Music performance |

mumhanzi – kugadzira. nzira yekudzokorora mimhanzi. mabasa achaitwa nemitoo. unyanzvi. Kusiyana nenzvimbo. art in (kupenda, kuvezwa) mimhanzi seunyanzvi hwechinguvana, kuratidza chokwadi muunyanzvi hwekurira. mifananidzo, inoda chiito chekugadzira patsva, kuyananisa kwemuiti. Nechinangwa chiripo muchimiro chemimhanzi notation, ruzha rwayo chairwo, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, nzanga yayo. kuvapo kwemimhanzi. basa rinowana chete mukuita kwekuita, unyanzvi hwaro. dudziro. Inogara mupfungwa dzemuteereri semimhanzi inonzwika, inonzwika. Ichi chimiro chemimhanzi chinowanikwa muchimiro chayo, mune dialectic. kubatana kwemimhanzi. prod. uye kuuraya. Kuzvimiririra sei. mhando yeunyanzvi. kusika I.m. inokura panhoroondo iyoyo. danho rekusimudzira mumhanzi. kudai-va, kana mumamiriro ezvinhu emakomo. tsika, maitiro ekugadzirisa mimhanzi ine zviratidzo zvinowanzoitika. Mumhanzi notation, kuita semiotic chete. mabasa uye kugadzirisa chete musanganiswa wepamusoro-soro uye rhythmic. kuwirirana kwemanzwi, humwe hunyanzvi hunogadziriswa nemunyori. content. Inzwi rechinyorwa chemimhanzi, dudziro yaro chiitiko chekugadzira. Munda wenzira dzekutaura kwemuimbi ane rusununguko rwakati uye chaiwo. Kuita kuimba kunosiyana nekwemunyori (yakagadziriswa mumhanzi notation) kunyanya mukuvandudza kwayo. nature. Iwo akanakisa eizwi nuances, agogic, ane simba. uye kutsauka kwe tempo, nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekubudisa inzwi, dzisina kunyorwa mumhanzi, dzinoumba nzira dzakaoma dzekuita dzekutaura dzinozadzisa kuoma kwezvinhu zvemimhanzi. mutauro wakashandiswa nemunyori. Zvichienderana nematauriro emuiti, nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake. mumwe munhu, chiyero chekunzwa kune maonero emimhanzi, zvichida kubudiswa kwakasiyana kwezvinhu zvayo zvekufananidzira uye chimiro chemanzwiro. Kuwanda kwakadai kwekuwandisa kwekuita kunotemerwa nekusiyana kuwanda kwezviri mukati memuses. anoshanda. Kuwanikwa kwehunyanzvi. chokwadi chemimhanzi. chigadzirwa, chiripo muchimiro chemumhanzi chinyorwa uye chakagadzirwazve nemuiti (kana vatambi) pahwaro hweaesthetics inowanikwa mairi. mapatani, anosiyanisa zvakanyanya I. m. kubva pakuvandudza.

Kuumbwa I. m sei prof. art-va, ine maitiro ayo ekuzvarwa, hunyanzvi. uye technician. mabasa ane chekuita nekushanduka kwevanhu. kugadzira mimhanzi, kuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi. marudzi uye masitayera, kuvandudzwa kwenotation uye mimhanzi. zvishandiso. Kuumbwa I. m muMiddle Ages, yakaitika zvikurukuru mukati megadziriro yenziyo dzechitendero chaidzora panguva iyoyo. Chechi. dzidziso nokuparidza kwayo kwokuzvinyima zvokudya kunoganhurira kutaura kwayo. mikana yemimhanzi, inobatsira pakuvandudzwa kwe "generalized" wok. uye instr. inzwi, rakatsunga zvakananga. kusarudzwa kucharatidza. nzira uye nzira dzekuita, static style. Kushama chaiko. polyphonic. imba yekuchengetera mimhanzi yechitendero uye approx. mafomu ekurekodha kwayo, kwekutanga mune zvisiri zvepfungwa, uyezve mune mensural notation, yakatemerwa, kune rumwe rutivi, hukuru hwekuita mimhanzi yemubatanidzwa (ch. arr. choral cappella), uye kune rumwe rutivi, achaita maficha. tsika yakavakirwa pamitemo yakafanotemerwa uye zvibvumirano. Uye. m inofungidzirwa chete se "kuzadzikiswa" kwemitemo iyi maererano neshoko remimhanzi rakapiwa, muiti - semhando ye "mhizha". Kunzwisisa kutsva I. m inokura mu16-17 mazana emakore. muItaly netsika dzayo dzevanhu dzeRenaissance. Nekukura kwemakomo bourgeois. tsika, kubuda kwezvimiro zvitsva zvemunyika muz.-societies. hupenyu (academies, opera house) prof. mimhanzi zvinoreva. vadiki vasunungurwa kubva pakutonga kwekereke. Kubvumirwa kwemaitiro ehomophonic, kusimudzira kwechiridzwa, kunyanya kuridza zviridzwa zvakakotamiswa, zvakakanganisa I. m Nyowani aesthetic misimboti yeRenaissance inotungamira mukuwedzera kwekutaura kwemuses. isk-va. Mhedzisiro yakasimba paI. m inopa opera uye violin art. Kupesana mune yavo aesthetics kudhumhana uye kupesvedzera. kutungamira kwemaitiro: "instrumentalization" yekuimba, hunhu hwebel canto opera maitiro. manzwi, ayo ainyanya kuratidzwa mune sutu yevaimbi vecastrati vemazana emakore 17-18, uye "humanization" yezviridzwa, iyo yakawana kutaura kwakakwana mune sutu ye "kuimba" muchiItaly. violinist, chimiro chayo chaive kusikwa kwechinyakare. rudzi rweviolin sechiridzwa chakakura chemimhanzi. kufema. Inotungamira aesthetic maitiro ndeye fungidziro ye instr. ruzha kune kutaura kwevanhu. manzwi (“Kuti utambe zvakanaka, unofanira kuimba zvakanaka,” akazivisa kudaro J. Tartini), yakabatana zvakananga nechishuwo chekupa munhu. coloring. Iyo violin, iyo inokutendera iwe kuti uise ruzha kune mumwe munhu zvakanyanya kupfuura mhepo uye zviridzwa zvakadzurwa, inova mutakuri weiyo nyowani, yedemokrasi. perform. tsika, kugadzirisa kukura kweI. m munzira yekuzara kukuru uye kusiyana-siyana kwekutaura. Kwete iyo organ, kana harpsichord kana lute, inoridza iyo mumazana emakore 17-18. yakasvika padanho repamusoro rehunyanzvi. uye arts. level, haina kuita zvakadaro kumuiti. kudai Ndirwo rwiyo rweviolin - refu uye rakatambanudzwa, rakapfuma mukurongeka. shades, inokwanisa kutaura zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa mamiriro evanhu, inosarudza kugadzirwa kwezvishandiso zvitsva. mhando - preclassical. sonata uye concerto, osn. pamubatanidzwa weminyuziyamu inosiyana. mifananidzo mune imwe cyclic. chimiro. Uku ndiko kwaive kutanga kwekubudirira kwekuita solo, kupfumisa kwevatambi. nzira yekutaura. Izvi zvinoratidza izvo zvinodikanwa zveaesthetics yeRenaissance kuratidza mune art-ve ext. rugare rwohunhu mumunhu wake wose. mavambo. Rudzi rutsva rwemuimbi-nyanzvi ruri kusimukira. Iyi haisisiri "mhizha" yakamanikana, ichiita maererano netateguru. tsika dzeMiddle Ages, asi muimbi wepasirese ane ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana uye hunyanzvi. Iyo inoratidzirwa nekubatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe wemuiti uye muumbi wemimhanzi; pamwoyo pazvichaita. unyanzvi huripo hwokusika. kuvandudza. Akaita chiitiko che "kutamba munyori" mumamiriro ezvinhu ekurwisana. nzanga yaive yakaganhurirwa kuhurongwa hwe "yakavharwa mimhanzi kugadzira", airidza pamberi pevakasarudzwa denderedzwa revateereri mukamuri diki (aristocratic. salon, imba yamambo, chikamu chechi). Yakanga iri chaiyo yekamuri kugadzira mimhanzi, neKrom pakanga pasina mutsara wakapinza pakati pemuiti nevateereri - ivo vakabatanidzwa nekunzwira tsitsi kwepedyo kwemanzwiro. Saka hunhu hwakadai sekusavapo kwedariro. Kusiyana nemazuva ano muimbi ari kuita pamberi pevateereri vakawanda ane chirongwa chakafanorongwa chine nziyo dzevamwe. vanyori, "muimbi anotamba" akataura kune yakamanikana denderedzwa ye "vanoziva" uye "vanoziva" mimhanzi uye kazhinji vakaita yavo. essays. Akawana kubudirira kwete zvakanyanya zvehunyanzvi. kukwana kwemutambo, yakawanda sei unyanzvi hwekuvandudza. kuridza mimhanzi. Virtuosity yainzwisiswa kwete seyaive yakakwana yehuwandu hwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi. maitiro ekuita, asi sekugona "kutaura" nevateereri vachishandisa chishandiso. Ichi chaionekwa sechinangwa chepamusoro cheI. m Mimhanzi yakafanana. muitiro wacho wakabatanidzwa nenguva apo "muimbi wenziyo" ndiye aitungamirira kugadzira. mufananidzo, uye mimhanzi. prod. yakanga isati yaonekwa seyakazara, kusvika kune yekupedzisira ruzha, yakafanomisikidzwa nehunyanzvi hwake. chiito chakagadziriswa mumhanzi notation. Saka predominance mu17-18 mazana emakore. mafomu asina kukwana emumhanzi notation (kunyangwe iyo 5-mutsara notation, iyo yakatsiva nemensional uye mensural, yakagadzirisa hurefu chaihwo uye hurefu hwemanzwi) uye tsika dzekuvandudza kwake. kubereka mukati mechimiro cheiyo general bass uye hunyanzvi hwekushongedza. Muimbi aifanira kuva nespecial. ruzivo uye unyanzvi, kubvira unyanzvi hwokugadzira. kuvandudzwa kwaida kuti muiti ateerere mimwe mitemo. Artistic claim. kunatsiridza kwakaita basa guru mukupfumisa kutaura. uye technician. kumativi I. m., yakabatsira pakusimbisa zvinhu zveunyanzvi mairi. subjectivism, kukura kwekunaka. Yakapedzwa pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18. kuumbwa kweiyo classic symphony orchestra, yakabatana nekuumbwa kweiyo symphony genre, uye zvishoma gare gare, kusimudzirwa kwechiridzwa chitsva chega - chimbo chinoshandiswa nenyundo, icho chakabatsira mukugadzirwa kwemhando dzekirasi. sonatas uye concertos, yakaratidza nhanho yakakosha mukushanduka kweI. m Mhando nyowani dzakaoma uye mafomu, anofukidza huwandu hwakakura hwemamuse. mifananidzo uye manzwiro. nyika kupfuura pre-classical idzo dzakabatsira mukuwedzera kudzika nekupfumisa kwevatambi. nzira yekutaura. Music yakaoma. zvemukati zvaisada kwete chete kuzara uye kwakaringana kurekodha kwemumhanzi zvinyorwa nevanyori, asiwo kugadzirisa kwakakosha. perform. mirayiridzo. Iyo general-bass system iri kupera, iyo yekugadzira art iri kuwira mukuora. kunatsiridza, kunyungudika mukushongedza kwekunze. Pasi pesimba rekunzwira tsitsi nechitendero chayo chekunzwa uye hunhu, mazwi erwiyo ega anokura, instr. mimhanzi inowana kuwedzeredza kwemanzwiro, kusimba, kusiyanisa, maitiro matsva ekutamba kweorchestral ari kubuda, izvo zvinoratidza shanduko mumunda wekuita masimba. Iwo echo-akafanana nemasimba akatonga nguva yeBaroque, achizorora paCh. arr. pamisimboti yekuvaka, inopa nzira yekutsvedzerera, zvishoma nezvishoma simba. kuchinja, kusiyanisa zvishoma. dynamic nuances - iyo "simba rekunzwa". Aesthetics yemaitiro matsva I. m zvinoratidzwa mudzidziso yezvinobatika (cf. affect theory). Kugadzira hukama pakati pekuita uye kukanganisa, inoratidzwa muzvikoro zveI. Quantz uye F. E. Bach, kunyangwe mechanistic chimiro che generalizations, yakabatsira mukudzika kwekunzwisisa kwevatambi kwemanzwiro. zvemumhanzi. basa uye kuzivikanwa kwayo kwakazara mukuita kwekuita. Mushure mekupfuura nemupesvedzero yezvitaera zvebaroque, rococo uye manzwiro, hunyanzvi hweI. m pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18. iri kuramba ichiwedzera kuchinja kwemagariro evanhu kunokonzerwa nekutaura kwemabhunu. societies. hukama. Panguva ino, maitiro ekuumbwa kwe nat. perform. zvikoro. Pasi pesimba reGreat French revolution iyo yakagumisa maitiro ekare "akavharwa" esangano remuses. hupenyu, main na academician. ropafadzo, pakutonga kwekare kwemakakatanwa. vanokudzwa uye chechi, iri kuitwa demokrasi. A new form of open bourgeois. kugadzira mimhanzi - konzati yeruzhinji (nemitemo yayo yekubhadhara uye chirongwa chakafanogadzirirwa), yakapindura kune zvakakosha shanduko yemagariro yakaitika mukuumbwa kwevateereri. Muteereri mutsva, uyo akapfuura nechikoro chehupenyu hwakashata, akapukunyuka zviitiko zvechimurenga chikuru uye nguva yeNapoleon, iyo yakamutsa zvikuru zvido zvevanhu, zvipo kuna I. m zvitsva zvinodiwa. Anosarudza kuzara kwemanzwiro, kutaura kwakajeka, manzwiro kune hukama hwepedyo hwezviitiko. kureba. Anofadzwa nemuiti-mutauri, achitaura kune vateereri vakawanda. In conc. dariro rinooneka muhoro, rudzi rwekutaura, rinoparadzanisa nyanzvi kubva kuvanhu, sokunge iri kumuisa pamusoro payo. MuFrance, mumimhanzi. kuita kunovandudza maitiro ehugamba. classicism, inofananidzira kuuya kwerudo. Kubva pakutanga 19 in. Uye. m kuwana rusununguko rwakawanda. Kupararira kweiyo symphony uye opera orchestras kunokonzera kudiwa kweakawanda. vashandi veprof. vatambi. Mukuwanda kwevaimbi pane kupatsanurwa kwebasa pakati pemuimbi nemuiti. Zvisinei, munzanga itsva. mamiriro ezvinhu, rudzi rwakasiyana rwemuimbi runoumbwawo - "composing virtuoso", uyo achiri kusanganisa mutambi uye munyori mumunhu mumwe. Kuvandudzwa kwekutengeserana uye hukama hwetsika pakati penyika, kupinda kwemuses. tsika mune yakafara, democracy. madenderedzwa evanhu vanoshandura chimiro chebasa remuiti. Hwaro hwezvehupfumi hwebasa rake hausi muhoro waanobhadharwa nemutsigiri wehunyanzvi kana chechi. curiae, nemari inobva kuna Prof. chiitiko chekonzati. Zvakanakira. kufarira opera kunopa nzira yekuwedzera kufarira instr. mimhanzi. Izvi zvinobatsira pakugadzirwa kweiyo conc itsva. vateereri. Mushure mekubvisa kudiwa kwekufadza "vanoziva" uye "vanoziva" mimhanzi, muimbi wekonti anomanikidzwa kufunga nezvavanoda zvemabhunu. veruzhinji vachitenga matikiti emakonzati. T. nezve., kunyange bourgeois. societies. iyo system yakasunungura muiti kubva kune semi-feud. kutsamira uye kumuita nhengo yakaenzana munharaunda, rusununguko urwu rwakanga rwuri rwekunyepedzera. Mafomu ekutsamira chete ndiwo achinja: ave akakura, anoshanduka-shanduka, asina kujeka uye akaomarara. Kuwedzera kwechiyero kuchaita. chiitiko hachibvumiri muimbi wekonzati kuti azvitarisire pachake sangano remitambo yake. Izvi zvinomuita kuti atsvage rubatsiro kune vamwe. vanhu. Basa re impresario rinomuka. Kugamuchira imwe mugove wemari pasi pechibvumirano, muimbi anozvipira kuita mumakonzati akarongwa ne impresario. Wekutanga "mumhanzi wemakonti" akapedzisa chibvumirano chakadaro nemunhu akazvimiririra aive N. Paganini. Izvi zvakaratidza kutanga kwekongiresi yemazuva ano. maindasitiri mune capitalist. nyika, kugadzwa kwemutemo kwe capitalist. maitiro ekushandiswa kwenyanzvi. Tarenda remuimbi rinova chinhu chemhindu, mari inobatsira yekudyara. “Muimbi anomutengesera kuimba achizvipira zvake munhu asingabudiriri. Asi muimbi mumwecheteyo, akakokwa nemuzvinabhizimisi uyo, kuti awane mari, anomuita kuti aimbe, mushandi ane pundutso, nekuti anoburitsa mari” (K. Marx, Dzidziso yezvakawanda kukosha, ch. 1 TO. Mako uye F. Engels, Soch., ed. 2nd, t. 26, h. 1, M., 1962, p. 410). Kukwidza kune vateereri vakawanda (kunyangwe mukunzwisisa kwenguva iyoyo) kunoisa mberi hunyanzvi hutsva hwemuiti. mabasa. Iyo aesthetics yemimhanzi iri kutora chimiro. performance, iyo yakawana kupera kwayo. kutaura mukuda kwe "kuumba virtuoso" - iyo inotungamira kugadzira. Romantic figures. Pakati pake uye "anoridza munyori" wezana remakore rechi17-18. pane musiyano wakadzama wakakosha: kune "muimbi anotamba" iye achaita. unyanzvi ingori nzira yokuziva nayo unyanzvi hwomunhu. zvishuviro, uye, neimwe nzira, ye "composing virtuoso" kusika kwemunyori ingori nzira yekuratidza kuita. hunyanzvi. New spatial-acoustic. mamiriro eimba huru yemakonti, umo mutambi anopfuurira. zviitiko zve "composing virtuoso" zvine chekuita pane ese maficha eI. m., pamwe chete nemimhanzi. zvishandiso. Kudiwa kwesimba rakakura uye kusimba kwekurira kunoita kuti harpsichord isina simba itsiviwa nesando ine simba. Kuwedzera kwakawanda kwenzwi reforogo yekugadzira kwakatungamira kune kunetsana kwakasimba patambo dzeviolin, izvo zvakazoita kuti pave neshanduko mugomo rayo (kuvandudzwa kwestand, homies, nezvimwewo). Izvi zvinotsanangura kushandiswa kwakapararira nevanoridza violin uye maseru eiyo vibrato tekinoroji, iyo inobatsira kupararira kuri nani mukamuri hombe, uye kusimukira kusati kwamboitika kwehunyanzvi hwekuita senzira ine simba. mafomu ekufambisa mimhanzi. kufamba. Acoustics yakakura conc. mimhanzi yepop inokurudzira kutsvaga mataurirwo matsva. uye technician. mari ichaita. isk-va. Kuti usimbise simba repfungwa pahuwandu hwevateereri, zvinhu zvevaraidzo zvinounzwa mukuita. Kuita kuberekwa patsva, taura. Gesture chinhu chakakosha cherudo. kushanda. "Mutambo" wechiso nemaoko emuimbi unova nzira ye "kuvezwa" kwenzvimbo nemuiti wemimhanzi. mufananidzo unoita kuti muteereri azvione (“Kuteerera mutambo waLiszt seri kweketeni kungangova hafu yemufaro,” akanyora kudaro R. Schumann). Nokudaro iyo isina kujairika, "theatre" chitarisiko chemuimbi, iyo yaiwanzotyisa "anoremekedzwa" bourgeois. Izvi zvakaonekwawo mukupikisa kwevanyarikani vachipesana nemabhunu. nyasha. Mixed concentration inovakwawo pavaraidzo. chirongwa umo "composing virtuoso" anoita pamwe chete nevaimbi, varidzi vezviridzwa, uye orchestra. Kuita zvega. Prod., "composing virtuoso" inongogumira kumhando dze virtuoso concerto, fantasy uye mutsauko pamadingindira ane mukurumbira, kutamba kwakanaka kwehunhu, kudzika muzvinyorwa, asi kupa zvinhu zvekutenda pakuratidza munhu. perform. hunyanzvi. Vateereri vanopesvedzerwa ne virtuoso scope yemutambo, kubhururuka kwakashinga kwe fancy, ruvara rwakasiyana-siyana rwemithunzi yemanzwiro. Kufarira kwake kunoguma nekuita kwenhamba inosungirwa yekupedzisira yechirongwa - fungidziro yemahara pane imwe nyaya. Mariri, maererano nerudo. aesthetics, manzwiro emuiti akanga akazara zvakakwana, zvakajeka uye zvakananga, unhu hwake hwakaratidzwa. Zvizhinji zvekukunda kwekuita kweRomantic, kunyanya mavara matsva. uye virtuoso kutamba matekiniki, akanyatsopinda muses. tsika Zvisinei, kutaura kwe "kuumba virtuoso" kwakatakura kupesana kwakadzama, uko kwaisanganisira mukaha pakati pehupfumi hwekutaura. zvinoreva uye kazhinji kusakosha kwemamusi. zvinhu, kumuenzaniso wavakatumirwa. Chete nevanyori vakadai sePaganini, izvi zvakanyanya kudzikinurwa nehukuru hukuru. kusimba kwehunhu hwavo. Vazhinji vatevedzeri vavo I. m inopera kuita salon-varaidzo. unyanzvi, uhwo vanhu vaifambira mberi venguva iyoyo vaiona sechiratidzo chetsika. Bourgeois vakawa. of society. K ser. 19 in. Kupokana kuri kukura pakati pemaitiro emaitiro ehunyanzvi hwe "composing virtuoso" uye general arts. maitiro ekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi anotungamirira kune dambudziko rerudo. kushanda. Rudzi rutsva rwemuimbi rwuri kuumbwa - muturikiri, muturikiri weunyanzvi hwemunyori wemunyori. Pane radical stylistic. revolution in conc. repertoire. Mafungiro uye misiyano pamadingindira eoperatic ari kutsiviwa nezvigadzirwa. Uye. C. Baha, W. A. Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, mabasa evatenzi vekare ari kumutsidzirwa. Muchikamu chesimba chichaita.

Munguva yekutanga yekubvumidzwa kwezvichemo zvemuses. Tsanangudzo yebasa guru rakaitwa nezviitiko zvevaimbi vakakurumbira vanoverengeka. Pamwe chete nevatambi vakaita sevanoridza violin F. David uye Y. Joachim kana conductor F. A. Khabeneck nevamwe, avawo maartist epasirese ainyanya kuve vanyori, asi panguva imwecheteyo mapiyano anoshamisa nemakondakita - F. List uye A. G. Rubinstein, kana chete conductors - G. Berlioz uye R. Wagner. Akaitwa mabasa evaimbi aya akaratidzira kukosha kwenhoroondo. stage in development. m., izvo zvakaratidza kutanga kwemazuva ano. perform. kudana. Uye. m inokwira kune yakakwirira uye yemhando dzakasiyana art. level, mhando itsva yemuiti inotenderwa. "Composing virtuoso" - mutambi wake. prod., inoratidzwa mukutaura kwake-ve chete denderedzwa rakamanikana remanzwiro. nyika uye manzwiro aienderana nekunaka kwake. zvishuvo. Akanga asiri chimwe chinhu kunze kwounyanzvi hwokutaura zvake. manzwiro, uyezve, anoganhurirwa neanozvibata pfungwa pamusoro pemikana yekuita. isk-va. Kune mutambi werudzi rutsva - muturikiri webasa remumwe munhu, chimiro chega chega chemutambo chinopa nzira kune dudziro inoisa hunyanzvi hwechinangwa pamberi pemuiti. mabasa - kuburitsa, kududzira uye kutapurirana kwechimiro chekufananidzira chemuses. prod. uye chinangwa chemunyori waro. Kukosha mu executable kukura. isk-ve zvine chinangwa-kuziva. zvinhu, nheyo yehungwaru inowedzerwa. Nekuvandudzwa kwe art-va kududzira mumimhanzi. performance inoumbwa muiti. zvikoro, maitiro, zvitayera zvine chekuita ne decomp. kunzwisisa kwemabasa uye nzira dzeI. m., matambudziko anomuka mukuita kwemimhanzi yekutanga, mafomu ekugadzirisa kududzira anozvarwa - mutambi. kugadzirisa uye kunyora. Invention pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19-20. Kurekodha kwakagadzira mukana wekugadzirisa chero mashandiro ekugadzira. Rudzi rutsva rwekuita rwakabuda mumamiriro ekurekodha studio - rudzi rwemuiti. "genre", iyo ine aesthetic yayo. nguva dzose uye maficha anoisiyanisa kubva kune yakajairwa conc. kuurayiwa. Kurekodha kwakapesvedzera zvikamu zvese zveI. m., kuisa mberi hutsva hwekunaka, hwepfungwa. uye technician. matambudziko ane chekuita nechimiro, kutapurirana uye maonero emimhanzi. Masangano emazuva ano. hupenyu hunoshanda naye. Iyo kumhanya, iyo yaimbove isinganzwikwe-yebasa retekinoroji, ine chekuita zvakanyanya paI. m., kukura kunoitika mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Munyika dzemacapitalist dzinokanganiswa nemaitiro akajairwa ekubvisa hunhu anowanikwa mazuva ano. kuda bourgeois. Mumakore 1920-30. mu uye. m urbanistic iri kubuda. chimiro "Neue Sachlichkeit" ("itsva kushanda", "chinhu chitsva") nemanzwiro ayo, apsychologism, fetishization ye teknolojia, kuoma kunovaka, kukudzwa kunovavarira. kumhanya uye kutsungirira kwemitambo. Kubva 1950-ies. pesvedzero yakaipa, kune rumwe rutivi, yemabhunu iri kuwedzera. "misa" tsika, kushambadzira kwe art-va, uye kune imwe - mimhanzi. avant-garde, kuramba I. m semhosva yomunhu mupenyu. kutaura, kutsiva mechanical yake. kusanganisa nekuburitsa manzwi. Izvi zvinoita kuti I. m zviitiko zvakashata, zvinoumba mukaha pakati pemuiti neruzhinji. Maitiro ekudzikisira anopikiswa nemazizi. perform. art, pamwe chete nemabasa evatambi vakuru vekune dzimwe nyika vanofambira mberi, zvichibva patsika dzechokwadi chikuru. uye zverudo. kushanda. mashoko B. Walter, W. Furtwengler, J. Sighety, P. Casals nevamwe. zvimwe maartist anoratidza zvakajeka mazwi aK. Marx kuti "kugadzirwa kwecapitalist kunovenga mamwe mapazi ezvemweya, akadai sehunyanzvi uye nhetembo" (K. Marx, Dzidziso yezvakawanda kukosha, ch. 1 TO. Mako uye F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 26, h. 1, M., 1962, p. 280). Zvisinei, muunyanzvi hwavo hwakanakisisa. sampuli dzemimhanzi yemazuva ano ine mataurirwo ayo akaomarara. uye rhythmic. hurongwa hunokanganisa zvakanyanya kushanduka kwemuiti. nzira dzekutaura uye misimboti yekuita konzati. Basa rayo rakakura mukukunda pfungwa dzakasimbiswa nezve instr. uye wok. kunaka, pakufunga patsva basa renziyo nevatambi, mukunzwisisa timbre kwete senzira ye "kupenda" mataurirwo ezwi, asi senzira yekutaura kwemuses. kutaura. Iyo yekupedzisira inokanganisa kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro akakosha ekutaura, chaiwo. kushandiswa kwekubata uye pedal nevatambi vepiyano, violinists uye maseru - vibrato, portamento, akasiyana marudzi ekurohwa, nezvimwe. n., yakanangana nekuburitswa kwe psychological-express. subtext yemumhanzi. Zvese izvi zvinoshandura instr. unyanzvi, hunoita kuti huve nemweya, hunoita kuti huwedzere simba. Modern kuita. nzira yekutaura yakavhura mukana wekuverenga kutsva kwemuses.

Matambudziko eI. m. zvakakwezva ngwariro munhoroondo yose yekukura kwayo. Iwo akafukidzwa mumabasa mazhinji esainzi: kubva muzvinyorwa zvevafungi vekare uye Middle Ages. scholastics kumabasa ehuzivi aD. Diderot, F. Hegel uye K. Marx. Kubva muzana remakore rechi16 zvakakosha zvinoonekwa. zvidzidzo paI. m., kazhinji kubereka kirasi, zvakapinza polemical. hunhu (semuenzaniso, chinyorwa naY. Leblanc "Mukudzivirira bass viola pamusoro pezvinorehwa neviolin ..." - "Défense de la basse de viole contre les entréprises du violon et les prétentions du violoncel", 1740), wok. uye instr. "Nzira" dzinotsanangura dzidziso. uye aesthetic nheyo dzeI. m., kufunga mibvunzo kuchaita. miitiro. Kukura kwakakura kwemimhanzi. tsika yakasarudza nzvimbo yakakosha inogarwa naI. m. mumazuva ano. societies. hupenyu, kukosha kwayo sehunyanzvi hukuru.-ethical. masimba anokanganisa nyika yemweya wemunhu. Kufarira mumibvunzo yaI. m. yakawedzera, uye mhatsa huru yokunzvera kwesayenzi yawedzera. matambudziko. Pamwe chete nepakati. matambudziko eeesthetics yeI. m. (chiyero chechinangwa uye misimboti yekuzvimiririra mairi, basa uye dudziro yaro), chidzidzo chekuenzanisa cheI. m., os. pakurekodhwa kwenzwi, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuenzanisa uye kuongorora decomp. kududzirwa kwechigadzirwa chimwe chete. Kukanganisa kwaI. m. uye pamaonero ayo ekurekodha ruzha, redhiyo, terevhizheni, nezvimwe. iri kudzidzwa. mabhuku edzimwe nyika, akazvipira. mibvunzo yaI. m., inopa mufananidzo wakanaka. Maonero echokwadi uye zvakanangwa zvakanangwa zvechimiro cheI. m. kugarisana ne decomp. rudzi rwekufungidzira. pfungwa uye formalistic. dzidziso dzinosvibisa pfungwa nemanzwiro. hunhu hwaI. m., ine maonero anodzikisira kuita basa remakani. transmitter yezvinyorwa zvemimhanzi, uye nepseudo-sainzi. kufanotaura kufa kwayo mumamiriro emazuva ano. kufambira mberi kwesainzi uye kwehunyanzvi. Mune mamwe mabasa, semuenzaniso, mubhuku. T. V. Adorno “Muperekedzi Akatendeka. Chiratidzo chekudzidzira mimhanzi ", kuedza kunoitwa, zvichibva pane zvakajairika zvemazuva ano. mimhanzi (A. Webern, A. Schoenberg, A. Berg), kupa hutsva hunoshanda. executive instructions. Yakanyanya pakufunga patsva munzvimbo ino yekirasi. uye zverudo. tsika, dzine chekuita nenyaya dzekuberekana, kushandiswa kwedzimwe nzira dzekutamba: kurova kiyi, kufambisa, sitiroko, kuiswa kwemazwi, tempo, kutaura, dynamics, nezvimwe; mumatare edhipatimendi, zviratidzo izvi zvinofadza. Means. kubatsira pakudzidza I. m. anoita mazizi. n.-i. uye pfungwa yedzidziso. MuUSSR, chidzidzo chemumhanzi chakaumba bazi rakazvimiririra remumhanzi-nhoroondo uye dzidziso yekuita, zvichibva pamitemo yeMarxist-Leninist aesthetics. Mumabasa ake, St. nhoroondo yeI. m., dzidziso yake uye aesthetics, zizi. nyanzvi dzemumhanzi dzinotsvaga kuratidza zvehunhu. uye hutsika kukosha kweI. m. sezvazviri chaizvo. zvirevo zvekutaura kwevanhu mhenyu. Special editions anoburitswa muUSSR. akagara. "Mumhanzi kuita" (chinyorwa 1-7, Moscow, 1954-72), "Kune dzimwe nyika mimhanzi kuita art" (chinyorwa 1-6, Moscow, 1962-72) uye "Unyanzvi hwemuimbi anoridza" (chinyorwa 1, M. , 1972). Muzizi zhinji. conservatories kuverenga inokosha. kosi yenhoroondo uye dzidziso yemimhanzi.

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IM Yampolsky