba neine tertian kaviri, rezasi rine mativi matatu makuru, mumutsara usina kujeka wokutorwa (v. 6) inzwi repamusoro rinofamba nematatu maduku akaenzana, rezasi nezvikamu zvitatu.

P.ku. uye counterpoint, iyo inobvumira kupetwa, inogona kusanganiswa neinodzoserwa counterpoint (semuenzaniso, mukuvandudza kwekupedzisira kweiyo symphony C-dur "Jupiter" naWA Mozart, iyo canonical kutevedzera mukufamba kwakananga mumabhawa 173-175 ndiyo. yekutanga, mumabhawa 187-189 - chinobva kune inversion uye vertical permutation yemanzwi, mumabhawa 192-194 - chinobva kune vertical permutation uye nezwi rimwe chete rakapinduka), dzimwe nguva musanganiswa nemhando dzakadaro dzemelodic. shanduko, dzakadai sekuwedzera, kudzikira, kugadzira zvivakwa zvakaomarara. Saka, kusiyana kwepolyphonic. kusanganiswa munzira. chiyero chinotarisa kutaridzika kwemimhanzi FP. quintet g-moll (op. 30) Taneyev: ona, semuenzaniso, nhamba 72 (yepakutanga) uye 78 (yakatorwa nekuwedzera uye kufamba kwakatwasuka), 100 (yakatorwa mune doubly P. k.), 220 - mukupedzisira ( kusanganiswa kwedingindira guru nekuwedzera kwaro katatu).

Dzidziso ye counterpoint uye counterpoint, iyo inobvumira kupetwa kaviri, yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanyisa naSI Taneev mubasa rake rakakosha "Mobile counterpoint yekunyora kwakasimba". Muongorori anogadza notation inobvumira masvomhu. nokunyatsoratidza kufamba kwemanzwi uye kuona mamiriro ekunyora P. to. Mamwe emashoko aya uye pfungwa: I - izwi repamusoro, II - izwi rezasi mune maviri- uye repakati mumatatu-manzwi, III - yakaderera inzwi mumatatu-manzwi (aya mazita akachengetedzwa mune zvakatorwa); 0 - prima, 1 - yechipiri, 2 - yechitatu, 3 - quart, nezvimwewo (zvakadai digitization yezvikamu zvakakosha pakuwedzera nekubvisa kwavo); h (short for lat. horisontalis) - kufamba kwakatwasuka kwezwi; Ih (pfupi ye lat. index horisontalis) - chiratidzo chekufamba kwakatwasuka, kunotarirwa mumaketani kana kurova (ona mienzaniso f, g, h, i, j); v (short for lat. verticalis) - kufamba kwezwi kwakatwasuka. Kufamba kweizwi repamusoro kumusoro uye pasi kunoyerwa nepakati inoenderana nehukoshi hwakanaka, kufamba kweizwi repamusoro pasi uye kudzika kumusoro nepakati neine minus sign (semuenzaniso, IIV = 2 - kufamba kwezwi repamusoro. kumusoro nechetatu, IIV = -7 - kufamba kwezwi rezasi kumusoro neoctave). Mune vertical-P. j. mvumo, iyo iyo izwi repamusoro rekubatana kwepakutanga (chimiro chepakutanga mune maviri-izwi I + II) inochengeta nzvimbo yekumusoro mune inotorwa, inonzi yakananga (ona mienzaniso b, c; mufananidzo unoreva mvumo yakananga mumanzwi maviri:

) Chibvumirano, umo izwi repamusoro repakutanga rinotora nzvimbo yepasi mune rinobva, rinonzi rakapesana (ona mienzaniso d, e; mufananidzo wayo:

).

Misoro miviri yepolyphonic komboni inobvumira vertical permutations (kwete chete zvinopesana, asiwo - mukupesana neakajairika tsanangudzo isina kururama - uye yakananga), inonzi. kaviri counterpoint (German doppelter Kontrapunkt); semuenzaniso, mune mbiri Inventions E-dur No 6 JS Bach yepakutanga - mumavols. 1-4, rinobva muzvinyorwa. 5-8, IV=-14 + II V=-7

) Misoro mitatu. kubatanidza kunobvumira 6 musanganiswa wemanzwi (chero ipi zvayo yemazwi ekutanga inogona kuva yepamusoro, yepakati kana yakaderera mumubatanidzwa wekutorwa) inonzi katatu counterpoint (German dreifacher Kontrapunkt, Tripelkontrapunkt). Mifananidzo inoreva mvumo mu triphony:

Semuenzaniso, mune matatu-chinangwa Inventions f-moll No 9 JS Bach: yekutanga - mumavols. 3-4, zvinobva muzvinyorwa. 7-8

muNo. 19 kubva paShchedrin's “Polyphonic Notebook” – rinobva mundima. 9. Nheyo imwe cheteyo ndiyo inosimbisa kushoma-kushandiswa. quadruple counterpoint (German vierfacher Kontrapunkt, Quadrupelkontrapunkt), ichibvumira 24 inzwi nzvimbo (ona, somuenzaniso, nhamba 5, 6, 7 muchikamu chekutanga checantata "Johani weDhamasiko"; nhamba 1, 1, 2, 3 mumagumo mukwaya kaviri Nhamba 4 yecantata "Mushure mekuverengwa kweMapisarema" naTaneyev, uye mune fugue mu-e-moll kubva kutenderera "9 Preludes and Fugues" ye pianoforte Shostakovich - vols. 24-15 uye 18 -36). Muenzaniso usingawanzoitika weashanu counterpoint - kodhi yekupera kweiyo symphony C-dur ("Jupiter") naWA Mozart: yekutanga mumavols. 39-384, zvinobva muzvikamu. 387-387, 391-392, 395-396, 399-399; Permutation scheme:

Algebraic. hwerengedzo yenguva dzekufamba kwemanzwi ese ari maviri (mumazwi maviri; mumatatu- uye polyphony - pamanzwi ega ega) inonzi chiratidzo chekufamba kwakatwasuka uye inoratidzwa naIv (muchidimbu cheLatin index verticalis; ona mienzaniso b. , c, d, e). Iv ndiyo tsananguro yakakosha mudzidziso dzeSI Taneev, nokuti anofananidzira maitiro ekushandiswa kwezvikamu zvakaumbwa pakati pemanzwi epolyphonic. matishu, uye zvimiro zvezwi rinotungamira. Semuyenzaniso, pakunyora komisheni yekutanga mune kaviri counterpoint yedesimali (kureva Iv = -9), kungopesana uye kusina kunanga kufamba kwemanzwi kunofungidzirwa mukati mechimiro chekunyora kwakasimba, uye kuchengetwa kwequart nezwi repamusoro uye hapana nezwi rezasi hakubvumidzwe kuitira kudzivirira manzwi mune inotorwa. musanganiswa unorambidzwa nemitemo yemaitiro aya. Mvumo inogona kuitwa chero nguva uye, saka, Iv inogona kuve nechero kukosha, zvisinei, mukuita, mhando nhatu dzemvumo dzinonyanya kuwanda: kaviri counterpoint decimals (Iv = -9 kana -16), duodecimes (Iv = - 11 kana -18) uye kunyanya kaviri octave counterpoint (Iv = -7 kana -14). Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nenyaya yekuti kana uchibvumidza kaviri counterpoint yeoctave, decima uye duodecima, iyo harmonic inoshandura zvishoma mune zvinobva. musimboti wekubatana kwepakutanga (nguva dzekonzonendi dzepakutanga dzinowanzoenderana nezvikamu zvekonzonendi muzvinotorwa; kutsamira kumwechete kuripo pakati pemadissonances). Iko kugona kuita vertical permutations pane decomp. nguva (kureva shandisa zvakasiyana siyana zveIv) inoumba chaiyo contrapuntal art. nzira inobvumira munyori kuti anyanye kusiyanisa sonority. Mumwe wemienzaniso yakatanhamara ndeye g-moll fugue kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu yeBach's Well-Tempered Clavier: dingindira uye inorambidzwa inopikisa inoumba mubatanidzwa wekutanga mumabhawa. 5-9; kubva muna tt. 13-17 (Iv=-14), 28-32 (Iv=-11), 32-36 (Iv=-2) uye 36-40 (Iv=-16); mukuwedzera, muna tt. 51-55 muchidimbu dingindira rinopetwa kaviri nerechitanhatu kubva kumusoro (Iv = +5), mu tt. 59-63 mvumo paIv=-14 nekupeta dingindira nechikamu chetatu kubva pazasi, uye nekuwedzera nechikamu chetatu kubva kumusoro (Iv = -2). Mumimhanzi mushure meBach uye kusvika kuzana remakore rechi20. kazhinji kubvumidza kuri nyore kweoctave kunoshandiswa; zvisinei, vanyori, sezvo harmonica inokura. rusununguko runoshandisa zviratidzo zvishoma-zvakashandiswa kare. Kunyanya, ivo vanowanikwa mune kanoni. sequences apo chidimbu chinobuda chinoumbwa pakati pe risposta uye kupindazve kweproposta: semuenzaniso, mukufamba kwechipiri kweMozart's D-dur quartet, K.-V. 499, mavhoti. 9-12 (Iv = -13); mumutambo wekutanga weGlazunov's Symphony Nha. 8, nhamba 26, mavhoti. 5-8 (Iv = -15); mukupfuudzira kune opera "Meistersingers yeNuremberg", vol. 7 (Iv = -15) uye vol. 15 (Iv = -13); mumufananidzo wekutanga wechitatu d. "Ngano dzeguta risingaoneki reKitezh", nhamba 156, mavhoti. 5-8 (Iv=-10); mumutambo wekutanga weMyaskovsky's Quartet No. 12, mavhoti.

HA Rimsky-Korsakov. "Tale yeGuta Risingaoneki reKitezh uye Maiden Fevronia", chiito III, 1st chiitiko.

Kubatana kwakasimbiswa naSI Taneyev nekanon (mubhuku rinonzi "Dzidziso yeCanon") yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kurongedza zvakarurama uye nesayenzi zvigadziro zvekuparara. canon forms. P.'s theory to. yakashanda sehwaro hwekuwedzera kwedzidziso dzeTaneyev mumazizi. musicology (SS Bogatyrev, "Double Canon" uye "Reversible Counterpoint").

References: Taneev SI, Movable counterpoint yekunyora kwakasimba, Leipzig, 1909, M., 1959; yake pachake, Doctrine of the Canon, M., 1929; Ivanov-Boretsky MV, Mumhanzi uye nhoroondo muverengi, vol. 1, M., 1929; Bogatyrev SS, Double canon, M.-L., 1947; yake, Reversible counterpoint, M., 1960; Dmitriev AN, Polyphony sechinhu chekuumba, L., 1962; Pustylnik I. Ya., Movable counterpoint uye free writing, L., 1967; Jadassohn S., Lehrbuch des einfachen, doppelten, drei- und vierfachen Contrapunkts, Lpz., 1884, id., muMusikalische Kompositionslehre yake, Tl. 1, Bd 2, Lpz., 1926; Riemann H., Lehrbuch des einfachen, doppelten und imitierenden Kontrapunkts, Lpz., 1888. 1921; Prout, E., Kaviri counterpoint uye canon, L., 1891, 1893.

VP Frayonov