Pentatonic |

kubva muchiGiriki pente - shanu uye toni

Inzwi rine nhanho shanu mukati meoctave. Kune 4 marudzi eP.: asiri-semitone (kana chaizvoizvo P.); halftone; mix; tempered.

Kwete-hafu-toni P. inozivikanwawo pasi pemamwe mazita: zvakasikwa (AS Ogolevets), yakachena (X. Riemann), anhemitonic, yakazara-tone; proto-diatonic (GL Katouar), trichord system (AD Kastalsky), gamma ye "epoch yechina" (PP Sokalsky), Chinese gamma, Scottish gamma. Rudzi rukuru urwu P. (izwi rokuti “P.” pasina kuwedzera kwakakosha kazhinji rinoreva kuti non-semitone P.) igadziriro ine nhanho 5, manzwi ose anogona kurongwa muzvikamu zvishanu zvakachena. Mhando mbiri chete dzenguva dzepakati dzinosanganiswa pakati pematanho ari pedyo ezvikero zveiyi P. - b. wechipiri uye m. chetatu. P. inoratidzirwa ne-non-semitone matatu-nhanho chants - trichords (m. yechitatu + b. yechipiri, semuenzaniso, ega). Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwema semitones muP., inopinza modal giravhiti haigone kuumba. Chikero cheP. hachiratidzi nzvimbo yetonal chaiyo. Naizvozvo, mabasa eCh. toni dzinogona kuita chero ipi zvayo mitsindo mishanu; saka mashanu akasiyana. misiyano yeP. chiyero cheruzha rwakafanana:

Half-tone P. ndeimwe yematanho enguva dzose mukuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi. kufunga (ona Sound system). Nokudaro, P. (kana kuti rudiments) inowanikwa muzvikamu zvekare-kare zvemuses. ngano dzevanhu vakasiyana-siyana (kusanganisira vanhu vekuWestern Europe, ona bhuku raX. Moser naJ. Müller-Blattau, peji 15). Nekudaro, P. inonyanya hunhu hwemimhanzi yenyika dzeEast (China, Vietnam), uye muUSSR - yeTatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, nevamwe.

Do Nhuan (Vietnam). Rwiyo "Far March" (kutanga).

Zvinhu zvekufunga kwepentatonic zvakare hunhu hwechiRussia chekare, Ukrainian, Belarusian. nar. nziyo:

Kubva muunganidzwa weA. Rubets "100 Ukrainian Folk Songs".

Trichords common for P. in Russian. nar. rwiyo runowanzovharwa nerunyoro rwakareruka. chishongo, nhanho kufamba (somuenzaniso, murwiyo "Kwakanga kusina mhepo" kubva muunganidzwa weMA Balakirev). Zvisaririra zveP. zvinoonekwa mumasampuli ekare eMiddle Ages. chorale (semuyenzaniso, maitiro eintonetional formulas c-df muDorian, deg uye ega muchiFrygian, gac muMixolydian modes). Zvisinei, kusvika muzana remakore rechi19. P. sehurongwa hwakanga husina basa kuEurope. Prof. music. Kuteerera kuna Nar. mimhanzi, kufarira mu modal ruvara uye kuwirirana. maitiro munguva mushure meViennese classics akaunza kuhupenyu kubuda kwemuenzaniso wakajeka weP. seakakosha. achataura. zvinoreva (rwiyo rwechiChinese mumhanzi waK. Weber kuenda kushanduro yaSchiller yemutambo "Turandot" naK. Gozzi; mubasa raAP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, E. Grieg, K. Debussy). P. inowanzoshandiswa kuratidza runyararo, kusavapo kwezvido:

AP Borodin. Romance "Kurara Princess" (kutanga).

Dzimwe nguva inoshanda kubereka kurira kwemabhero - Rimsky-Korsakov, Debussy. Dzimwe nguva P. inoshandiswawo muchord ("kupeta" kuita pentachord isina kukwana):

MP Mussorgsky. "Boris Godunov". Chiito III.

Mumienzaniso yadzika kwatiri, Nar. nziyo, pamwe nemuprof. Basa raP rinowanzotsamira pane chikuru (ona A mumuenzaniso pachikamu 234) kana chidiki (ona D mumuenzaniso mumwe chete) hwaro, uye nekuda kwekureruka kwekushandura hwaro kubva kune imwe toni kuenda kune imwe, yakafanana. -alternating mode inowanzoumbwa, semuenzaniso.

Mamwe marudzi eP. ndiwo marudzi ayo. Halftone (hemitonic; zvakare ditonic) P. inowanikwa muNar. mimhanzi yedzimwe nyika dzekuMabvazuva (X. Husman anonongedzera kunziyo dzeIndia, pamwe neIndonesia, Japan). Chimiro chehalftone scale scale -

, eg. chimwe chezvikero zve slendro (Java). Mixed P. inosanganisa maitiro e tonal uye asiri-semitone (Munhu anotaura nezvenziyo dzemumwe wevanhu veCongo).

Tempered P. (asi kwete kuenzana kwehunhu; izwi iri rinopokana) ndicho chikero cheIndonesian slendro, apo octave yakakamurwa kuita nhanho 5 dzisingaenderani nematoni kana semitones. Semuenzaniso, kugadzirisa kweimwe yeJavanese gamelan (mu semitones) sezvinotevera: 2,51-2,33-2,32-2,36-2,48 (1/5 octave - 2,40).

Dzidziso yekutanga yakauya kwatiri. Tsananguro yaP. ndeyemasayendisiti Dr. China (zvichida ndeye 1st hafu ye1st millennium BC). Mukati meacoustic iyo lu system (12 inonzwika muzvikamu zvishanu zvakakwana, yakagadziridzwa kare sedzinza rekwaZhou) yakasanganiswa kuita octave imwe yemanzwi mashanu akavakidzana yakapa isiri-semitone pombi mumarudzi ayo mashanu ese. Mukuwedzera kune masvomhu kusimbisa maitiro eP. (chiyeuchidzo chekare chekare ndicho chinyorwa "Guanzi", chinonzi Guan Zhong, - 5th century BC), chiratidzo chakaoma chenhanho dzeP. chakagadzirwa, apo manzwi mashanu aienderana 7 zvinhu, 5 zvinonaka; Pamusoro pezvo, izwi rekuti “gongo” (c) raimiririra mutongi, “shan” (d) – vakuru vakuru, “jue” (e) – vanhu, “zhi” (g) – zviito, “yu” (a) – zvinhu.

Kufarira P. kwakamutsidzirwa muzana remakore rechi19. AN Serov aifunga kuti P. ndeyokuMabvazuva. mimhanzi uye yakadudzirwa se diatonic nekusiiwa kwematanho maviri. PP Sokalsky akatanga kuratidza basa raP. muchiRussia. nar. rwiyo uye akasimbisa rusununguko rweP. semhando yemamuses. systems. Kubva pamaonero epfungwa yedariro, akabatanidza P. ne "epoch of the quart" (iyo inongova chikamu chechokwadi). AS Famintsyn, achitarisira pfungwa dzaB. Bartok naZ. Kodaly, kekutanga akaratidza kuti P. inzvimbo yekare yemabhangi. mimhanzi yeEurope; pasi pezvikamu zvehalftone, akawana P. uye muchiRussian. rwiyo. KV Kvitka pahwaro hwezvinhu zvitsva uye dzidziso. zvinodiwa zvakatsoropodza dzidziso yeSokalsky (kunyanya, kuderedzwa kwe "nguva yekota" kune trichords yeP., pamwe nechirongwa chake che "matatu epochs" - quarts, cheshanu, chetatu) uye akajekesa dzidziso yepentatonic AS. Ogolevets, yakavakirwa padanho redanho, yakatenda kuti P. mune yakavanzika fomu iripowo mune yakawedzera mimhanzi. system uye imhando ye "skeleton" ye modal sangano mune diatonic uye genetically gare gare mhando dzemuses. kufunga. IV Sposobin akacherekedza pesvedzero yaP. pakuumbwa kweimwe yemhando dzeasiri-tertzian kuwirirana (ona muenzaniso pamagumo emutsetse 235). Ya.M. Girshman, agadzira dzidziso yakadzama yeP. uye akaongorora kuvepo kwayo muTat. mimhanzi, yakajekesa nhoroondo yedzidziso. kunzwisiswa kweP. Mune zvekunze musicology ye20th century. zvinhu zvakapfuma zvakaunganidzwa muna dec. marudzi eP. (kuwedzera kune asiri-semitone).

References: Serov AN, rwiyo rwevanhu vekuRussia sechidzidzo chesainzi, "Musical Season", 1869-71, zvakafanana, mubhuku: Izbr. zvinyorwa, nezvimwewo 1, M. – L., 1950; Sokalsky PP, chiyero cheChinese mumimhanzi yeRussian folk, Musical Review, 1886, April 10, May 1, May 8; yake, mimhanzi yechiRussian ..., Har., 1888; Famintsyn AS, Ancient Indo-Chinese scale muAsia neEurope, "Bayan", 1888-89, zvakafanana, St. Petersburg, 1889; Peter VP, Paimba yekuchengetera melodic rwiyo rweAryan, "RMG", 1897-98, ed. ed., St. Petersburg, 1899; Nikolsky N., Synopsis pamusoro penhoroondo yemimhanzi yevanhu pakati pevanhu venharaunda yeVolga, "Matanho eMumhanzi uye Ethnographic Dhipatimendi reKazan Higher Musical School", vol. 1, Kaz., 1920; Kastalskiy AD, Zvimiro zvevanhu-Russian musical system, M. - P., 1923; Kvitka K., Yekutanga tonoryads, "Mugari wekutanga, uye zvakasara muUkpapna, vol. 3, Kipb, 1926 (Russian per. – Primitive scales, mubhuku rake: Fav. works, kureva 1, Moscow, 1971); ego, Angemitonic primitives uye dzidziso yeSokalskyi, "Ethnographic Bulletin yeUkrapnskop Ak. Sciences”, bhuku rechitanhatu, Kipv, 6 (rus. per. – Anhemitonic primitives and Sokalsky’s theory, mubhuku rake: Izbr. works, kureva 1928, М., 1); его же, La systиme anhйmitonigue pentatonique chez les peuples Slaves, в кн .: Diary yeChishanu Congress yevaSlavic geographers uye ethnographer muPoland, vr 1971, t. 1927, Cr., 2 (rus. per. – Pentatonicity among the Slavic peoples, mubhuku rake: Izbr. works, kureva 1930, M., 1); yake, Ethnographic kugoverwa kwepentatonic scale muSoviet Union, Izbr. mabasa, kureva 1971, M., 2; Kozlov IA, Zviyero zvishanu-zvisina-semitone mumhanzi weTatar neBashkir uye mumhanzi wavo uye ongororo yekuongorora, "Izv. Sosaiti yezvokuchera matongo, nhoroondo uye ethnography paKazan State. yunivhesiti”, 1973, vol. 1928, kwete. 34-1; Ogolevets AS, Nhanganyaya yemafungiro emazuva ano emimhanzi, M. - L., 2; Sopin IV, Elementary theory yemimhanzi, M. - L., 1946, 1951; Hirshman Ya. M., Pentatonic uye kukura kwayo mumimhanzi yeTatar, M., 1973; Aizenstadt A., Mimhanzi ngano dzevanhu veLower Amur mudunhu, muunganidzwa: Mimhanzi ngano dzevanhu vekuNorth neSiberia, M., 1960; Mimhanzi aesthetics yenyika dzeEast, ed. AT. AP Shestakova, M., 1966; Gomon A., Commentary on the tunes of the Papuans, mubhuku: Pamahombekombe eMaclay, M., 1967; Ambros AW, History of Music, Vol. 1975, Breslau, 1; He1862mhо1tz H., Dzidziso yemanzwiro ekunzwa sechimiro chechimiro chedzidziso yemimhanzi, Braunschweig, 1 (рус. trans.: Helmholtz GLP, Dzidziso yekunzwa kwekunzwa ..., St. Petersburg, 1863); Riemann H., Folkloristische Tonalitätsstudien. Pentatonic uye tetrachordal rwiyo…, Lpz., 1875; Kunst J., Mimhanzi muJava, v. 1916-1, The Hague, 2; MсRhee C., The Five-tone gamelan music of Bali, «MQ», 1949, v. 1949, No 35; Winnington-Ingram RP, Iyo pentatonic tuning yeGreek lyre .., "The classical Quarterly", 2 v.

Yu. H. Kholopov