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kubva lat. intono - taura zvinonzwika

I. Chinonyanya kukosha mumhanzi-theoretical. uye aesthetic pfungwa ine zvirevo zvitatu zvinoenderana:

1) Altitude sangano (kuwirirana uye kubatana) kwemimhanzi. horizontal tones. Mumhanzi unorira, unonyatso uripo chete mukubatana nesangano renguva pfupi rematoni - rhythm. "Intonation ... yakanyatsobatanidzwa ne rhythm sechinhu chinoranga kuratidzwa kwemimhanzi" (BV Asafiev). Kubatana kweI. uye rhythm inoumba rwiyo (mupfungwa yarwo yakakura), umo I., sedivi rayo rakakwirira, rinogona kusiyaniswa chete nedzidziso, muchidimbu.

Muses. I. ine hukama pamabviro uye nenzira dzakawanda dzakafanana nekutaura, inonzwisiswa sekuchinja kwenzwi ("inzwi") rezwi uye, pamusoro pezvose, matauriro aro ("speech melody"). I. mumimhanzi yakafanana neI. kutaura (kana tichireva divi rakamira rekupedzisira) mukushanda kwayo kwemukati (kunyangwe mukutaura mutakuri mukuru wezviri mukati riri izwi - ona I, 2) uye mune mamwe maitiro ehurongwa, anomiririra pamwe chete nekutaura I., maitiro ekuchinja kwenzwi mumanzwi, kuratidza manzwiro uye kudzorwa mukutaura uye wok. mimhanzi nemitemo yekufema uye kuita kwetsandanyama yetambo dzezwi. Kupindwa muropa nemimhanzi. I. kubva pamaitiro aya atove akaratidzwa mukuvakwa kwezwi-pitch, melodic. mitsara (kuvapo kwereferensi inonzwika zvakafanana nekurira kwakafanana mukutaura I.; nzvimbo yeiyo huru muchikamu chezasi chenzwi: kuchinjika kwekukwira nekudzika; kuburuka, sekutonga, kwakanangana nenzwi. mutsara mukupedzisa, chikamu chekufamba, nezvimwewo), zvinokanganisa uye mukutaura kwemimhanzi. I. (kuvapo kwecaesuras ehupamhi hwakasiyana-siyana, nezvimwewo), mune zvimwe zvinodikanwa zvekutaura kwayo (kuwedzera kwekunetseka kwepfungwa paunenge uchikwira kumusoro uye kubuda kana uchienda pasi, mukutaura uye mumhanzi wezwi unobatanidzwa nekuwedzera kwekuedza. yemhasuru dzezviridzwa zvezwi uye nekuzorodza tsandanyama).

Misiyano pakati pemhando mbiri dzakaratidzwa dzeI. yakakoshawo, zvese muzvinyorwa zvavo (ona I, 2) uye muchimiro. Kana mukutaura I. manzwi haana kupatsanurwa uye haana anogadzirisa kanenge ane relates. kurongeka kwehurefu, ipapo mumhanzi I. gadzira muses. toni manzwi akanyanya kana kushoma kuganhurwa mukunzwika nekuda kwekugara kweiyo oscillation frequency inotaridza imwe neimwe yadzo (kunyangwe pano, zvakare, kugadzirisa kwenzwi hakusi mhedziso - ona I, 3). Muses. manzwi, kusiyana nemanzwi ekutaura, mune imwe neimwe nyaya ndeye k.-l. yakagara yakasimbiswa mumhanzi-inzwi sisitimu, inoumba pakati pavo inogara yakakwira hukama (nguva) yakagadziriswa mukuita uye inobatanidzwa pahwaro hweimwe sisitimu yekushanda-inonzwisisika. hukama uye hukama (lada). Ndinotenda nemumhanzi uyu. Ini mikana.

I. (sesangano repamusoro-soro rematoni) rinoshanda sechinhu chinovaka uye chinoratidza-semantic nheyo yemimhanzi. Pasina rhythm (pamwe chete pasina rhythm uye dynamics, pamwe netimbre, iyo yakanyatsobatanidzwa nayo), mimhanzi haigone kuvapo. Nokudaro, mimhanzi yose ine matauriro. nature. Basa rinokosha uye guru reI. mumhanzi imhaka yezvikonzero zvakawanda: a) hukama hwemanzwi ematoni, ari kufamba zvakanyanya uye anochinjika, akasiyana kwazvo; imwe psycho-physiological nzvimbo inotarisisa basa ravo rinotungamira mukutaura kuburikidza nemimhanzi yeinoshanduka, yakasarudzika uye yakapfuma nyika yekufamba kwemweya kwevanhu; b) hukama hwepamusoro hwematoni nekuda kweiyo yakagadziriswa pitch yeumwe neumwe wavo, sekutonga, inoyeukwa nyore uye inodhindwa uye saka inokwanisa kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwemimhanzi senzira yekukurukurirana pakati pevanhu; c) mukana wekunyatsoenderana kwematoni zvichienderana nehurefu hwawo uye nekugadzika pakati pawo pahwaro hwehuhu hwakajeka uye hwakasimba hunoshanda-hune musoro. kubatana kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kukudziridza mumhanzi nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dze melodic, harmonic. uye polyphonic. budiriro, ratidza zvinobvira zvinodarika zvinobvira, toti, imwe rhythmic, ine simba. kana kukura kwetimbre.

2) Maitiro ("system", "warehouse", "tone") yemimhanzi. zvirevo, "hunhu hwemataurirwo ane musoro" (BV Asafiev) mumimhanzi. Iri mune yakaoma yehunhu hwema muses. mafomu (yakakwirira-yakakwirira, rhythmic, timbre, articulatory, nezvimwewo), iyo inosarudza semantics yayo, kureva, manzwiro, semantic, uye zvimwe zvinoreva kune avo vanoona. I. - imwe yezvikamu zvakadzika zvechimiro mumimhanzi, iri pedyo nezviri mukati, zvakanyanya zvakananga uye zvizere kuzviratidza. Kunzwisisa uku kwemimhanzi I. kwakafanana nekunzwisisa matauriro ekutaura sezvaanoratidzwa. matauriro ekutaura, manzwiro ekupenda kwezwi rayo, zvichienderana nemamiriro ekutaura uye kuratidza mafungiro emutauri kune musoro wechirevo, pamwe chete nemhando dzeunhu hwake, nyika uye hukama hwevanhu. I. mumimhanzi, sekutaura, inogona kuva nekutaura (emotional), logic-semantic, maitiro uye genre zvinoreva. Zvinorehwa nemimhanzi. ini Mupfungwa iyi, vanoti, semuenzaniso, nezve misisi inonzwika mune yakapihwa. basa (kana chikamu charo) manzwi ekukumbira, kutsamwa, kufara, kufunganya, kukunda, kutsunga, "rudo, tsitsi, kutora chikamu, kukwazisa kwaamai kana rudo, tsitsi, rutsigiro rweushamwari" (BV Asafiev nezvemimhanzi yaTchaikovsky), nezvimwewo. -semantic zvinoreva I. inotarirwa nekuti inotaura chirevo, mubvunzo, kupera kwepfungwa, nezvimwewo. Pakupedzisira, I. inogona kuparara. maererano nekukosha kwayo, kusanganisira. yenyika (chiRussian, chiGeorgian, chiGerman, chiFrench) uye chemagariro (chiRussian murombo, raznochinno-guta, zvichingodaro), pamwe nemhando yezvinoreva (rwiyo, ariose, recitative; rondedzero, scherzo, kufungisisa; imba, kutaura, nezvimwewo).

Sec. I. tsika dzinotemerwa nevakawanda. zvinhu. Chinhu chakakosha, kunyangwe chisiri icho chega, chinonyanya kupindirana uye kushandurwa (ona I, 1) kuberekana mumimhanzi yekutaura I. zvinoenderana. values. Shanduko yeshoko I. (yakasiyana mune zvakawanda uye kushanduka kwenhoroondo) kuita mimhanzi yemimhanzi inoitika nguva dzose mukuvandudzika kwemimhanzi. hunyanzvi uye zvakanyanya kutarisisa kugona kwemimhanzi kuratidza manzwiro akasiyana-siyana, pfungwa, zvishuvo zvine simba-zvakasimba uye hunhu hunhu, huchiendesa kune vateereri uye nekupesvedzera iwo ekupedzisira. Manyuko ekutaura kwemimhanzi. I. inoshandawo seshamwari nemamwe manzwi (zvese emimhanzi uye asiri emumhanzi - ona I, 3) nekuda kweruzivo rwekunzwa kwevanhu uye zvinodikanwa zvezvakananga zvemuviri. kukanganisa pamanzwiro. humambo hwemunhu.

Izvi kana izvo ini. matauriro anofanotemerwa nemunyori. Mimhanzi yakagadzirwa naye. manzwi ane simba. kukosha, zvichienderana nemuviri wavo. zvivakwa uye masangano. Muiti, nenzira yake (yakasimba, yegogic, yeruvara, uye mukuimba nekuridza zviridzwa zvisina mutsindo wakamisikidzwa-uyewo nekusiyanisa ruzha mukati menzvimbo-ona I, 3) anoburitsa I. zvigaro zvake pachake uye zvenzanga. Kuzivikanwa nemuiti (uyo anogona kunge ariwo munyori) wemunyori weI., kureva, izwi, ndiko kuvapo chaiko kwemimhanzi. Kuzara kwayo uye nzanga. Uyu munhu, zvisinei, anowana zvinoreva chete pasi pemamiriro ekuonekwa kwemimhanzi nemuteereri. Muteereri anoona, anoberekazve mupfungwa dzake, zvinoitika uye anofananidzira yomunyori I. (mukududzira kwayo kwokuita) uyewo mumwe nomumwe, pahwaro hwake. ruzivo rwemimhanzi, iyo, zvisinei, chikamu chenzanga. ruzivo uye mamiriro ayo. Izvozvo. "Chiitiko cheinzwi chinosungirirana mukubatana kwemimhanzi yekugadzira, kuita uye kuteerera - kunzwa" (BV Asafiev).

3) Imwe neimwe yediki diki chaiyo conjugations yematoni mumimhanzi. kutaura kune kutaura kwakazvimiririra. meaning; semantic unit mumhanzi. Kazhinji ine 2-3 kana kupfuura inonzwika mune monophony kana consonances; mukusasanganisira. kesi, inogona zvakare kuve neruzha rumwechete kana konsonanti, yakaparadzaniswa nenzvimbo yayo mumamisi. mamiriro uye kutaura.

Nekuti main express. mutoo uri munziyo ndiwo mutinhimira, I. inonyanyonzwisiswa sechidzidzo chipfupi chematoni mumonophony, sechidimbu chemutinhimira, rwiyo rwerwiyo. Zvisinei, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo yakazvimiririra inotaura. zvinoreva mumhanzi. basa rinowana zvimwe harmonic, rhythmic, timbre zvinhu, tinogona kutaura harmonic, rhythmic, zvichiteerana. uye kunyange timbre I. kana pamusoro yakaoma I.: melodic-harmonic, harmonic-timbre, etc. Asi mune dzimwe nguva, pamwe nechepasi basa rezvinhu izvi, rhythm, timbre uye kuwirirana (kumwero muduku - simba) richine Mhedzisiro pakuona kwemaimbo enziyo, ichivapa ichi kana icho kuvhenekera, izvi kana iwo mimvuri yekutaura. Chirevo chechimwe nechimwe chakapihwa I. kusvika pamwero mukuru zvakare zvinoenderana nemhoteredzo yaro, pamamuse. mamiriro ezvinhu, mairi anopinda, uyewo kubva pakuzadzikiswa kwawo. kududzira (ona I, 2).

Zvikati kuzvimiririra. chirevo chepfungwa-yekufananidzira cheimwe I. inotsamira kwete chete pachayo. zvimiro nenzvimbo muchirevo chechinyorwa, asiwo kubva pakuona kwemuteereri. Nokudaro, kupatsanurwa kwemamusi. kuyerera paI. uye tsananguro yezvazvinoreva imhaka yezvose zvirikunangwa uye zvine musoro, kusanganisira muses. dzidzo yekunzwa uye ruzivo rwevateereri. Nekudaro, kusvika pamwero wekuti mamwe manzwi ekubatanidza (kunyanya, marudzi eruzha pairings) nekuda kwekushandisa kwavo kakawanda mumhanzi. kusika uye kutevedzera nzanga. kudzidzira kuva kujairika uye kujairika nzeve, kusarudzwa kwavo uye kunzwisisa sezvo yakazvimirira I. anotanga kutsamira kwete chete muteereri pachake, asiwo unyanzvi, mumhanzi uye aesthetic. zvinoravira uye maonero evanhu vose. mapoka.

I. inogona kufambirana nevavariro, mutinhimira. kana harmonic. turnover, thematic cell (zviyo). Musiyano, zvisinei, uri muchokwadi chekuti tsananguro yekurira kwenzwi sechinangwa, kutendeuka, sero, zvichingodaro, yakavakirwa pachinangwa chayo (kuvapo kwechirevo chinobatanidza boka remanzwi, uye caesura inoparadzanisa. boka iri kubva kune yakavakidzana, chimiro che melodic uye harmonic inoshanda yekubatanidza pakati pematoni kana chords, basa reyakapihwa yakaoma mukuvaka dingindira uye mukukura kwayo, zvichingodaro), apo pakusarudza I., ivo vanobva kutaura. zvirevo zvezvinoreva pairings yezwi, kubva kune yavo semantics, nekudaro vachiunza chinhu chinomiririra.

I. dzimwe nguva nedimikira rinonzi muses. "Izwi" (BV Asafiev). Music kufanana. I. Izwi mumutauro rinoruramiswa zvishoma nezvikamu zvekufanana kwavo mune zviri mukati, chimiro uye basa. Ini Kufanana kwacho kuripowo pakuti matauriro, semashoko, zvinhu zvehurongwa hwakaoma, hwakagadziridzwa hunoshanda mune mamwe mamiriro emagariro. Nekufananidza nemutauro (wechisikigo) mutauro, hurongwa hweI. (kunyanya, marudzi avo) anowanikwa mubasa re k.-l. munyori, boka revanyori, mumimhanzi. tsika k.-l. vanhu, nezvimwewo, zvinogona kunzi "intonation. mutauro” wemunyori uyu, boka, tsika.

Music musiyano. I. kubva paizwi iri mune chokwadi chekuti iko kubatanidzwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemanzwi - muses. tones, chidimbu chinoratidza zvakakosha, hunyanzvi. zviri mukati, zvinomuka pahwaro hwezvimwe zvinonzwika zvimiro uye hukama (ona I, 1), sekutonga, haina yakagadzikana, yakadzokororwa kudhindwa fomu (matauriro chete ndiwo akanyanya kana kushoma kugadzikana) uye nekudaro anogadzirwa patsva neimwe neimwe. munyori mukutaura kwega kwega (kunyangwe nekutarisa kune imwe mhando yemutauro); I. ndeye polysemantic mune zvemukati. Kusabatanidza chete. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, rinobudisa pfungwa chaiyo, asi kunyange ipapo revo yaro haigoni kupiwa nenzira yakarurama uye isina kujeka nemashoko. I. zvakawanda kupfuura izwi, zvinoenderana nechirevo charo pachirevo. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinyorwa zveimwe I. (manzwiro, zvichingodaro) zvakabatanidzwa zvisingaenzaniswi nechimiro chakapiwa (sound), kureva kuti, chinogona kuratidzwa chete nacho, kuitira kuti kubatana pakati pezvinyorwa uye chimiro mu. I. is, sekutonga, zvishoma zvisina kunanga. kupfuura mushoko, kwete zvechimbichimbi uye zvisiri zvemigariro, zvichibva zvaita kuti zvinhu zve“intonation” imwe. mitauro” haidi kushandurirwa mune mumwe “mutauro” uye haibvumiri shanduro yakadaro. Maonero ezvinoreva I., kureva, "kunzwisisa" kwayo, kune zvishoma zvinoda kutanga. ruzivo rwe“mutauro” unoenderana, nekuti Ch. arr. pahwaro hwehukama hwainomutsa nemamwe manzwi, pamwe neiyo psychophysiological prerequisites irimo. impact. I., inosanganisirwa mune iyi "intonation. mutauro”, hazvina kubatana mukati meiyi system nenzira chero yakagadzikana uye inosungirwa. mitemo yekuumbwa kwavo uye kubatana. Nokudaro, maonero anoita seanonzwisisika, maererano neKrom, kusiyana neshoko, I. haigoni kunzi chiratidzo, asi "intonation. mutauro” – a sign system. Kuti apihwe vateereri, munyori mubasa rake haagoni asi kuvimba nevanhu vagara vachitozivana. nharaunda uye misisi inodzidzwa nayo. uye nemuz. inzwi conjugation. Pamusoro pemumhanzi, I. Nar. tamba yakakosha sesosi uye prototype yekugadzira muimbi. uye mimhanzi yemazuva ose (isina-folklore), inowanikwa mune rimwe boka revanhu uye kuva chikamu chehupenyu hwayo, yakananga (yakasikwa) inongoerekana yaitika kuratidzwa kwemafungiro enhengo dzayo kune chokwadi. Kubva nemuz. manzwi ekubatanidza anoita basa rakafanana rinowanikwa mune imwe neimwe nat. mutauro wakagadzikana, zuva nezuva wakadhindwa mumutauro wekuita matauriro. matendeuko (intomes) ayo ane, kumunhu wese anoshandisa mutauro uyu, anowedzera kana kushoma, akanyatsojeka, ane chidimbu chirevo chezvimiso (zvinoreva mazwi emubvunzo, chirevo, chirevo, kushamisika, kusahadzika, mamiriro akasiyana emanzwiro uye vavariro, nezvimwewo) .

Muimbi anogona kuburitsa mativi eruzha aripo mune chaiyo kana yakagadziridzwa fomu, kana kugadzira mitsva, yepakutanga pairings yeruzha, neimwe nzira kana imwe ichitarisa pamhando dzeiyi manzwi maviri. Panguva imwecheteyo, uye mubasa remunyori wega wega, pakati peakawanda akadzokororwa uye epakutanga conjugations yematoni, munhu anogona kusiyanisa chaiwo I., akasiyana ayo ese ese. Huwandu hweiyo chaiyo I., hunhu hwemunyori akapihwa uye kugadzira hwaro, zvinyorwa zve "intonation" yake. mutauro”, inoumba “intonation” yayo. duramazwi" (izwi naBV Asafiev). Huwandu hwezvakajairwa I., huripo munharaunda. tsika yenguva ino, iri mune ino nhoroondo. nguva “pakunzwa” kworudzi kana kuti marudzi akawanda, inoumba, maererano, nat. kana kuti “intonation. duramazwi renguva”, kusanganisira sehwaro I. nar. nenziyo dzemumba, pamwe neniwo prof. mimhanzi yekugadzira, inofananidzwa nekuziva kweruzhinji.

Nekuda kwekusiyana kwakakomba kuri pamusoro pakati peI. nezwi rekuti, “intonation. duramazwi” chinhu chakasiyana zvachose kana chichienzaniswa nelexic. homwe yemutauro wekutaura (yekutaura) uye inofanirwa kunzwisiswa mune zvakawanda mativi seanomisikidzwa, dimikira. term.

Nar. uye mhuri I. zvinhu zvinozivikanwa zvetsamba. mhando dzemimhanzi. ngano nemimhanzi yemazuva ose. Naizvozvo, “intonation. Duramazwi reiyo epoch” rakabatana zvakanyanya nemhando dziripo munguva yakapihwa, iyo "genre fund". Kuvimba nehomwe iyi (uye nekudaro pa "intonation duramazwi renguva") uye chimiro chakajairwa chechimiro chayo. zvinhu mukugadzira, kureva, "generalization through the genre" (AA Alshvang), inonyanya kugadzirisa kunzwisisika uye kunzwisiswa kwemimhanzi kune vateereri vesangano rakapiwa.

Kureva "intonation. duramazwi renguva”, munyori anoriratidza mubasa rake nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzokuzvimirira uye kuita. Ichi chiitiko chinogona kuzviratidza mukusarudzwa kweI., kugadziridzwa kwavo uku vachichengeta kutaura kwakafanana. zvinoreva, kuumba kwavo, kufunga patsva (re-intonation), kureva, shanduko yakadaro, inovapa chirevo chitsva, uye, pakupedzisira, mukubatanidzwa kwekuparara. matauriro nemanzwi akazara. mativi.

"Intonation". maduramazwi” ari kuramba achishanduka uye achivandudza semugumisiro wekufa kwevamwe I., kuchinja mune vamwe, uye kuonekwa kwechitatu. Mune dzimwe nguva - kazhinji inoratidzirwa nekuchinja kukuru muhupenyu hwemagariro - kusimba kwechiitiko ichi kunowedzera zvakanyanya. Yakakosha uye nekukurumidza kugadzirisa kwe "intonation. duramazwi” panguva dzakadai (somuenzaniso, muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 2 muFrance, muma18-50s ezana ramakore rechi 60 muRussia, mumakore okutanga pashure peGreat October Socialist Revolution) BV Asafiev akadana “intonation. matambudziko.” Asi kazhinji, "intonation. duramazwi “chero nat. mimhanzi tsika yakanyatsogadzikana, inoshanduka zvishoma nezvishoma uye kunyange panguva ye "intonation". Matambudziko” haasi kuparara kukuru, asi kungowedzera zvishoma, kunyangwe zvakanyanya, kuvandudzwa.

“Intonation. duramazwi” remunyori wega wega rinovandudzwawo zvishoma nezvishoma nekuda kwekuiswa kweI. I. uye kubuda kwezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvemanzwi akajairika. mafomu ari pasi peiyi "vocabulary". Ch. kushanda senzira yekushandura Uye. arr. shanduko yenguva uye modal chimiro, rhythm, uye genre hunhu (uye, mukuteedzera kwakaoma, zvakare mukuwirirana). Mukuwedzera, taura. kukosha kweI. kunokanganiswa nekuchinja kwe tempo, timbre, uye rejista. Zvichienderana nekudzika kweshanduko, munhu anogona kutaura nezvekutaridzika kweimwe mutsauko weI. standard form. Mukuona izvi, kuona kwekunzwa kunotora chikamu chakakosha.

I. inogona kushandurwa uye mukati memidhiyamu imwechete. anoshanda. Musiyano, kusikwa kwechinhu chitsva, kana kukwidziridzwa kwe c.-l. zvinogoneka pano. imwe I. Pfungwa yeinzwi. budiriro inobatanidzwawo nemusanganiswa wekuparara. I. yakatwasuka (shanduko yakapfava kana kuenzanisa mukusiyana) uye yakatwasuka (intonation. counterpoint); “intonation. modulation ”(shanduko kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yeI. kuenda kune imwe); kurwisana kwezwi uye kurwisana; kutamiswa kwevamwe I. nevamwe kana kuumbwa kwesynthetic I., nezvimwewo.

Mutual kuronga uye ratio Uye. mu prod. inoumba matauriro ayo. chimiro, uye mukati mekufananidzira-semantic kubatana I. pakarepo. tsvakurudzo kana kure ("intonation. arches"), kukura kwavo uye marudzi ose eshanduko - intonation. dramaturgy, inova chikamu chekutanga chemuses. drama kazhinji, nzira dzakanyanya kukosha dzekuburitsa zviri mukati memuses. anoshanda.

Pachezvake nzira, maererano nekududzirwa kwakawanda kwechigadzirwa, inoshandura nekuchivandudza I. uye muiti (ona I, 2), ane rusununguko rwakati panyaya iyi, asi mukati mehurongwa hwekuburitsa manzwi. dramaturgy yakafanotemerwa nemunyori. Mamiriro akafanana anoganhura rusununguko rwekugadzirisa I. mukuita kwekuona kwavo uye kubereka kwepfungwa nemuteereri; panguva imwe chete, zviri saka munhu mumwe nomumwe. kubereka (internal innation) sechiratidzo chechiitiko chevateereri inguva inodiwa yekuona kwakazara kwemimhanzi.

Mibvunzo pamusoro pekukosha kwemimhanzi. I., izwi. chimiro chemimhanzi, hukama uye kusiyana kwemamusi. uye matauriro I. uye vamwe vagara vachikudziridzwa nesainzi (kunyangwe muzviitiko zvakawanda pasina kushandisa izwi rekuti "ini."), uye zvakanyanya kushingaira uye nezvibereko munguva idzodzo apo dambudziko rekubatana kwemuses. uye kutaura I. kwakave kwakakosha kune miziyamu. kusika. Vakanga vatorongwa zvishoma mumhanzi. dzidziso uye aesthetics yekare (Aristotle, Dionysius weHalicarnassus), uye ipapo Middle Ages (John Cotton) uye Renaissance (V. Galilee). Means. mupiro mukukura kwavo wakaitwa nemaFrench. vaimbi vomuzana ramakore rechi 18 vakanga vari vevavhenekeri (JJ Rousseau, D. Diderot) kana kuti vakanga vari pasi poudzori hwavo hwakananga. pesvedzero (A. Gretry, KV Gluck). Munguva iyi, kunyanya, pfungwa yakaumbwa kekutanga pamusoro pekubatana kwe "melody tonations" ne "speech tonations", kuti izwi rekuimba "rinotevedzera mataurirwo akasiyana ezwi rekutaura rinorarama nemanzwiro" (Rousseau). Yekukosha kukuru kwekuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yeI. aive mabasa uye zvirevo zveRussia yepamusoro. vanyori nevatsoropodzi vezana remakore rechi19, kunyanya AS Dargomyzhsky, AN Serov, MP Mussorgsky, uye VV Stasov. Saka, Serov akaisa mberi zvigadziro zvemimhanzi se "yakakosha rudzi rwemutauro wenhetembo" uye, panguva imwe chete naNG Chernyshevsky, pamusoro pehukuru hwewok. manzwi anoenderana nechiridzwa; Mussorgsky akanongedzera kukukosha kwedimikira semabviro uye hwaro hwe“mutinhimira wakagadzirwa nekutaura kwevanhu”; Stasov, achitaura nezvebasa raMussorgsky, kekutanga akataura nezve "chokwadi chezvinyorwa." Dzidziso yakasarudzika yeI. yakatanga pakutanga. Muzana remakore rechi20 BL Yavorsky (ona II), uyo akadana I. "diki (nekuvaka) monophonic inzwi fomu munguva" uye akatsanangura hurongwa hwekutaura se "imwe yemhando dzemagariro evanhu." Mazano Russian. nevaimbi vekune dzimwe nyika nezvemainzwi. chimiro chemumhanzi, kubatana kwayo neI. yekutaura, basa reizwi riripo panguva iyoyo, kukosha kweiyo nzira yeinzwi sekuvapo chaiko kwemimhanzi munharaunda, uye zvimwe zvakawanda. mamwe akaumbwa uye akaumbwa mune akawanda. BV Asafiev, akagadzira zvakadzika uye zvakanyanya kubereka zvibereko (kunyangwe zvisina kunyatso kuumbwa uye isina kupatsanurwa uye kupokana kwemukati) "intonation. dzidziso” mumhanzi. kusika, kuita uye kuona uye akagadzira misimboti yeinzwi. music analysis. Nyanzvi dzemimhanzi dzeUSSR uye mamwe masocialist anoenderera mberi nekuvandudza dzidziso iyi inofambira mberi, iyo inonyanya kukosha kwesainzi. nyika.

II. Mu“modal rhythm theory” yaBL Yavorsky, mubatanidzwa (shanduko) yenguva mbiri dzemodhi, inoratidzwa nezwi rimwechete (ona Modal rhythm).

III. Iyo dhigirii yeacoustic kurongeka kwekuberekana kwepitch uye mareshiyo avo (nguva) nemimhanzi. performance. Ichokwadi, "kuchena" I. (kusiyana nenhema, "tsvina") - kusangana kwechokwadi. kureba kwezwi rinonzwika nezvinodiwa, kureva, nekuda kwenzvimbo yaro mumhanzi. inonzwika system uye modhi, iyo inogadziriswa nemazita ayo (graphic, yekutaura kana neimwe nzira). Sezvinoratidzwa nezizi. acoustician NA Garbuzov, I. inogona kunzwisiswa nekunzwa sechokwadi kunyangwe kana kusanganeka kwakaratidzwa kusiri chaiko (sezvinowanzoitika kana mimhanzi ichiitwa nezwi kana zviridzwa pasina kurira kwakatemwa kwetoni imwe neimwe). Mamiriro ekuona kwakadaro inzvimbo yeinzwi rekurira mukati meimwe swarm, shoma. nzvimbo dzehurefu dziri pedyo nezvinodiwa. Iyi nzvimbo yakatumidzwa naNA Garbuzov a zone.

IV. Mune iyo zone dzidziso yekunzwa kwepitch naNA Garbuzov, mutsauko wepakati pakati pezvikamu zviviri zviri chikamu chenzvimbo imwechete.

V. Mukugadzira nekugadzirisa mimhanzi. zviridzwa zvine mutsindo wakamisikidzwa wekurira (organ, piyano, nezvimwewo) - kuenzana kwezvikamu zvese nemapoinzi echiyero chechiridzwa maererano nehukuru uye timbre. Inowanikwa kuburikidza nekushanda kwakakosha, kunonzi kunzwikwa kwechiridzwa.

VI. MuWestern Europe. mumhanzi kusvika ser. 18th century - sumo pfupi kune wok. kana instr. prod. (kana kutenderera), zvakafanana ne intrade kana prelude. Muchiimbo cheGregorian, I. yakaitirwa kumisa tonality yerwiyo uye kureba kwenzwi rayo rekutanga uye pakutanga yaive izwi, uye kubva muzana ramakore rechi 14, sekutonga, nhengo. Gare gare I. zvakare akanyorera clavier nezvimwe zviridzwa. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezviridzwa zvenhengo zvakagadzirwa muzana remakore rechi16. A. naJ. Gabrieli.

References:

1) Asafiev BV, Mumhanzi fomu senzira, bhuku. 1-2, M., 1930-47, L., 1971; yake pachake, Speech intonation, M.-L., 1965; yake pachake, "Eugene Onegin" - nziyo dzePI Tchaikovsky. Chiitiko chekuongorora kweizwi kwemaitiro uye mumhanzi dramaturgy, M.-L., 1944; vake, Glinka, M., 1947, 1950; yake pachake, Glinka's Rumor, ch. 1. Glinka's intonation culture: kuzvidzidzisa kwekunzwa, kukura kwayo uye kudya kunovaka muviri, mukuunganidza: MI Glinka, M.-L., 1950; Mazel LA, O melody, M., 1952; Vanslov VV, Pfungwa yeinzwi muSoviet musicology, mubhuku: Mibvunzo yeMusicology, vol. 1 (1953-1954), M., 1954; Kremlev Yu. A., Essays on musical aesthetics, M., 1957, pasi pemusoro unoti: Essays on the aesthetics of music, M., 1972; Mazel LA, Pamumhanzi-theoretical pfungwa yeB. Asafiev, "SM", 1957, No 3; Orlova BM, BV Asafiev. Leningrad, 1964; Inzwi uye mumhanzi mufananidzo. Zvinyorwa uye zvidzidzo zvevanyori vemimhanzi veSoviet Union nedzimwe nyika dzesocialist, ed. Yakagadziriswa naBM Yarustovsky. Moscow, 1965. Shakhnazarova NG, Intonation "duramazwi" uye dambudziko remimhanzi yevanhu, M., 1966; Sohor AH, Mimhanzi sechimiro cheunyanzvi, M., 1961, 1970; Nazaikinsky E., Psychology yekuona kwemimhanzi, M., 1972; Kucera V., Vevoj a obsah Asafjevovy intotonacnin teorie, “Hudebni veda”, 1961, No 4; Kluge R., Definition der Begriffe Gestalt und Intonation…, “Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft”, 1964, No 2; Jiranek J., Asafjevova teorie intotonace, jeji genez and a viznam, Praha, 1967;

2) Yavorsky VL, Chimiro chekutaura kwemimhanzi, M., 1908;

3) uye 4) Garbuzov HA, Zone nature of pitch hearing, M., 1948; Pereverzev NK, Matambudziko emumhanzi, M., 1966;

5) Protscher G., Nhoroondo yekutamba kwenhengo uye kuumbwa kwenhengo, vols. 1-2, В., 1959.

AH Coxop