Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin (Alexander Scriabin).
Alexander Scriabin
Mimhanzi yaScriabin ishuviro isingadzivisiki, yakadzika yemunhu yerusununguko, yemufaro, yekunakidzwa nehupenyu. … Anoramba aripo sechapupu chipenyu chezvishuvo zvakanaka zvenguva yake, umo maaive “anoputika”, ainakidza uye asingazorori chinhu chetsika. B. Asafiev
A. Scriabin akapinda mumhanzi weRussia mukupera kwema1890. uye akabva angozvitaura semunhu akasarudzika, ane chipo chakajeka. Muvambi ane ushingi, “mutsvaki akachenjera wenzira itsva,” maererano naN. Myaskovsky, “nerubatsiro rwemutauro mutsva zvachose, usina kumboitika, anotivhurira tarisiro dzinoshamisa kudaro ... maziso edu kuchiitiko chinokosha munyika yose.” Scriabin's innovation yakazviratidza zvose mumunda wenziyo, kuwirirana, manyorerwo, orchestration uye mukududzirwa kwakananga kwekutenderera, uye mune mavambo ekugadzira uye mazano, ayo pamwero mukuru akabatana nerudo rwekunaka uye nhetembo dzechiratidzo cheRussia. Pasinei nepfupi nzira yekusika, munyori akasika mabasa akawanda mumhando dze symphonic uye piyano mimhanzi. Akanyora 3 symphonies, "Nhetembo yeEcstasy", nhetembo "Prometheus" yeorchestra, Concerto yePiano uye Orchestra; 10 sonatas, nhetembo, preludes, etudes uye dzimwe nziyo dze pianoforte. Creativity Scriabin yakave inopindirana nenguva yakaoma uye yakaoma yekutendeuka kwemazana maviri emakore uye kutanga kwetsva, XX remakore. Kushushikana uye inzwi rinopisa, zvishuvo zvetitanic zvekusununguka kwemweya, nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakanaka uye chiedza, nokuda kwehama dzepasi rose dzevanhu dzinopinda muunyanzvi hwemuimbi uyu-muzivi, zvichimuswededza pedyo nevamiririri vakanakisisa vetsika dzeRussia.
Scriabin akaberekerwa mumhuri yakangwara yemadzitateguru. Amai vakafa kare (nenzira, mutambi wepiyano ane tarenda) akatsiviwa natete vake, Lyubov Alexandrovna Skryabina, uyo akazovawo mudzidzisi wake wekutanga wemimhanzi. Baba vangu vaishanda mubazi rezvematongerwo enyika. Rudo rwemimhanzi rwakazviratidza mudiki. Sasha kubva paudiki. Zvisinei, maererano netsika yemhuri, pazera remakore gumi akatumirwa kune cadet corps. Nemhaka yehutano husina kunaka, Scriabin akasunungurwa kubva mubasa rehondo rinorwadza, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kupa nguva yakawanda kumimhanzi. Kubva muzhizha ra10, zvidzidzo zvepiyano zvenguva dzose zvakatanga (pamwe naG. Konyus, nyanzvi yezvinyorwa, muimbi, piano; gare gare - pamwe nepurofesa pane Conservatory N. Zverev) uye kuumbwa (pamwe naS. Taneyev). MunaJanuary 1882, wechidiki Scriabin akapinda muMoscow Conservatory mukirasi yeV. Safonov (piano) uye S. Taneyev (counterpoint). Mushure mekupedza kosi yekupikisa naTaneyev, Scriabin akatamira kukirasi yeA. Arensky yekuumbwa kwemahara, asi hukama hwavo hahuna kushanda. Scriabin akapedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory semupiyano.
Kwemakore gumi (1882-92) munyori wacho akaumba zvidimbu zvakawanda zvemimhanzi, kupfuura zvose zvepiyano. Pakati pavo pane waltzes uye mazurkas, preludes uye etudes, nocturnes uye sonatas, umo "Scriabin note" yavo yakatonzwika (kunyange dzimwe nguva munhu anogona kunzwa simba raF. Chopin, uyo wechidiki Scriabin aida zvikuru uye, maererano ne ndangariro dzevaakararama navo, dzakaitwa zvakakwana). Zvose zvemitambo yaScriabin semuimbi wepiyano, angave manheru emudzidzi kana mudenderedzwa reushamwari, uye gare gare pamatanho makuru enyika, akaitwa nekubudirira nguva dzose, akakwanisa kutora pfungwa yevateereri kubva pamanzwi ekutanga. piyano. Mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory, hupenyu uye basa reScriabin rakatanga nguva itsva (1892-1902). Anotanga nzira yakazvimirira semuimbi wepiyano. Nguva yake yakazadzwa nenzendo dzekonzati kumba nokunze, achigadzira mimhanzi; mabasa ake akatanga kubudiswa neimba yekudhinda yaM. Belyaev (mutengesi akapfuma wematanda uye philanthropist), uyo akaonga unyanzvi hwomunyori wechidiki; ukama nevamwe vaimbi huri kuwedzera, somuenzaniso, neBelyaevsky Circle muSt. Petersburg, iyo yaisanganisira N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, nevamwe; kuzivikanwa kuri kukura muRussia nekune dzimwe nyika. Miedzo inobatanidza nechirwere che "overplayed" ruoko rworudyi inosara shure. Scriabin ane kodzero yokuti: “Ane simba uye ane simba ndiye akasangana nokuora mwoyo uye akakukunda.” Mumapepanhau okune dzimwe nyika, akanzi “unhu hunoshamisa, munyori wenziyo akanaka uye mutambi wepiyano, munhu mukuru uye muzivi; ndiye manyawi uye murazvo unoyera.” Mukati memakore aya, zvidzidzo 12 uye nhanganyaya 47 zvakaitwa; 2 zvidimbu zveruoko rworuboshwe, 3 sonatas; Concerto yepiyano uye orchestra (1897), nhetembo yeorchestra "Dreams", 2 monumental symphonies ine pfungwa yakanyatsotsanangurwa yehuzivi uye tsika, nezvimwe.
Makore ekubudirira kwekugadzira (1903-08) akapindirana nekusimudzirwa kwepamusoro kwevanhu muRussia manheru uye kushandiswa kwekutanga kweRussia revolution. Zvizhinji zvemakore aya, Scriabin aigara kuSwitzerland, asi aifarira zvikuru zviitiko zvechimurenga munyika yake uye ainzwira tsitsi vapanduki. Akaratidza kuwedzera kufarira mufilosofi - akatendeukira zvakare kune pfungwa dzemuzivi anozivikanwa S. Trubetskoy, akasangana naG. Plekhanov muSwitzerland (1906), akadzidza mabasa aK. Marx, F. Engels, VI Lenin, Plekhanov. Kunyange zvazvo maonero enyika eScriabin naPlekhanov akamira pamatanda akasiyana, iyo yekupedzisira yakakoshesa zvikuru unhu hwemunyori. Kubva kuRussia kwemakore anoverengeka, Scriabin akatsvaka kusunungura nguva yakawanda yekugadzira, kutiza kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu eMoscow (muna 1898-1903, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akadzidzisa kuMoscow Conservatory). Zviitiko zvepfungwa zvemakore aya zvakabatanidzwawo nekuchinja kwehupenyu hwake pachake (akasiya mudzimai wake V. Isakovich, mutambi wepiyano akanakisisa uye mutsigiri wemimhanzi yake, uye kuwirirana naT. Schlozer, uyo akaita kure kure nekusajeka kwehupenyu hwaScriabin) . Achigara zvikurukuru muSwitzerland, Scriabin aiwanzofamba nemakonzati achienda kuParis, Amsterdam, Brussels, Liege, uye America. Maonero acho akabudirira zvikuru.
Kushushikana kwemamiriro ekunze muRussia hakugone asi kukanganisa muimbi ane hanya. The Third Symphony ("The Divine Poem", 1904), "Nhetembo yeEcstasy" (1907), yechina uye yechishanu Sonatas yakava yechokwadi yekusika yakakwirira; akagadzirawo etudes, nhetembo 5 dze pianoforte (pakati padzo "Njodzi" uye "Satanic"), nezvimwewo. Zvakawanda zveizvi zvinyorwa zviri pedyo ne "Divine Poem" maererano nechimiro chekufananidzira. Zvikamu zvitatu zvesymphony ("Kutamburira", "Zvinofadza", "Mutambo waMwari") zvinotengeswa pamwe chete nekuda kwedingindira rinotungamira rekuzvisimbisa kubva musumo. Maererano nechirongwa, symphony inotaura nezve "kukura kwemweya wemunhu", iyo, kuburikidza nekusava nechokwadi uye kurwisana, kukunda "mufaro wenyika yenyama" uye "pantheism", inouya kune "imwe rudzi rwekuita basa rekusununguka - a. mutambo wamwari”. Kuenderera mberi kwekutevera kwezvikamu, kushandiswa kwemisimboti yeleitmotivity uye monothematism, iyo improvisational-fluid mharidzo, sokunge zvakadaro, kudzima miganhu ye symphonic cycle, ichiiswededza pedyo nehukuru hwechikamu-chikamu nhetembo. Mutauro weharmonic unonyanya kuomeswa nekuunzwa kwetart uye inopinza-inonzwika inonzwika. Kuumbwa kweorchestra kunowedzera zvakanyanya nekuda kwekusimbiswa kwemapoka emhepo uye zviridzwa zvekuridza. Pamwe chete neizvi, zviridzwa zvega zvega zvine chekuita neimwe mufananidzo wemimhanzi zvinomira pachena. Achivimba zvikuru netsika dzekupedzisira dzeRomantic symphonism (F. Liszt, R. Wagner), pamwe chete naP. Tchaikovsky, Scriabin akasika panguva imwe chete iyo basa rakamusimbisa mumutauro weRussia uye wepasi rose semuvambi mutsva.
"Nhetembo yeEcstasy" ibasa reushingi husati hwamboitika mukugadzira. Iyo ine chirongwa chekunyora, inoratidzwa mundima uye yakafanana mune zano kune iyo yechitatu Symphony. Serwiyo rwekukunda kwese kuda kwemunhu, mazwi ekupedzisira echinyorwa anonzwika:
Uye denga rakaita mhere mhere yoMufaro Ndini!
Kuwanda mukati medetembo rekufamba-mwe remadingindira-zviratidzo - laconic inoratidzira motifs, kukura kwavo kwakasiyana (nzvimbo yakakosha pano ndeye polyphonic zvishandiso), uye pakupedzisira, mimhanzi inoyevedza ine inopenya inopenya uye yemafaro ekupedzisira inopa iyo mamiriro epfungwa, ayo Scriabin. inodana ecstasy. Basa rakakosha rekutaura rinoitwa nemutauro wakapfuma uye une mavara eharonic, uko kuwirirana kwakaoma uye kwakapinza kusagadzikana kwakatotonga.
Nekudzokera kwaScriabin kunyika yake munaJanuary 1909, nguva yekupedzisira yehupenyu hwake nebasa inotanga. Munyori akaisa pfungwa dzake huru pane chimwe chinangwa - kusikwa kwebasa guru rakagadzirirwa kuchinja nyika, kushandura vanhu. Aya ndiwo maratidziro anoita basa rekugadzira - nhetembo "Prometheus" nekutora chikamu kweye orchestra hombe, kwaya, solo chikamu chepiyano, nhengo, pamwe nemhedzisiro yekuvhenekesa (chikamu chechiedza chakanyorwa muchiratidzo. ) Petersburg, "Prometheus" yakatanga kuitwa musi waMarch 9, 1911 pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaS. Koussevitzky pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwaScriabin pachake semupiyano. Prometheus (kana kuti Nhetembo yeMoto, sekudanwa kwayakaitwa nemunyori) yakavakirwa pangano yekare yechiGiriki yetitan Prometheus. Dingindira rekurwira nekukunda kwemunhu pamusoro pemasimba ehuipi nerima, achidzokera shure pamberi pekupenya kwemoto, akafuridzira Scriabin. Pano anovandudza zvachose mutauro wake weharmonic, achitsauka kubva kune tsika dzetsika dzematoni. Madingindira mazhinji anobatanidzwa mukukura kukuru kwesymphonic. "Prometheus isimba rinoshanda rezvinhu zvose, nheyo yekusika, moto, chiedza, hupenyu, kurwisana, kushanda nesimba, kufunga," Scriabin akati nezveNhetembo yake yeMoto. Panguva imwe chete nekufunga uye kuumba Prometheus, iyo yechitanhatu-yegumi Sonatas, nhetembo "To the Flame", nezvimwewo, yakasikirwa piyano. Basa remunyori, rakasimba mumakore ese, mitambo yekonzati nguva dzose uye kufamba kwakabatana navo (kazhinji nechinangwa chekupa mhuri) zvishoma nezvishoma zvakakanganisa hutano hwake hwakanga husina kusimba.
Scriabin akafa kamwe kamwe kubva muchetura muropa. Mashoko ekufa kwake achiri mudiki akashamisa munhu wese. Vese vane hunyanzvi hweMoscow vakamuona achienda parwendo rwake rwekupedzisira, vadzidzi vechidiki vazhinji vaivepo. "Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin," akanyora kudaro Plekhanov, "aiva mwanakomana wenguva yake. … Basa raScriabin rakanga riri nguva yake, rairatidzwa nemanzwi. Asi kana yechinguvana, yenguva pfupi ikawana kuratidzwa kwayo mubasa renyanzvi huru, inowana Kusingaperi zvichireva uye zvaitwa intransitive".
T. Ershova
- Scriabin - biographical sketch →
- Manotsi emabasa aScriabin epiyano →
Iwo makuru mabasa eScriabin
Nziyo
Piano Concerto muF anopinza mudiki, Op. 20 (1896-1897). "Zviroto", muE minor, Op. 24 (1898). Kutanga Symphony, muE huru, Op. 26 (1899-1900). Chechipiri Symphony, muC diki, Op. 29 (1901). Yechitatu Symphony (Nhetembo yaMwari), muC minor, Op. 43 (1902-1904). Nhetembo yeEcstasy, C huru, Op. 54 (1904-1907). Prometheus (Nhetembo yeMoto), Op. 60 (1909-1910).
piyano
10 sonatas: Kwete. 1 muF madiki, Op. 6 (1893); Nhamba 2 (sonata-fantasy), muG-yakapinza mudiki, Op. 19 (1892-1897); Nhamba 3 muF inopinza mudiki, Op. 23 (1897-1898); Nhamba 4, F inopinza huru, Op. 30 (1903); Nhamba 5, Op. 53 (1907); Nhamba 6, Op. 62 (1911-1912); Nhamba 7, Op. 64 (1911-1912); Nhamba 8, Op. 66 (1912-1913); Nhamba 9, Op. 68 (1911-1913): Nha. 10, Op. 70 (1913).
91 nhanganyaya: op. 2 Nhamba 2 (1889), Op. 9 No. 1 (yeruboshwe, 1894), 24 Preludes, Op. 11 (1888-1896), nhanganyaya 6, Op. 13 (1895), 5 nhanganyaya, Op. 15 (1895-1896), 5 nhanganyaya, Op. 16 (1894-1895), 7 nhanganyaya, Op. 17 (1895-1896), Prelude muF-yakapinza Major (1896), 4 Preludes, Op. 22 (1897-1898), 2 nhanganyaya, Op. 27 (1900), 4 inotangira, Op. 31 (1903), 4 inotangira, Op. 33 (1903), 3 nhanganyaya, Op. 35 (1903), 4 inotangira, Op. 37 (1903), 4 inotangira, Op. 39 (1903), nhanganyaya, Op. 45 Nhamba 3 (1905), 4 inotangira, Op. 48 (1905), nhanganyaya, Op. 49 No. 2 (1905), nhanganyaya, Op. 51 Nhamba 2 (1906), nhanganyaya, Op. 56 No. 1 (1908), nhanganyaya, Op. 59′ Nhamba 2 (1910), 2 inotangira, Op. 67 (1912-1913), 5 nhanganyaya, Op. 74 (1914).
26 zvidzidzo: kudzidza, op. 2 Nhamba 1 (1887), 12 zvidzidzo, Op. 8 (1894-1895), 8 zvidzidzo, Op. 42 (1903), kudzidza, Op. 49 No. 1 (1905), kudzidza, Op. 56 Nhamba 4 (1908), 3 zvidzidzo, Op. 65 (1912).
21 mazurkas: 10 Mazurkas, Op. 3 (1888-1890), 9 mazurkas, Op. 25 (1899), 2 mazurkas, Op. 40 (1903).
20 nhetembo: 2 nhetembo, Op. 32 (1903), Nhetembo Yenhamo, Op. 34 (1903), Nhetembo yaSatani, Op. 36 (1903), Nhetembo, Op. 41 (1903), 2 nhetembo, Op. 44 (1904-1905), Nhetembo yeFanciful, Op. 45 Nhamba 2 (1905), "Nhetembo Yakafuridzirwa", Op. 51 Nhamba 3 (1906), Nhetembo, Op. 52 No. 1 (1907), “Nhetembo Yakareba”, Op. 52 No. 3 (1905), Nhetembo, Op. 59 No. 1 (1910), Nocturne Poem, Op. 61 (1911-1912), 2 nhetembo: "Mask", "Strangeness", Op. 63 (1912); 2 nhetembo, op. 69 (1913), 2 nhetembo, Op. 71 (1914); nhetembo "Kumoto", op. 72 (1914).
11 impromptu: impromptu muchimiro che mazurki, soch. 2 No. 3 (1889), 2 impromptu mu mazurki fomu, op. 7 (1891), 2 zvisina kurongwa, op. 10 (1894), 2 zvisina kurongwa, op. 12 (1895), 2 zvisina kurongwa, op. 14 (1895).
3 manheru: 2 nocturnes, Op. 5 (1890), nocturne, Op. 9 Nhamba 2 yeruboshwe (1894).
3 kutamba: "Kutamba Kwekuda", op. 51 Nhamba 4 (1906), 2 kutamba: "Garlands", "Gloomy Flames", Op. 73 (1914).
2 waltzes: op. 1 (1885-1886), op. 38 (1903). "Kufanana neWaltz" ("Quasi valse"), Op. 47 (1905).
2 Album inosiya: op. 45 No. 1 (1905), Op. 58 (1910)
"Allegro Appassionato", Op. 4 (1887-1894). Concert Allegro, Op. 18 (1895-1896). Fantasy, op. 28 (1900-1901). Polonaise, Op. 21 (1897-1898). Scherzo, op. 46 (1905). "Zviroto", op. 49 Nhamba 3 (1905). "Fragility", op. 51 Nhamba 1 (1906). "Mystery", op. 52 No. 2 (1907). "Irony", "Nuances", Op. 56 Nhamba 2 ne3 (1908). "Chido", "Weasel mukutamba" - 2 zvidimbu, Op. 57 (1908).
