Belcanto, bel canto |

ital. bel canto, belcanto, lit. – kuimba kwakanaka

Chiedza chinopenya uye chine nyasha chimiro chekuimba, hunhu hweiyo Italian vocal art yepakati-17th - 1st hafu ye19th century; mupfungwa yakafara yemazuva ano - kunakirwa kwekuita kwezwi.

Belcanto inoda hunyanzvi hwekuita hwemazwi kubva kumuimbi: asingagoneki cantilena, kuonda, virtuoso coloratura, manzwiro akapfuma kuimba inoyevedza toni.

Kubuda kwebel canto kwakabatana nekusimudzirwa kwemhando yehomophonic yemimhanzi yezwi uye kuumbwa kweItaly opera (kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 17). Mune ramangwana, tichichengetedza hwaro hwehunyanzvi uye hwekunakisa, Italian bel canto yakashanduka, yakafumiswa nehunyanzvi hutsva hwehunyanzvi uye mavara. Mangwanani, anonzi. pathetic, bel canto style (operas by C. Monteverdi, F. Cavalli, A. Chesti, A. Scarlatti) inobva pakutaura cantilena, zvinyorwa zvepamusoro zvenhetembo, zvishongedzo zviduku zvemavara zvakaunzwa kuti zviwedzere kushamisa; kuita kwezwi kwakasiyaniswa nekunzwa, pathos.

Pakati pevaimbi vebel canto vakatanhamara vehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 17. - P. Tosi, A. Stradella, FA Pistocchi, B. Ferri nevamwe (vakawanda vavo vaiva vanyori uye vadzidzisi vezwi).

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi17. yatova mumitambo yeScarlatti, arias inotanga kuvakwa pane yakakura cantilena yebravura hunhu, uchishandisa yakawedzera coloratura. inodaidzwa kuti bravura style yebel canto (yakajairika muzana ramakore rechi 18 uye yakavapo kusvika kota yekutanga yezana ramakore rekutanga) chimiro chakajeka chevirtuoso chinodzorwa necoloratura.

Unyanzvi hwekuimba panguva iyi hwainyanya kuzviisa pasi pebasa rekuburitsa pachena hunyanzvi hwemuimbi uye hunyanzvi hwemuimbi - nguva yekufema, hunyanzvi hwekutetepa, kugona kuita ndima dzakanyanya kuoma, cadences, trills (ikoko. aiva marudzi 8 awo); vaimbi vaikwikwidzana musimba uye nguva yokurira nehwamanda nezvimwe zviridzwa zvevaimbi.

Mu "pathetic style" yebel canto, muimbi aifanira kusiyanisa chikamu chechipiri mu aria da capo, uye nhamba uye unyanzvi hwezvakasiyana-siyana zvakashanda sechiratidzo cheunyanzvi hwake; kushongedzwa kwearias kwaifanirwa kuchinjwa pakuita kwega kwega. Mu "bravura maitiro" ebel canto, chimiro ichi chave kutonga. Nokudaro, pamusoro pekuraira kwakakwana kwezwi, unyanzvi hwebel canto hwaida kukura kwemimhanzi uye unyanzvi kubva kune muimbi, kukwanisa kusiyanisa rwiyo rwemuimbi, kuvandudza (izvi zvakaenderera mberi kusvika pakuonekwa kwemitambo yaG. Rossini, uyo pachake akatanga kunyora cadenzas uye coloratura).

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18 opera yeItaly inova opera ye "nyeredzi", ichinyatsoteerera zvinodiwa zvekuratidza mano ezwi evaimbi.

Vamiririri vakatanhamara vebel canto vaiva: vaimbi vecastrato AM Bernacchi, G. Cresentini, A. Uberti (Porporino), Caffarelli, Senesino, Farinelli, L. Marchesi, G. Guadagni, G. Pacyarotti, J. Velluti; vaimbi – F. Bordoni, R. Mingotti, C. Gabrielli, A. Catalani, C. Coltelini; vaimbi – D. Jizzi, A. Nozari, J. David nevamwe.

Zvinodiwa zvebel canto style zvakatemesa imwe system yekudzidzisa vaimbi. Sezvakaita muzana remakore rechi17, vanyori vezana remakore rechi18 vaiva panguva imwe chete vadzidzisi vezwi (A. Scarlatti, L. Vinci, J. Pergolesi, N. Porpora, L. Leo, nezvimwewo). Dzidzo yaiitwa munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu (aive masangano edzidzo uye panguva imwecheteyo dzimba dzekurara umo vadzidzisi vaigara nevadzidzi) kwemakore 6-9, nemakirasi ezuva nezuva kubva mangwanani kusvika manheru. Kana mwana wacho aiva nenzwi rakatanhamara, aibva achekwa achitarisira kuchengetedza unhu hwekare hweinzwi pashure pokunge achinja; kana vakabudirira, vaimbi vane manzwi anoshamisa nehunyanzvi vakawanikwa (ona Castratos-vaimbi).

Chikoro chezwi chinonyanya kukosha chaiva Bologna School of F. Pistocchi (yakavhurwa muna 1700). Pakati pezvimwe zvikoro, zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezvi: Roman, Florentine, Venetian, Milanese uye kunyanya Neapolitan, umo A. Scarlatti, N. Porpora, L. Leo akashanda.

Nguva itsva mukuvandudzwa kwebel canto inotanga apo opera inowanazve kuvimbika kwayo kwakarasika uye inogamuchira kuvandudzwa kutsva nekuda kwebasa raG. Rossini, S. Mercadante, V. Bellini, G. Donizetti. Kunyange zvazvo nhengo dzezwi dziri mumaopera dzichiri dzakaremerwa nezvinoshongedzwa zvecoloratura, vaimbi vanotodiwa kuti vanyatsoburitsa manzwiro evatambi vapenyu; kuwedzera testitura yemabhechi, bоKuzara kukuru kwechiimbwa che orchestral kunoisa zvikumbiro zvine simba pazwi. Belcanto yakafumiswa nependi yetimbre nyowani uye ine simba mavara. Vaimbi vakatanhamara venguva ino ndiJ. Pasta, A. Catalani, hanzvadzi (Giuditta, Giulia) Grisi, E. Tadolini, J. Rubini, J. Mario, L. Lablache, F. naD. Ronconi.

Kuguma kwenguva ye classical bel canto inosanganiswa nekuonekwa kwema operas naG. Verdi. Kutonga kwe coloratura, hunhu hwebel canto style, inonyangarika. Zvishongedzo muzvikamu zvezwi zveVerdi's operas zvinongosara nesoprano, uye mumaopera ekupedzisira emunyori (sezvakazoitika nevaimbi - ona Verismo) hazviwanikwe zvachose. Cantilena, achienderera mberi nekutora nzvimbo huru, achikura, anonyatso drama, akafumiswa neakawanda akajeka epfungwa nuances. Iyo yakazara dynamic palette yezwi iri kuchinja munzira yekuwedzera sonority; muimbi anodiwa kuti ave netwo-octave siyana yezwi rakatsetseka rine manotsi epamusoro akasimba. Izwi rokuti "bel canto" rinorasikirwa nerevo yepakutanga, vanotanga kuratidza kugona kwakakwana kwemazwi ezwi uye, pamusoro pezvose, cantilena.

Vamiriri vakatanhamara vebel canto venguva ino ndiI. Colbran, L. Giraldoni, B. Marchisio, A. Cotogni, S. Gaillarre, V. Morel, A. Patti, F. Tamagno, M. Battistini, gare gare E. Caruso, L. Bori , A. Bonci, G. Martinelli, T. Skipa, B. Gigli, E. Pinza, G. Lauri-Volpi, E. Stignani, T. Dal Monte, A. Pertile, G. Di Stefano, M. Del Monaco, R. Tebaldi, D. Semionato, F. Barbieri, E. Bastianini, D. Guelfi, P. Siepi, N. Rossi-Lemeni, R. Scotto, M. Freni, F. Cossotto, G. Tucci, F Corelli, D. Raimondi, S. Bruscantini, P. Capucilli, T. Gobbi.

Chimiro chebel canto chakapesvedzera zvikoro zvizhinji zveEuropean vocal, incl. muchiRussia. Vazhinji vamiriri vebel canto art vakatenderera uye vakadzidzisa muRussia. Chikoro cheRussia chezwi, chichikura nenzira yepakutanga, ichipfuura nguva yekuda kwekuimba rwiyo, yakashandisa hunyanzvi hwekuimba kweItaly. Kusara kwakadzama maartist enyika, maartist akatanhamara eRussia FI Chaliapin, AV Nezhdanova, LV Sobinov nevamwe vakagona hunyanzvi hwebel canto kusvika pakukwana.

Yemazuva ano Italian bel canto inoenderera mberi iri chiyero cherunako rwemhando yekuimba toni, cantilena uye mamwe marudzi esainzi inonzwika. Inyanzvi yevaimbi vepasi rose (D. Sutherland, M. Kallas, B. Nilson, B. Hristov, N. Gyaurov, nevamwe) inobva pairi.

References: Mazurin K., Methodology yekuimba, vol. 1-2, M., 1902-1903; Bagadurov V., Essays panhoroondo yevocal methodology, vol. Ini, M., 1929, kwete. II-III, M., 1932-1956; Nazarenko I., Unyanzvi Hwokuimba, M., 1968; Lauri-Volpi J., Vocal Parallels, trans. kubva kuItaly, L., 1972; Laurens J., Belcanto et mission italian, P., 1950; Duey Ph. A., Belcanto munguva yayo yegoridhe, NU, 1951; Maragliano Mori R., I maestri dei belcanto, Roma, 1953; Valdornini U., Belcanto, P., 1956; Merlin, A., Lebelcanto, P., 1961.

LB Dmitriev