Dutch chikoro |

Dutch chikoro - tungamira nzira yekugadzira kune wok. kwaya. polyphony 15th-16th mazana emakore Yakakura muNetherlands (yenhoroondo; yakabatana yemazuva ano Netherlands, Belgium, North-East France neLuxembourg); II. sh. inonziwo Burgundian neFlemish, Franco-Flemish. N. sh. yaisanganisira zvizvarwa zvakawanda zvenetherl. vanyori vakashanda muEurope dzakasiyana. nyika uko tsika dzayo dzakaonekwa, izvo zvakakonzera kusimuka kwemapolyphonic emunharaunda. zvikoro. Yakanga iri mugumisiro wepamusoro wekusimudzira kwemimhanzi yeDutch. Kushandisa nziyo vanhu. kusika, N. sh. akapfupikisa zvakaitwa neEurope. wok-choir polyphony 9 - mangwanani. 15th century (Chirungu neFrench, chinamato uye chenyika) uye yakaratidza zuva rekufarirwa kwekirasi. kwaya. polyphony. N. sh. yakagadzira hurongwa hwepasi rose hwemitemo yepolyphony - yakaoma counterpoint yemaitiro akasimba, akagadzira classic. samples wok.-choir. polyphonic genres, chechi uye zvepanyika - misa, motet, chanson, madrigal uye yakabvumidza kutonga kweizere-inonzwika 4-izwi, manzwi ayo akave akaenzana, uye akagadzira tsika dze 3-chinangwa mimhanzi. warehouse. Vanyori N. sh. inosiyaniswa nehunyanzvi hwekupikisa nzira, kusvika pakusabatanidzwa. kunaka pakugadzira korasi. polygonal prod. (vakaunza nhamba yemavhoti akazvimirira ku30), vachitarisira iyo instr. mimhanzi yenguva dzinotevera. Mimhanzi yevatenzi veN. sh. chinangwa chikuru. zvekwaya. Pen. a cappella. Zvishandiso zvinoperekedzwa zvakabatanidzwa mumhemberero. (solemnis) misa uye motets, kaviri wok. mapato (ch. arr. bass), uye yaiwanzo shandiswa mune zvenyika polyphonic. nziyo.

Center. rudzi rwemimhanzi N. sh. – kwaya. a cappella mass, typ. kujekesa kwechamhere kwakatemwa nekuratidzwa kwehuzivi uye yekufungisisa pfungwa dzenguva yaro (zvemunhu ari muchadenga chakakura, nezvekunaka kwakabatana kwenyika, nezvimwewo). Mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kunzwisisa evanhu vakawanda, ane simba rakazara uye simba rinonakidza, rinoenderana nehukuru hweGothic. macathedral, kwaaiitirwa pamazuva ezvitendero zvikuru. mitambo. Kuratidzira kwemimhanzi, hunhu hwayo hwakadzama uye kufemerwa kwakajekeswa kwakaratidzwa nehukuru hwemarejista epamusoro uye mavara akachena ekwaya yevakomana nevarume. falsetto; kusanganiswa kweunyanzvi uye kutsetseka kwekutumira melodic. mitsara, kunaka kwekupokana kwavo kwakajeka, filigree chaiyo yezvinyorwa. Manzwi enyika anenge asina kusiyana neomweya; nar wake. melodic hwaro uye moyo unofadza wakaratidzwa zvakanyanya mubasa revanyori veN. sh., kunyanya muzana remakore rechi16. Kunyange misa yaiwanzova nemazita enziyo dzepanyika dzaishandiswa mavari ("Armed Man", "Pale Face", etc.).

Zita "N. sh.” yakatangwa naR. G. Kizevetter (mubasa rake "The Contribution of the Netherlands to the Art of Music", 1828), uyo akaronga kupatsanurwa kwezvisungo kuita 3 (kana 4) N. sh. maererano nezvikamu zvesimba zvevamiririri vayo vanotungamirira. 1st N. sh., Burgundian, yakasimuka pakati. 15 c. padare reBurgundi muDijon, rinosiyaniswa nedare rakanaka. tsika nekusimudzira chiFrench. tsika. Chikoro ichi zvakare chakasangana nekukanganisa kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira Chirungu. polyphonist, ch. arr. Chirungu chakanakisa. Komi. J. Dunstable, akashanda muFrance (akadzidzisa Burgundian vaimbi). 1st N.sh. inotungamirwa naJ. Binchois, akashanda mudare reDuke weBurgundy, Philip the Good (mugadziri weunyanzvi hwekutevedzera rudo chanson) naG. Dufay (akashandawo muItari neFrance; muvambi wechikoro chepolyphonic muCambrai), aive nemukurumbira nemabharadhi, marondo, masasi, moteti, akavandudza zvakanyanya polyphony. tekiniki uye mimhanzi notation. 2nd uye 3 N. sh. (next generations of composers) naz. Flemish. Vatungamiriri vavo vakuru: J. Okegem (akashanda mudare reFrance) - vakararama panguva yezita. wake "mukuru weanopikisa" nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake hwakakwana hwehunyanzvi hwekutevedzera, hwakashandiswawo mune yakavanzika majestic. ruzhinji, uye mukuuya. lyric miniatures; J. Obrecht (aigara muNetherlands, France, Italy) - Op. inosiyaniswa neyakakwenenzverwa uye virtuoso maitiro, manzwiro uye neruvara rwekuratidzira kwemimhanzi nekujeka kwedingindira, rakashandiswa Nar. nziyo (flam., German, Italian) nekutamba. rhythms, masasi ake aive nemukurumbira, akazvipira. Mhandara Maria, anonzi. parodic mass, moto. chanson uye instr yavo. trans. dance; Josquin Despres (akashanda mumaguta akasiyana-siyana eItari neNorthern France) - munyori wemabasa echitendero akatanhamara, ainyanya kuzivikanwa nehunyanzvi hwake hwekutaura zvakasiyana siyana zvemweya mumapolyphonics emhando dzakasiyana. nziyo uye motets akazadzwa nehunhu hwevanhu, aive mumwe wevanyori vekutanga vepolyphonic. instr. mitambo icharatidza. hunhu. 4th N. sh., iyo yakapararira muuriri hwechipiri. 16th century munyika dzeEurope, inotungamirwa naOrlando di Lasso (aigara muItaly, France, England, Bavaria), ane mukurumbira ne "Penitential Psalms", Sat. motets "Chisikwa chikuru chemimhanzi", chechi. prod., pamwe chete nekugadzirwa paNar. zvichibva panziyo dzakajeka dzemhando, zviratidziro, ane mavara villanelles acharatidza. hunhu, madrigals kune nhetembo nevadetembi veRenaissance uye yekare. Vakuru vakuru veN. sh. vaive nevateveri vazhinji, vakatanhamara vezvekupikisa, vakakokwa kuti vashande mudecomp. maguta eEurope; Venetian polyphonic. chikoro chakavambwa naA. Willart, iro reRoma rakanyorwa naJ. Arkadelt, F. le Bel (akanga ari mudzidzisi wePalestrina); G. Isak akashanda muFlorence, Innsbruck, Augsburg, A. Brumel – muFerrara. MuItaly, vanyori N. sh. akaisa hwaro hweItaly lyric madrigal. Pakati pevamwe vatenzi vanozivikanwa veN. sh. – A. Bunois, P. de la Rue, L. Mutevedzeri, J. Mouton, A. de Feven, N. Gombert, J. Clemens - "kwete baba", F. Verdelot, F.

Rega. kubudirira N. sh. zvakakonzerwa nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro. hunyanzvi hwevagadziri vayo, avo vakabva kune imwe nyika yemhando yepamusoro, iyo yakabudirira nekuda kwevakawanda vekuEurope. hukama hwekutengeserana netsika; pano, kekutanga muEurope, vanyori vakagamuchira prof. dzidzo mumamita. Kuvandudzwa nekugoverwa kweN. sh. zvakabatsirawo mukuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi notation uye kubuda kwemimhanzi notation. Zuva rekufara kweN. sh. polyphony yakatanga kubva kumazuva ekare eNetherlands. kupenda (chikoro chehunyanzvi chakaenzana chehunyanzvi), hunyanzvi hwekushandisa, zvivakwa, uzivi uye masvomhu. Mukugadzira monumental polygons. nziyo dzeNetherlands. vatenzi vaivimba nedzidziso dzehuzivi dzeNeoplatonists, pamwe nekuverenga kwakasimba, DOS. pamasvomhu akadzika. ruzivo (vaimbi vakawanda veRenaissance, kusanganisira Dunstable uye, zvichida, Okegem naObrecht, vakanga vari panguva imwe chete masvomhu, vazivi, vazivi venyeredzi nevazivi venyeredzi). Iyo sisitimu yemitemo yepolyphony yakagadzirwa navo mu wok. mhando dzekunyora kwakasimba, zvichibva pane imwechete cantus firmus (liturgical kana kakawanda vanhu) uye kugadziridzwa kwayo, yakaitwa musimboti we "kubatana mukusiyana" (maererano nemaonero enyika yenguva iyoyo). Mune zvimiro zvemotets uye masasi, mukusarudza kwe cantus firmus uye kupemberera kwayo, chimwe chiratidzo chakaratidzwa. Kufunga kwedimikira kwenguva, masvomhu ayo. Hungwaru hwainyanya kuoneka mukuparadzira enigmatic canons (unyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwekupikisa pakati peepigones eN. sh. dzimwe nguva hwaive mutambo une mufungo une misanganiswa yakanakisa yezvekupikisa).

Arts. kubudirira kwevanyori vakuru veN. sh., nheyo dzenziyo dzepolyphonic dzakabvumirwa navo. zvinyorwa zvave zvepasirese kuitira kuvandudzwa kunotevera kwe decomp. masitayera emahara ekunyora, atove akavakirwa pane mamwe aesthetic. misimboti, uye vaive hwaro hwekuwedzera kubudirira kweEurope yese. mimhanzi, wok uye instr., kwete chete polyphonic, asiwo homophonic (ona Homophony), uye maitiro avo ekushandura, kutendeuka, kutevedzera, nezvimwewo, akapinda maitiro e dodecaphony. Sechiitiko chemaitiro, N. sh. akapedzisa nguva yekutonga muEurope. mumhanzi chechi tsika. (Katorike) wok.-kwaya. emarudzi uye airatidza mazviri uzivi uye zvechitendero. worldview (yakazozviratidza muProtestant wok-instr. music, iyo yepamusorosoro yaiva basa raJS Bach).

References: Bulychev V., Mimhanzi yemaitiro akasimba uye nguva yekirasi …, M., 1909; Kiesewetter B., Die Verdienste der Niederländer um die Tonkunst, W., 1828; Wolff H., Die Musik der alten Niederländer, Lpz., 1956; Backers, S., Nederlandsche componisten van 1400 tot op onzen tijd, s'-Gravenhage, 1942, 1950; Borren Ch. van den, Dufay nechikoro chake, muThe new Oxford history of music, v. 3, L. – NY – Toronto, 1960; Bridgman N., Zera reOckeghem naJosquin, ibid.; onawo bhaibheri. kuArt. Mumhanzi weDutch, Misa, Counterpoint, Polyphony, Strict style.

LG Berger