Dramaturgy, mumhanzi |
Iyo sisitimu icharatidza nzira uye nzira dzekuita mutambo. zviito mukugadzira nhanho yemimhanzi (opera, ballet, operetta). Pakati pemoyo wemimhanzi D. nhema mitemo yakawanda yemutambo seimwe yemhando dze art-va: kuvapo kwenzvimbo yakanyatsoratidzwa. kurwisana kunozviratidza mukurwisana pakati pemasimba echiito nekuita, imwe nhevedzano yematanho mukuburitswa kwemitambo. pfungwa (kuratidzwa, kuronga, kusimukira, mhedziso, denouement), nezvimwe. Aya mapatani akajairika akananga. refraction mumhando yega yega yemutambo wemimhanzi. kumatare edzimhosva anozoataura zvinoenderana nemasikirwo. mari. Opera, maererano naA. N. Serov, "mutambo wedariro umo chiitiko chiri kuitika pachikuva chinoratidzwa nemimhanzi, ndiko kuti, nekuimba kwevatambi (mumwe nemumwe akaparadzana, kana pamwe chete, kana mukwaya) uye nemauto e orchestra mumhanzi. kusingaperi kwakasiyana-siyana kushandiswa kwemasimba aya, kutanga nerutsigiro rwezwi rwakareruka uye kupera neakaomesesa symphonic musanganiswa. Muballet, pane zvinhu zvitatu zvakaratidzwa naSerov - mutambo, kuimba uye orchestra - kune maviri, nepo basa, rakafanana nekuimba mu opera, nderekutamba uye pantomime. Panguva imwecheteyo, mune zvese zviri zviviri, mimhanzi ndeye Ch. generalizing zvinoreva, mutakuri wechiito chemuchinjikwa, haingotauri pane otd. mamiriro ezvinhu, asiwo anobatanidza zvinhu zvose zvemutambo pamwe chete, anobudisa pachena zvitubu zvakavanzwa zvemaitiro echiito. vanhu, hukama hwavo hwemukati hwakaoma, kazhinji hunotaura zvakananga ch. iyo pfungwa yekugadzira Basa rinotungamira remimhanzi mu opera uye mamwe marudzi emumhanzi mutambo. art-va inotsanangura huwandu hwezvinhu zvekuumbwa kwavo, zvakasiyana nekuvakwa kwe lit. drama. Mimhanzi chaiyo. D. inotorwa munhoroondo yatove mukuvakwa kwe script uye mberi mukuvandudzwa kwe libretto. Mune zviitiko apo hwaro hwekugadzira libretto mutambo wekunyora wakapera. kuumbwa, sekutonga, huwandu hwekuchinja hunoitwa kwairi, huchikanganisa kwete chete zvinyorwa pachazvo, asiwo hurongwa hwese hwemadhirama. budiriro (mienzaniso yekunyora maopera pane yakazara, isina kushandurwa zvinyorwa zvemutambo wezvinyorwa zvishoma). Imwe yemisiyano yakajairika pakati pe opera libretto neiyo lit. mutambo unoumbwa mukupfupika kukuru, kupfupika. Hunhu hwakatonyanya hunhu uye hwakajairwa hunhu hweiyo ballet scenario, sezvo mutauro wemasaini nemapurasitiki hauna dhigirii rekusiyanisa uye semantic chokwadi chiripo mukutaura kwekutaura. Panyaya iyi, sezvo G. A. Laroche anoti, “mutambo wakasununguka weopera uri pakati pemutambo wemashoko nepurogiramu ye<em>ballet.” Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemimhanzi. D., kusanganisa zvinhu zveopera uye mutambo wekutaura. Izvi zvinosanganisira operetta, drama. mitambo nenziyo, zvinozivikanwa pakati pavanhu vemazizi. uye kunze kwenyika East, singspiel nezvimwe zvinoyevedza. marudzi, umo mimhanzi. zvikamu zvakapindirana nezviitiko zvekukurukurirana. Vanogona kuverengerwa kumunda wemuses. D. muchiitiko icho chinonyanya kukosha nguva dzechiito dzinoratidzwa mumimhanzi. Uyu ndiwo mutsauko uripo pakati pemhando idzi nemutambo wenguva dzose wemutambo, umo mimhanzi inoramba iri munzvimbo yeimwe yemidziyo yakarongwa uye inoshandiswa chete apo neapo, kuita mifananidzo kana kupa dariro.
Munguva yekuvandudzwa kwenhoroondo, mamwe marudzi emimhanzi akagadzirwa. D .: mune opera - recitative, aria, arioso, decomp. mhando dze ensembles, kwaya; muBallet - matambiro ndeechinyakare uye hunhu, episodhi inoshanda (pas d'axion), choreographic. ensembles (pas de deux, pas de trois, nezvimwewo). Havarambi vakafanana. Saka, kana muchiItaly. opera series 18th century dramaturgy. mabasa uye decomp chimiro. wok. mafomu akanyatsofanotemerwa uye akadzorwa, zvino mune ramangwana pane maitiro ekuwedzera kushandiswa kwawo. Mutsara wakapinza pakati pekudzokorora uye wakatenderedzwa woks unoparadzwa. episodes; iyo yekupedzisira inova yakasiyana-siyana mukugadzirisa kwavo uye kuratidza. hunhu, marudzi ese emhando dzakasanganiswa anomuka. Zvikamu zvakakura zvechiito (kubva pachikuva kusvika kuchiitiko chose) zvakafukidzwa neinoenderera kuburikidza nemimhanzi. development. Opera D. inopfumiswa nedzimwe nzira dzesymphony. budiriro yakagadzirwa mumunda we instr. music. Imwe yenzira dze symphonization yemhando yeopera ndeyekubatanidzwa kwedhipatimendi. vatambi vanotsanangurwa. madingindira kana matauriro. makomba anoramba achikura mukati mechiitiko (ona Leitmotif). Kushandurwa kwe opera kuita mutambo wemimhanzi wakakwana. iyo yose inofambiswa nekushandiswa kwenheyo yekudzokazve (ona Reprise), kubatana kwechirongwa che tonal, kuendeswa kwemarudzi ose e "arches" pakati penguva dzakawanda kana zvishoma kure. zviito. Mn. yemaitiro aya anoshandiswawo mu ballet, uko kubva pa2nd floor. Mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi 19 inotora chikamu chinowedzera kuita chinotungamira, ichizadzwa nezvinhu zvesymphony. Mukuratidzwa kwayo kwakanyanya, chishuwo che symphonize opera uye ballet dzimwe nguva inotungamira mukuramba zvachose kwezvikamu zvakatenderedzwa. Chinzvimbo ichi chakawana zvinotevera zvakanyanya. kutaura mukugadzira uye theoretical. maonero aR. Wagner, akaramba zvachose tsika dzacho. mhando ye opera, ichipikisa kune muses. mutambo unobva pa "endless melody". AS Dargomyzhsky akatsvaga kugadzirisa opera, zvichienderana nekuenderera mberi kwekutevera wok. recitations kune ese maitonations. shades of verbal text. Dr. Vaimbi vakasanganiswa kuburikidza nemimhanzi. kuvandudza nekumira kwechinguvana, zvichikubvumidza kuti uratidze mamiriro ezvinhu, ruzivo rwemanzwiro kana hunhu hwechiito chiri pedyo-pedyo. zviso.
Mukugadzira nhanho dzemimhanzi pane zviratidzo zveakadaro muses chete. misimboti yekuronga kunovaka kwezvinhu, sekusiyana, rondo-kufanana, sonatism. Ho kazhinji vanoonekwa pano zvakasununguka uye zviri nyore kupfuura mu instr. mimhanzi, kuteerera zvinodiwa nemitambo. logic. Mupfungwa iyi, PI Tchaikovsky akataura nezve musiyano mukuru pakati pe opera uye symphony. styles. "Paanenge achigadzira opera," akadaro, "munyori anofanira kugara achichengeta chiitiko ichi mupfungwa, kureva kuti rangarira kuti munhandare haingodiwi nziyo nemimhanzi chete, asiwo chiito ... ". Uyu mutemo mukuru wemimhanzi. D. inobvumira zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzira. zvisarudzo zvine chekuita nekuparara. wok ratio. uye oc. akatanga, kupera-kusvika-kumagumo budiriro uye otd. zvikamu zvakapedzwa, zvinodzokorora uye zvakaimbwa zvakafara wok. mutinhimira, kuimba uri wega, ensembles nemakwaya, etc. Mhando dzemimhanzi. D. haitsamiri chete paunyanzvi huzhinji. mafambiro enguva, asiwo pane chimiro chechirongwa, rudzi rwekugadzira. (mahombe enhoroondo-heroic, epic, ngano, lyric-drama, komiki opera kana ballet), kubva kune yega imba yekuchengetera yekugadzira yemumwe munyori.
Pfungwa yemimhanzi. D. inoshandawo kune zvigadzirwa. instr. music, not related co stage. chiito kana kuti chiedza. program. Itsika kutaura nezve symphony. D., D. sonata fomu, etc. Kugona kunowanikwa mumhanzi kuratidza mifananidzo yechokwadi mukufamba, kukura, kurukana uye kurwisa kwemisimboti inopokana kunobvumira kuenzanisa nemadhirama. chiito. Ho, kutendeukira kukuenzanisa kwakadaro, munhu anofanira kuyeuka hukama hwayo. Yakananga mapatani, ku-Crym iri pasi pekuvandudzwa kwemamusi. mifananidzo mu instr. mimhanzi, inongopindirana chete nemitemo yedariro. drama.
References: Druskin M., Mibvunzo yemhanzi dramaturgy yeopera, L., 1952; Yarustovsky B., Dramaturgy yeRussian opera classics, M., 1952; yake pachake, Essays pamusoro pedramaturgy ye opera yezana remakore rechi1971, M., 1961; Ferman B., Zvinokosha zve operatic dramaturgy, mubhuku: Opera House. Moscow, XNUMX.
Yu. B. Pasi
