Claude Debussy |

Claude Debussy

Ndiri kuedza kutsvaga zvitsva… mapenzi anodaidza kuti impressionism. C. Debussy

Muimbi wechiFrench C. Debussy anowanzo kunzi baba vemimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Akaratidza kuti ruzha rwuri rwose, kurira, matauriro anogona kunzwika nenzira itsva, anogona kurarama upenyu hwakasununguka, hwakasiyana-siyana, sokunge huri kunakidzwa nokunzwika kwahwo, kuparara kwahwo kwapashoma napashoma, kusinganzwisisiki mukunyarara. Zvakawanda zvinonyatsoita kuti Debussy ienderane nepictorial impressionism: kubwinya kwekuzvigutsa kwezvisinganzwisisike, zvinyoro-zvinoyerera nguva, rudo rwenzvimbo, kubvunda kwemhepo kwenzvimbo. Hazvina kungoerekana zvaitika kuti Debussy anoonekwa semumiriri mukuru we impressionism mumimhanzi. Zvisinei, iye ari mberi kupfuura Impressionist artists, akaenda kubva kumarudzi echinyakare, mimhanzi yake inotungamirirwa kuzana remakore redu rakadzika zvakanyanya kudarika mufananidzo weC. Monet, O. Renoir kana C. Pissarro.

Debussy aitenda kuti mimhanzi yakafanana nechisikigo mukusikwa kwayo, kusiyanisa kusingagumi uye kusiyana-siyana kwezvimiro: “Mimhanzi ndiyo chaiyo art iri pedyo nezvisikwa ... mhepo yadzo uye rhythmically inoburitsa kupuruzira kwadzo kukuru. Zvese zvakasikwa uye mimhanzi zvinonzwikwa naDebussy sechakavanzika, uye pamusoro pezvose, chakavanzika chekuzvarwa, isingatarisirwe, yakasarudzika dhizaini yemutambo unoshamisa wemukana. Naizvozvo, fungidziro neasinganzwisisike emunyori kumarudzi ese ezvinyorwa zvetioreti uye zvinyorwa zvine chekuita nehunyanzvi hwekusika, nekuzvidira kuronga kwechokwadi chinorarama chehunyanzvi, zvinonzwisisika.

Debussy akatanga kudzidza mimhanzi pazera re9 uye atova muna 1872 akapinda mudhipatimendi rejunior reParis Conservatory. Nechekare mumakore ekuchengetedza, kusawirirana kwekufunga kwake kwakazviratidza, izvo zvakakonzera kupesana nevadzidzisi vanobatana. Kune rumwe rutivi, muimbi mutsva akawana kugutsikana kwechokwadi mumakirasi E. Guiraud (kuumbwa) uye A. Mapmontel (piano).

Muna 1881, Debussy, semupiyano weimba, akaperekedza philanthropist wokuRussia N. von Meck (shamwari huru yaP. Tchaikovsky) parwendo rwokuEurope, uye ipapo, pakukoka kwake, akashanyira Russia kaviri (1881, 1882). Nokudaro Debussy akatanga kuzivana nemimhanzi yeRussia, iyo yakakonzera zvikuru kuumbwa kwemaitiro ake. "MaRussia achatipa mafungiro matsva ekuti tisunungure kubva mukumanikidzwa kusina musoro. Ivo ... vakavhura fafitera raitarisa denga reminda. Debussy akatorwa mwoyo nekupenya kwetimbres uye kuratidzwa kwakajeka, kuyevedza kwemimhanzi yaN. Rimsky-Korsakov, kutsva kwekubatana kwaA. Borodin. Akadana M. Mussorgsky munyori waaida zvikuru kuti: “Hapana akataura zvakanakisisa zvatinazvo, nounyoro hukuru uye zvakadzama zvikuru. Iye akasarudzika uye acharamba akasarudzika nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake pasina hunyanzvi hwekuita, pasina kuoma mitemo. Kuchinja-chinja kweizwi-izwi rekutaura kwemugadziri weRussia, rusununguko kubva kusati kwasimbiswa, "kutonga", mumashoko aDebussy, mafomu akaiswa nenzira yavo nemunyori weFrance, akave chinhu chakakosha chemimhanzi yake. “Enda unoteerera Boris. Iyo ine Pelléas yese, "Debussy akambotaura nezve kwakabva mutauro wemimhanzi we opera yake.

Mushure mekupedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory muna 1884, Debussy anotora chikamu mumakwikwi eMubairo Mukuru weRome, izvo zvinopa kodzero yekuvandudzwa kwemakore mana muRome, kuVilla Medici. Mumakore akashandiswa muItaly (1885-87), Debussy akadzidza nziyo dzekwaya dzeRenaissance (G. Palestrina, O. Lasso), uye kare (pamwe chete nemavambo emimhanzi yeRussia) yakaunza rukova rutsva, rwakagadziridzwa. mafungiro ake eharonic. Mabasa e symphonic akatumirwa kuParis kune mushumo ("Zuleima", "Spring") haana kufadza vanochengetedza "vatenzi vezvemimhanzi".

Kudzokera kumberi kwehurongwa kuParis, Debussy anoswededza pedyo nedenderedzwa revadetembi vekufananidzira vanotungamirwa naS. Mallarme. Mumhanzi wenhetembo dzekufananidzira, kutsvaga hukama husinganzwisisike pakati pehupenyu hwemweya nenyika yechisikigo, kuparara kwavo - zvese izvi zvakakwezva Debussy zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya kuumba aesthetics yake. Hazvisi masanga kuti ekutanga uye akakwana emabasa ekutanga emunyori aive erudo kumazwi aP. Verdun, P. Bourget, P. Louis, uye zvakare C. Baudelaire. Mamwe acho ("Anoshamisa Manheru", "Mandolin") akanyorwa mukati memakore ekudzidza pane Conservatory. Nhetembo dzeSymbolist dzakakurudzira basa rekutanga rekuridza orchestra - nhanganyaya "Masikati eFaun" (1894). Mumufananidzo wemumhanzi uyu weMallarmé's eclogue, yakasarudzika yaDebussy, yakasarudzika nuanced orchestral style yakagadzirwa.

Mhedzisiro yechiratidzo yakanzwika zvizere muOpera yaDebussy chete Pelléas et Mélisande (1892-1902), yakanyorwa kune chinyorwa cheprose chemutambo waM. Maeterlinck. Iyi inyaya yerudo, iyo, maererano nemunyori, vatambi "havaiti nharo, asi vanotsungirira hupenyu hwavo nemagumo." Debussy pano, sokunge zvakadaro, anokakavadzana naR. Wagner, munyori weTristan naIsolde, akatoda kunyora Tristan yake, pasinei nokuti muhuduku hwake aifarira zvikuru opera yaWagner uye aizviziva nemoyo. Panzvimbo pekuda kuvhurika kwemumhanzi weWagnerian, heino chirevo chemutambo wakanatswa, uzere nezvirevo uye zviratidzo. “Nziyo dziripo dzezvisingatsananguriki; Ndaida kuti abude murubvunzavaeni, sokunge zvakadaro, uye muchinguvana adzokere kurubvunzavaeni; kuitira kuti agare aine mwero, ”akanyora kudaro Debussy.

Hazvibviri kufungidzira Debussy pasina mimhanzi yepiyano. Muimbi wacho pachake akanga ari muridzi wepiyano ane tarenda (pamwe chete nomuperekedzi); “Anodokuva nguva dzose airidza ma<em>semitone, pasina kupinza kupi nokupi, asi nokuzara kwakadaro uye kusimba kwenzwi sezvairidzwa naChopin,” akayeuka kudaro mutambi wepiyano wechiFrench M. Long. Yakanga iri kubva kuChopin's airiness, nzvimbo yekurira kwejira repiyano iyo Debussy akadzinga mukutsvaga kwake kwemavara. Asi pakanga pane imwe nzvimbo. Kuzvidzora, kuenzana kwemanzwi emumhanzi waDebussy zvisingatarisirwi zvakauunza pedyo nemimhanzi yekare isati yatanga rudo - kunyanya vaimbi vembira vekuFrance venguva yeRococo (F. Couperin, JF Rameau). Mhando dzekare kubva ku "Suite Bergamasco" uye Suite yePiano (Prelude, Minuet, Passpier, Sarabande, Toccata) inomiririra yakasarudzika, "impressionistic" vhezheni yeneoclassicism. Debussy haashandise stylization zvachose, asi anogadzira mufananidzo wake wemimhanzi yekutanga, pane fungidziro yayo pane "mufananidzo" wayo.

Rudzi rwaanofarira rwemunyori ichirongwa chechirongwa (orchestral nepiyano), senge nhevedzano yemifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana, apo nzvimbo dzakasimba dzakamisikidzwa nekumhanya-mhanya, kazhinji kutamba. Aya ndiwo masutu e orchestra "Nocturnes" (1899), "Gungwa" (1905) uye "Images" (1912). Kune piyano, "Prints", 2 zvinyorwa zve "Mifananidzo", "Kona yeVana", iyo Debussy yakatsaurirwa kumwanasikana wake, inogadzirwa. MuMadhindindi, muimbi kekutanga anoedza kujairana nemimhanzi yenyika dzemarudzi akasiyana-siyana uye vanhu: mufananidzo wekuMabvazuva ("Pagodas"), Spain ("Manheru muGrenada") uye nzvimbo izere nekufamba, kutamba kwechiedza nemumvuri neFrench folk song ("Gardens in the rain").

Muzvinyorwa zviviri zvemashoko emavambo (1910, 1913) nyika yose yokufananidzira yomunyori yakaziviswa. Matoni akajeka emvura eMusikana ane Bvudzi reFlaxen uye The Heather anosiyaniswa nekupfuma kwepaleti yemutsindo muTerrace Haunted neMoonlight, mukutanga Aromas uye Ruzha muMhepo Yemanheru. Ngano yekare inouya kuhupenyu mune epic ruzha rweSunken Cathedral (apa ndipo painyanya kutaurwa pesvedzero yeMussorgsky neBorodin!). Uye mu "Delphian Dancers" muimbi anowana yakasarudzika yekare musanganiswa wekuoma kwetembere uye rite ine hutsinye hwechihedheni. Mukusarudza kwemamodheru emumhanzi wemumhanzi, Debussy anowana rusununguko rwakakwana. Nehunyengeri hwakafanana, semuenzaniso, anopinda munyika yemimhanzi yeSpanish (The Alhambra Gate, The Interrupted Serenade) uye anodzokorora (achishandisa rhythm yekufamba keke) mweya weAmerican minstrel theatre (General Lavin the Eccentric, The Minstrels. )

Mumatangiro, Debussy anopa nyika yake yese yemimhanzi muchidimbu, yakanyungudutswa fomu, anoiburitsa uye anoti zvakanaka kwairi mune zvakawanda - neyake yekare hurongwa hwekuona-mimhanzi inonyorerana. Uye zvino, mumakore mashanu ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, mimhanzi yake, ichinyanya kuoma, inowedzera mhando yemhando, imwe rudzi rwekutya, kushamisika kunotanga kunzwika mairi. Kuwedzera kufarira mumatanho emhando. Aya ndiwo mabheti ("Kamma", "Mitambo", yakarongwa naV. Nijinsky uye boka reS. Diaghilev muna 5, uye bhidhiyo yevana "Toy Box", 1912), mimhanzi yezvakavanzika zveItaly futurist G. d'Annunzio "Kufira kutenda kwaSaint Sebastian" (1913). The ballerina Ida Rubinshtein, choreographer M. Fokin, muimbi L. Bakst akatora chikamu mukugadzirwa kwechakavanzika. Mushure mekusikwa kwaPelléas, Debussy akaedza kakawanda kutanga opera itsva: akakwezvwa nehurongwa hweE. Poe (Dhiyabhorosi muBell Tower, Kuwa kweImba yaEscher), asi zvirongwa izvi hazvina kuitika. Muimbi akaronga kunyora 1911 sonatas yekamuri ensembles, asi akakwanisa kugadzira 6: ye cello uye piano (3), yenyere, viola uye rudimbwa (1915) uye ye violin uye piano (1915). Kugadzirisa mabasa aF. Chopin kwakaita kuti Debussy anyore Twelve Etudes (1917), yakatsaurirwa kundangariro yemunyori mukuru. Debussy akasika mabasa ake ekupedzisira paakanga atova nechirwere chisingarapiki: muna 1915 akavhiyiwa, mushure mezvo akagara kwemakore anopfuura maviri.

Mune dzimwe nziyo dzaDebussy, zviitiko zveHondo Yenyika Yekutanga zvakaratidzwa: mu "Heroic Lullaby", murwiyo "Kuberekwa Kwevana Vasina Pekugara", mune isina kupera "Ode kuFrance". Rondedzero yemazita chete ndiyo inoratidza kuti mumakore achangopfuura kwave nekuwedzera kufarira mune zvinoshamisa madingindira nemifananidzo. Nekune rimwe divi, maonero emunyori pamusoro penyika anowedzera kushamisa. Kuseka nekunyomba zvakagara zvichitanga uye, sekunge, zvichizadzisa kupfava kwehunhu hwaDebussy, kuvhurika kwake kune zvinoonekwa. Vakazviratidza vamene kwete bedzi munziyo, asiwo mukutaura kwakananga pamusoro pavanyori, mutsamba, uye munyaya dzinotsoropodza. Kwemakore 14 Debussy akanga ari nyanzvi yemhanzi mutsoropodzi; muuyo weiri basa wakanga uri bhuku rinonzi “Mr. Krosh - Antidilettante" (1914).

Mumakore epashure pehondo, Debussy, pamwe nevaparadzi vasina kusimba verudo aesthetics saI. Stravinsky, S. Prokofiev, P. Hindemith, akaonekwa nevakawanda semumiriri weiyo impressionist nezuro. Asi gare gare, uye kunyanya munguva yedu, kukosha kukuru kwemugadziri weFrance kwakatanga kujeka, uyo aive nesimba rakananga pana Stravinsky, B. Bartok, O. Messiaen, aitarisira nzira yesonor uye, kazhinji, pfungwa itsva. yenzvimbo yemimhanzi uye nguva - uye mune iyi nhanho itsva yakasimbiswa mutsa sechinhu chakakosha che art.

K. Zenkin

Hupenyu uye nzira yekugadzira

Hudiki uye makore ekudzidza. Claude Achille Debussy akaberekwa musi waNyamavhuvhu 22, 1862 muSaint-Germain, Paris. Vabereki vake - petty bourgeois - vaida mimhanzi, asi vaive kure nehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi chaihwo. Maonero emumhanzi asina kujairika eudiki akabatsira zvishoma mukusimudzirwa kwehunyanzvi hwemuimbi weramangwana. Kunyanya kushamisa pane idzi kwaiva kushanya kusingawanzoitiki kuopera. Pazera remakore mapfumbamwe chete Debussy akatanga kudzidza kuridza piyano. Pakusimbirira kweanoridza piyano pedyo nemhuri yavo, uyo akaziva kugona kwaClaude kunoshamisa, vabereki vake vakamutumira muna 1873 kuParis Conservatory. Muma70s uye 80s ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, ichi chikoro chedzidzo chaive nhare yenzira dzakachengetedzeka uye dzenguva dzose dzekudzidzisa vaimbi vadiki. Pashure paSalvador Daniel, mutungamiriri wemimhanzi weParis Commune, uyo akapfurwa mumazuva ekukundwa kwayo, mutungamiriri weimba yemitambo aiva munyori wenziyo Ambroise Thomas, murume akanga akaganhurirwa zvikuru munhau dzedzidzo yemimhanzi.

Pakati pevadzidzisi veimba yekuchengetedza paivewo nevaimbi vakatanhamara - S. Frank, L. Delibes, E. Giro. Nepakugona kwavo, vakatsigira chiitiko chitsva chega chega muhupenyu hwemumhanzi weParis, tarenda rekutanga rekuita uye kuumba.

Zvidzidzo zvekushingaira zvemakore ekutanga zvakaunza Debussy gore negore solfeggio mibairo. Mune solfeggio uye makirasi ekuperekedza (anoshanda maekisesaizi epiyano mukuwirirana), kekutanga, kufarira kwake mukuchinja kutsva kweharmonic, dzakasiyana uye dzakaoma rhythms dzakazviratidza. Iyo ine mavara uye ine mavara mikana yemutauro weharonic inovhurika pamberi pake.

Talent yepiano yaDebussy yakakura nekukasira. Nechekare mumakore ake emudzidzi, kutamba kwake kwaisiyaniswa nemukati memukati, manzwiro, hunyengeri hwenyuance, isingawanzo siyana uye hupfumi hweizwi palette. Asi mavambo emaitiro ake ekuita, asina fashoni yekunze kunaka uye kungwara, haana kuwana kucherechedzwa kwakakodzera kana pakati pevadzidzisi veConservatory kana pakati pevezera raDebussy. Kekutanga, tarenda yake yepiyano yakapihwa mubairo chete muna 1877 nekuda kwekuita kweSchumann's sonata.

Iko kupesana kwakakomba kwekutanga nenzira dziripo dzekudzidzisa kwekuchengetedza kunoitika naDebussy mukirasi yekubatana. Kufunga kwakazvimiririra kweharmonic kwaDebussy hakugone kutsungirira zvirambidzo zvechinyakare zvaitonga mukuwirirana. Muimbi E. Guiraud chete, uyo Debussy akadzidza kuumbwa kwake, akanyatsozadzwa nezvishuwo zvemudzidzi wake uye akawana kuwirirana naye mune zveunyanzvi uye zvinoyevedza maonero uye zvinonaka zvemimhanzi.

Nechekare nziyo dzekutanga dzeDebussy, dzinodzokera kumashure e70s uye ekutanga 80s ("Anoshamisa Manheru" kumashoko aPaul Bourget uye kunyanya "Mandolin" kumashoko aPaul Verlaine), akazivisa mavambo etarenda rake.

Kunyangwe asati apedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory, Debussy akatora rwendo rwake rwekutanga kune dzimwe nyika kuWestern Europe pakukoka kweRussia philanthropist NF von Meck, uyo kwemakore akawanda aive wenhamba yeshamwari dzepedyo dzaPI Tchaikovsky. Muna 1881 Debussy akauya kuRussia semuimbi wepiyano kuti atore chikamu mumakonzati epamba avon Meck. Rwendo urwu rwekutanga kuRussia (zvino akaenda ikoko kaviri zvakare - muna 1882 na1913) akamutsa kufarira kukuru kwemunyori mumimhanzi yeRussia, iyo isina kupera simba kusvikira pakuguma kwehupenyu hwake.

Kubva 1883, Debussy akatanga kutora chikamu semunyori mumakwikwi eMubayiro Mukuru weRome. Gore rakatevera akapiwa iyo kantata The Prodigal Son. Iri basa, iro nenzira dzakawanda richine simba reFrench lyric opera, rinomira pachena nemutambo chaiwo wezviratidziro zvega (semuenzaniso, Leah's aria). Kugara kwaDebussy muItari (1885-1887) kwakave nezvibereko kwaari: akajairana nemimhanzi yekare yekwaya yeItaly yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX (Palestrina) uye panguva imwe chete nebasa raWagner (kunyanya, nenziyo. mutambo "Tristan uye Isolde").

Panguva imwecheteyo, nguva yekugara kwaDebussy muItaly yakaratidzwa nekukakavadzana kwakanyanya nevakuru vemauto eFrance. Mishumo yevakahwina mubairo pamberi peacademy yakaunzwa muchimiro chamabasa akarangarirwa muParis nedare rinobetsera vatongi. Ongororo yemabasa emunyori - iyo symphonic ode "Zuleima", iyo symphonic suite "Spring" uye cantata "Iye Akasarudzwa" (yakanyorwa kare pakusvika kuParis) - panguva ino yakawana mukana usingakundike pakati pezvishuvo zvitsva zvaDebussy uye inertia iyo. akatonga mune yakakura art institution France. Muimbi wacho akapomerwa nezvechido nemaune che "kuita chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa, chisinganzwisisiki, chisingagoneki", che "pfungwa yakanyanyisa yemuvara wemimhanzi", izvo zvinoita kuti akanganwe "kukosha kwekudhirowa kwakarurama uye chimiro". Debussy akapomerwa kushandisa "akavharwa" manzwi evanhu uye kiyi yeF-yakapinza huru, inonzi isingabvumirwi mubasa re symphonic. Iyo chete yakanaka, zvichida, yaiva chirevo pamusoro pekusavapo kwe "flat turns uye banality" mumabasa ake.

Nziyo dzese dzakatumirwa naDebussy kuParis dzakanga dzichiri kure nemaitiro akakura emunyori, asi dzakatoratidza zvinhu zvitsva, izvo zvakazviratidza zvakanyanya mumutauro une mavara eharonic uye orchestration. Debussy akataura pachena chishuvo chake chekuvandudza mutsamba yaakanyorera imwe yeshamwari dzake muParis: “Handikwanise kuvhara mimhanzi yangu mumafuremu akanyanya… nzira…”. Paakadzoka kubva kuItari kuenda kuParis, Debussy anozopedzisira aputsa neacademy.

90s. Kutumbuka kwekutanga kwekusika. Chishuvo chekuswedera pedyo nemafambiro matsva muunyanzvi, chido chekuwedzera hukama hwavo uye vanozivana munyika yeunyanzvi zvakatungamirira Debussy kudzoka mukupera kwema80s kuenda ku salon yemunyori mukuru wechiFrench wekupera kwezana remakore rechi80 uye mutungamiri wepfungwa weSymbolists. – Stefan Mallarmé. Pa "Chipiri" Mallarme akaunganidza vanyori vakatanhamara, vadetembi, vanyori - vamiririri vemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemazuva ano echiFrench art (detembi Paul Verlaine, Pierre Louis, Henri de Regnier, muimbi James Whistler nevamwe). Pano Debussy akasangana vanyori uye vadetembi, ane mabasa akaumba hwaro dzakawanda nziyo dzake nziyo, akasikwa muna 90-50s. Pakati pavo panoonekwa: "Mandolin", "Ariettes", "Belgian landscapes", "Watercolors", "Moonlight" kumashoko aPaul Verlaine, "Nziyo dzeBilitis" kumashoko aPierre Louis, "Nhetembo shanu" kune mazwi emudetembi mukuru wechiFrench makumi matanhatu- Charles Baudelaire's 60s (kunyanya "Balcony", "Evening Harmonies", "PaTsime") nevamwe.

Kunyange runyoro rwakapfava rwemisoro yemabhuku aya runoita kuti zvikwanisike kutonga kufanorongera kwemunyori wezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa, izvo zvaive zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekunze kana mazwi erudo. Iyi nharaunda yemifananidzo yemimhanzi yenhetembo inova inofarirwa naDebussy muhupenyu hwake hwese.

Madiro akajeka anopiwa kumimhanzi yezwi munguva yekutanga yebasa rake anotsanangurwa zvakanyanya nerudo rwemunyori wenhetembo dzeSymbolist. Mundima dzevadetembi vekufananidzira, Debussy akakwezvwa nezvidzidzo zviri pedyo naye uye hunyanzvi hutsva hwehunyanzvi - kugona kutaura laconicly, kusavapo kwe rhetoric uye pathos, kuwanda kwemavara ekufananidzira ekufananidzira, maitiro matsva ekuita rhyme, umo mimhanzi. misanganiswa yemazwi inobatwa. Rutivi rwakadai rwechiratidzo sechishuwo chekuburitsa mamiriro ekusuwa, kutya kweasingazivikanwe, haana kumbobata Debussy.

Mune mazhinji emabasa emakore aya, Debussy anoedza kunzvenga zvese zvekufananidzira kusagadzikana uye understatement mukutaura kwemifungo yake. Chikonzero cheizvi kuvimbika kune tsika dzedemocracy yemimhanzi yenyika yeFrance, iyo yese uye ine hutano hunyanzvi hunhu hwemunyori (hapana tsaona kuti anowanzo taura nezvenhetembo dzaVerlaine, dzinobatanidza zvine hungwaru tsika dzenhetembo dzevatenzi vekare, pamwe chete. chishuwo chavo chekufunga kwakajeka uye kuve nyore kwechimiro, nekunatsiridza kuri muunyanzvi hwemazuva ano aristocratic salon). Muzvinyorwa zvake zvekutanga zvenzwi, Debussy anoyedza kubatanidza mifananidzo yemumhanzi yakadaro inochengeta hukama nemhando dzemimhanzi dziripo - rwiyo, kutamba. Asi kubatana uku kunowanzo kuoneka, sezvakaita Verlaine, mune imwe yakanatswa yakanatswa refraction. Ndiko kudanana "Mandolin" kumashoko aVerlaine. Mumumhanzi werudo, tinonzwa kurira kwenziyo dzemudhorobha dzeFrance kubva kune repertoire ye "chansonnier", iyo inoitwa pasina accentuated accents, sekunge "kuimba". Kuperekedzwa kwepiyano kunoburitsa hunhu hwakatsetseka, hwakabvutwa-seruzha rwemandolin kana gitare. Iwo masanganiswa echishanu "asina chinhu" akafanana neruzha rwetambo dzakavhurika dzezviridzwa izvi:

Atova mubasa iri, Debussy anoshandisa mamwe emhando dzemavara emhando yemaitiro ake akakura mukuwirirana - "akateedzana" emakonzonenzi asina kugadziriswa, kuenzanisa kwepakutanga kwematatu makuru uye inversion yavo mumakiyi ari kure,

Ma90s yaive nguva yekutanga yekugadzira kwaDebussy kusimukira mumunda we kwete chete mazwi, asiwo mimhanzi yepiyano ("Suite Bergamas", "Little Suite" yepiyano maoko mana), chamber-instrumental (tambo quartet) uye kunyanya symphonic music ( panguva ino, maviri eakanyanya kukosha esymphonic mabasa anogadzirwa - yekutanga "Afternoon yeFaun" uye "Nocturnes").

Nhanganyaya "Masikati eFaun" yakanyorwa pahwaro hwenhetembo yaStéphane Mallarmé muna 1892. Basa raMallarme rakakwezva munyori wacho zvikurukuru nemifananidzo yakajeka yechisikwa chengano chairota pazuva rinopisa pamusoro penyati dzakanaka.

Munhanganyaya, semunhetembo yaMallarmé, hapana hurongwa hwakagadziridzwa, hapana kusimudzira kwechiito. Pamwoyo wekuumbwa kune, muchidimbu, imwe melodic mufananidzo we "languor", wakavakirwa pa "zvinokambaira" chromatic intonations. Debussy anoshandisa kuumbwa kwake kweorchestral ingangoita nguva imwecheteyo chaiyo chiridzwa timbre - nyere mune yakaderera rejista:

Iyo yese symphonic kuvandudzwa kwe prelude inosvika pakusiyanisa magadzirirwo ekuratidzwa kwedingindira uye kurongeka kwaro. Iyo static kusimudzira inoruramiswa nechimiro chemufananidzo pachawo.

Kuumbwa kwebasa racho kune zvikamu zvitatu. Chete muchikamu chidiki chepakati che prelude, kana dingindira idzva redhiatonic richiitwa neboka retambo re orchestra, hunhu hwese hunova hwakanyanya, hunoratidza (simba rinosvika pakunyanya sonority munhanganyaya. ff, nguva chete inoshandiswa tutti yevaimbi yose). Iyo reprise inopera nekunyangarika zvishoma nezvishoma, sekunge, kunyungudika dingindira re "languor".

Mamiriro emhando yeDebussy akakura akaonekwa mune iri basa kunyanya mukuimba. Kusiyanisa kwakanyanya kwemapoka e orchestra uye zvikamu zvezviridzwa zvega mukati memapoka zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kusanganisa nekubatanidza mavara e orchestra nenzira dzakasiyana siyana uye zvinokutendera iwe kuti uwane yakanakisa nuances. Zvizhinji zvezvakabudirira zvekunyora orchestra mubasa iri zvakazove zvakajairwa neakawanda eDebussy's symphonic mabasa.

Mushure mekuita kwe "Faun" muna 1894, Debussy munyori wenziyo akataura mumitambo yakawanda yeParis. Asi kuparadzaniswa uye zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvezvakatipoteredza zveunyanzvi izvo Debussy aiva, pamwe chete nekutanga kwekutanga kwemaitiro ezvinyorwa zvake, zvakadzivisa mimhanzi yemunyori kuti irege kuonekwa pamutambo wekonzati.

Kunyangwe iro rakatanhamara symphonic basa raDebussy seNocturnes cycle, rakagadzirwa muna 1897-1899, rakasangana nekuzvidzora. Mu "Nocturnes" chishuwo chaDebussy chakawedzera chehupenyu-chaiyo mifananidzo yemifananidzo yakaratidzwa. Kekutanga mubasa raDebussy resymphonic, mufananidzo unofadza werudzi (chikamu chechipiri cheNocturnes - "Mitambo") nemifananidzo yezvisikwa zvakapfuma mumavara (chikamu chekutanga - "Makore") yakagamuchira mufananidzo wakajeka wemimhanzi.

Munguva ye90s, Debussy akashanda pane yake yega opera yakapera, Pelléas et Mélisande. Munyori akanga achitsvaka zano pedyo naye kwenguva yakareba (Akatanga uye akasiya basa pa opera "Rodrigo naJimena" zvichienderana nenhamo yaCorneille "Sid". Basa racho rakaramba risina kupera, sezvo Debussy aivenga (mumashoko ake pachake) "kuiswa kwechiito", kusimudzira kwayo kwakasimba, kwakasimbisa kuratidza kunobata kwemanzwiro, neushingi akatsanangura mifananidzo yezvinyorwa zvemagamba.) uye pakupedzisira akagadzika pamutambo weBelgian symbolist munyori Maurice Maeterlinck "Pelléas et Mélisande". Pane chiito chidiki chekunze mubasa iri, nzvimbo yaro nenguva hazvimboshanduki. Kutariswa kwese kwemunyori kwakanangana nekutamiswa kwehunyambiri hwepfungwa nuances mune zviitiko zvevatambi: Golo, mukadzi wake Mélisande, Golo mukoma waPelléas6. Chirongwa chebasa iri chakakwezva Debussy, mumashoko ake, nechokwadi chokuti mairi "vatambi havapopote, asi vanotsungirira hupenyu uye kuguma." Kuwanda kwemashoko maduku, pfungwa, sokunge kuti, “kumene” kwakaita kuti zvibvire kuti munyori azive chirevo chake chinoti: “Mumhanzi unotangira apo shoko risina simba.”

Debussy akachengetwa mu opera chimwe chezvakakosha zveakawanda emadhirama aMaeterlinck - kutongwa kunouraya kwevatambi pamberi peiyo isingadzivisike inouraya denouement, kusatenda kwemunhu mukufara kwake. Mune iri basa raMaeterlinck, magariro uye aesthetic maonero echikamu chakakosha che bourgeois intelligentsia pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX aive akajeka. Romain Rolland akapa nzvero yakarurama zvikuru yenhau nenzanga yomutambo wacho mubhuku rake rinonzi “Musicians of Our Days”: “Mamiriro ezvinhu umo mutambo waMaeterlinck unotanga kuzvininipisa kunoneta kunopa chido chokurarama musimba reRombo. Hapana chinogona kushandura kurongeka kwezviitiko. […] Hapana ane mutoro wezvaanoda, pane zvaanoda. […] Vanorarama uye vanofa vasingazive chikonzero nei. Uku kupenga, kunoratidza kuneta kwevakuru vezvemweya veEurope, kwakafambiswa nenzira inoshamisa nemimhanzi yaDebussy, iyo yakawedzera kwairi nhetembo uye runako rwenyama ... ". Debussy, kune imwe nhanho, akakwanisa kupfavisa runyararo rwekusavimbika kwemutambo nenzwi rakadzikama uye rakadzora, kutendeseka uye chokwadi mumumhanzi mufananidzo wenhamo chaiyo yerudo negodo.

Iyo stylistic novelty yeopera inonyanya kukonzerwa nekuti yakanyorwa neprose. Zvikamu zvezwi zveDebussy's opera zvine zvinyoro zvinyoro uye nuances yecolloquial French kutaura. Iyo melodic kuvandudza kwe opera zvishoma nezvishoma (pasina kusvetuka panguva refu), asi inoratidzira melodious-declamatory mutsara. Kuwanda kwekesari, mutinhimira wakasiyana-siyana uye kuchinja nguva dzose mukuita manzwi kunobvumira munyori kuti ataure nemazvo uye nemazvo zvinorehwa nechero mutsara weprose nemimhanzi. Chero kukwidziridzwa kwemanzwiro mumutsara we melodic hakupo kunyangwe muzviitiko zvinoshamisa zve opera. Panguva yekutambudzika kukuru kwechiito, Debussy anoramba akatendeka kumusimboti wake - kuzvidzora kwakanyanya uye kusavapo kwakakwana kwekuratidzwa kwekunze kwekunzwa. Nokudaro, chiitiko chePelléas achizivisa rudo rwake kuna Melisande, zvinopesana netsika dzose dzekushanda, rinoitwa pasina chero kukanganisa, sekunge mu "hafu-zeve". Chiitiko cherufu rwaMélisande chinogadziriswa nenzira imwecheteyo. Kune akati wandei ezviitiko mu opera apo Debussy akakwanisa kuburitsa nenzira inoshamisa inoshamisa nzira yakaoma uye yakapfuma yemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzezviitiko zvevanhu: chiitiko chine mhete pachitubu muchiito chechipiri, chiitiko chine bvudzi raMélisande chechitatu, chiitiko patsime rechina uye chiitiko cherufu rwaMélisande muchiito chechishanu.

Opera yakaitwa musi waApril 30, 1902 paComic Opera. Kunyangwe kuita kwakanakisa, opera haina kunyatsobudirira nevateereri vakawanda. Kutsoropodza kwaiwanzosava noushamwari uye kwakazvibvumira kurwiswa kwakapinza uye kwoutsinye pashure pemitambo yokutanga. Vaimbi vakuru vashoma ndivo vakaonga kunaka kweiri basa.

Mushure mekuita Pelléas, Debussy akaedza kanoverengeka kunyora maopera akasiyana mumhando uye maitiro kubva kune yekutanga. Libretto yakanyorerwa maopera maviri anoenderana nengano dzakavakirwa paEdgar Allan Poe - Rufu rweImba yaEscher uye Dhiyabhorosi muBell Tower - mifananidzo yakagadzirwa, iyo yakaparadzwa nemunyori nguva pfupi asati afa. Zvakare, chinangwa chaDebussy chekugadzira opera yakavakirwa pachiitiko chenjodzi yaShakespeare King Lear haina kuitika. Mushure mekusiya misimboti yehunyanzvi yePelléas et Mélisande, Debussy haana kuzombokwanisa kuzviwana ari mune mamwe marudzi emimhanzi ari padyo netsika dzeFrench classical opera uye theatre dramaturgy.

1900-1918 - iyo yepamusoro yeDebussy yekugadzira maruva. Mumhanzi-unokosha chiitiko. Nguva pfupi Pelléas asati agadzirwa, chiitiko chakakosha chakaitika muhupenyu hwaDebussy - kubva 1901 akave nyanzvi yemhanzi mutsoropodzi. Ichi chiitiko chitsva kwaari chakaenderera mberi mukati me1901, 1903 uye 1912-1914. Zvinyorwa zvakakosha uye zvirevo zveDebussy zvakaunganidzwa naye muna 1914 mubhuku "Mr. Krosh anorwisa-amateur ”. Chiitiko chakakosha chakabatsira mukuumbwa kwemaonero aDebussy, maitiro ake ehunyanzvi. Zvinotibvumira kutonga maonero emunyori anofambira mberi pamabasa eunyanzvi mukuumbwa kwevanhu, pamafungiro ake kune unyanzvi hwekare uye hwemazuva ano. Panguva imwecheteyo, hazvisi pasina imwe-sidedness uye kusawirirana mukuongororwa kwezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana uye mukunaka kwekutonga.

Debussy anopikisa zvine mutsindo rusaruro, kusaziva uye dilettantism izvo zvinotonga kushoropodzwa kwemazuva ano. Asi Debussy zvakare anopokana neakasarudzika, ongororo yehunyanzvi kana uchiongorora basa remimhanzi. Anodzivirira semhando huru uye chiremerera chekutsoropodza - kutapurirana kwe "kuperera, kwechokwadi uye kubva pamwoyo". Basa guru rekutsoropodza kwaDebussy ndiko kurwisana ne "academism" yemasangano ehurumende yeFrance panguva iyoyo. Anoisa tsinhiro dzakapinza uye dzakaipa, dzakanyanya kunaka nezveGrand Opera, uko "zvishuwo zvakanakisa zvinoroverwa pamadziro akasimba uye asingaparare etsika dzakasindimara dzisingatenderi chero rudzi rwemwaranzi inopenya kupinda."

Mamiriro ake ekunaka uye maonero anonyatso kuratidzwa muzvinyorwa zvaDebussy uye bhuku. Chimwe chezvinonyanya kukosha ipfungwa yemunyori kune nyika yakamupoteredza. Anoona kunobva mimhanzi mumasikirwo: "Mimhanzi iri padyo nemasikirwo ...". "Vaimbi chete ndivo vane rombo rekugamuchira nhetembo dzeusiku nemasikati, pasi nedenga - vachigadzirazve mhepo uye mutinhimira wekudedera kukuru kwechisiko." Aya mazwi pasina kupokana anoratidza imwe divi-rimwe rekuona kweanoyevedza kwemunyori pamusoro pebasa rakasarudzika remimhanzi pakati pemamwe marudzi eunyanzvi.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, Debussy akataura kuti unyanzvi hahufaniri kuganhurirwa kudenderedzwa nhete repfungwa dzinosvikwa kunhamba yakaganhurirwa yevateereri: “Basa remunyori wenziyo harisi rokuvaraidza vashomanana vevadi venziyo “vakavhenekerwa” kana nyanzvi.” Zvinoshamisa kuti zvakataurwa naDebussy nezve kushatiswa kwetsika dzenyika muhunyanzvi hweFrance pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX: "Munhu anogona kungozvidemba kuti mimhanzi yechiFrench yakateedzera nzira dzakaita kuti ibve pahunhu hwakasarudzika hwechiFrench sekujeka kwekutaura." , kunyatsojeka uye kugadzikana kwechimiro. Panguva imwecheteyo, Debussy aipesana nemiganhu yenyika muunyanzvi: "Ndinonyatsoziva dzidziso yekutsinhana mahara mune zveunyanzvi uye ndinoziva izvo zvakakosha mhedzisiro iyo yakatungamira." Kushambadzira kwake kwakadzama kwehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi yeRussia muFrance ndiyo humbowo hwakanakisa hwedzidziso iyi.

Basa revanyori vakuru veRussia - Borodin, Balakirev, uye kunyanya Mussorgsky naRimsky-Korsakov - rakadzidzwa zvakanyanya naDebussy kumashure kwe90s uye rakave nerumwe simba pane zvimwe zvemaitiro ake. Debussy akanyanya kufadzwa nekupenya uye neruvara rwemifananidzo yeRimsky-Korsakov's orchestral kunyora. “Hapana chinogona kuburitsa runako rwemadingindira uye kuyevedza kwevaimbi,” akanyora kudaro Debussy nezvemumhanzi waRimsky-Korsakov weAntar. Mumabasa eDebussy's symphonic, kune nzira dzekuimba dziri pedyo neRimsky-Korsakov, kunyanya, chirevo che "chakachena" timbres, kushandiswa kwakakosha kwezviridzwa zvega, nezvimwewo.

Munziyo dzaMussorgsky uye opera Boris Godunov, Debussy akatenda zvakadzama zvepfungwa zvemimhanzi, kukwanisa kwayo kuratidza hupfumi hwose hwenyika yemweya. “Hapana ati asvika kune akanakisisa matiri, kumanzwiro ounyoro uye akadzama,” tinowana mumashoko omunyori. Mushure mezvo, mune akati wandei enziyo dzaDebussy uye mu opera Pelléas et Mélisande, munhu anogona kunzwa kufurirwa kwemutauro waMussorgsky unonyatso kutaura uye unochinjika, uyo unoburitsa zvinyoro zvisinganzwisisiki zvekutaura kwevanhu nerubatsiro rwekudzokorodza kunorira.

Asi Debussy aingoona zvimwe zvemaitiro uye nzira yevakuru veRussia maartist. Akanga ari mutorwa kune demokrasi uye tsika yekupomera mhosva mubasa raMussorgsky. Debussy yakanga iri kure neyakadzama yehunhu uye huzivi hwakakosha zvirongwa zveRimsky-Korsakov's operas, kubva kunogara uye kusinga patsanurwe kubatana pakati pebasa revanyori ava nekwakabva vanhu.

Zvimiro zvekusapindirana kwemukati uye kumwe-kudivi rimwe mukuita kwaDebussy kwakakosha kwakaratidzwa mukusakoshesa kwake kuri pachena kwebasa renhoroondo uye kukosha kwehunyanzvi hwebasa revanyori vakadai saHandel, Gluck, Schubert, Schumann.

Mutsinhiro dzake dzokutsoropodza, Debussy pane dzimwe nguva aitora nzvimbo dzakanakisisa, achikarakadza kuti “mimhanzi masvomhu asinganzwisisiki, ayo mativi ayo anobatanidzwa mukusaguma.”

Achitaura muzvinyorwa zvakati wandei achitsigira pfungwa yekugadzira nhandare yemitambo yevanhu, Debussy anenge achiratidza panguva imwe cheteyo pfungwa inokatyamadza yekuti "unyanzvi hwepamusoro ndiro magumo evakuru vemweya chete." Uku kusanganiswa kwemaonero edemocracy uye inozivikanwa aristocracy yaive yakajairika yeFrench artic intelligentsia pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX.

Makore ekuma1900 ndiyo nhanho yepamusoro-soro mubasa rekugadzira remunyori. Mabasa akagadzirwa naDebussy panguva ino anotaura nezvemaitiro matsva ekugadzira uye, kutanga kwezvose, kubva kwaDebussy kubva kune aesthetics yekufananidzira. Muimbi wacho anowedzera kukwezvwa nemhando dzemitambo, mifananidzo yemimhanzi uye mifananidzo yezvakasikwa. Pamwe chete nemisoro mitsva uye marongero, maficha echimiro chitsva anoonekwa mubasa rake. Uchapupu hweizvi ndimabasa epiyano akadai se "An Evening in Grenada" (1902), "Gardens in the Rain" (1902), "Island of Joy" (1904). Muzvinyorwa izvi, Debussy anowana hukama hwakasimba nekwakabva mimhanzi yenyika (mu "An Manheru muGrenada" - neSpanish folklore), inochengetedza rudzi rwemimhanzi mumhando yekuramba kutamba. Mavari, munyori anowedzera kuwedzera chiyero chetimbre-ruvara uye hunyanzvi kugona kwepiyano. Anoshandisa kukwenenzverwa kwemavara anochinja-chinja mukati meruzha rwumwe chete kana kuti kubatanidza misiyano yakapinza. Rhythm mune izvi zvinyorwa zvinotanga kuita basa rinowedzera kuratidza mukugadzira mufananidzo wehunyanzvi. Dzimwe nguva inoshanduka-shanduka, yemahara, inenge yekuvandudza. Panguva imwecheteyo, mumabasa emakore aya, Debussy anoratidza chishuwo chitsva chesangano rakajeka uye rakasimba rerhythmic yezvese zvakaumbwa nekudzokorora kudzokorora "musimboti" mumwechete mukati mebasa rose kana chikamu chayo chikuru (prelude in A minor, "Garden in the Rain", "Manheru muGrenada", uko rhythm yehabanera ndiyo "musimboti" wekuumbwa kwese).

Mabasa enguva ino anosiyaniswa neanoshamisa azere neropa maonero ehupenyu, akasatya akatsanangurwa, anenge anoonekwa, mifananidzo yakavharirwa mune inowirirana fomu. Iyo "impressionism" yemabasa aya inongori muchimiro chakakwirira chemavara, mukushandiswa kwemavara eharmonic "glare uye mavara", mukutamba kusinganzwisisike kwetimbres. Asi nzira iyi haina kukanganisa kutendeseka kwemimhanzi yekuona kwemufananidzo. Zvinongowedzera kuwedzera.

Pakati pemabasa e symphonic akagadzirwa naDebussy mu900s, iyo "Gungwa" (1903-1905) uye "Mifananidzo" (1909) inomira, iyo inosanganisira yakakurumbira "Iberia".

Iyo suite "Gungwa" ine zvikamu zvitatu: "Pagungwa kubva mangwanani kusvika masikati", "Mutambo wemafungu" uye "Kukurukurirana kwemhepo negungwa". Mifananidzo yegungwa yakagara ichikwezva kutarisa kwevanyori vemaitiro akasiyana-siyana uye zvikoro zvenyika. Mienzaniso yakawanda yezvirongwa zvesymphonic zvinoshanda pamadingindira e“mugungwa” nevanyori vekuMadokero kweEurope zvinogona kutaurwa (kupfupikisa “Fingal’s Cave” naMendelssohn, zvikamu zvesymphonic kubva ku“The Flying Dutchman” naWagner, nezvimwewo). Asi mifananidzo yegungwa yakanyatsojeka uye yakanyatsozadzikiswa mumimhanzi yeRussia, kunyanya muRimsky-Korsakov (iyo symphonic mufananidzo Sadko, opera yezita rimwechete, iyo Scheherazade suite, kupindira kune yechipiri chiitiko cheOpera The Tale of Tsar Saltan),

Kusiyana neRimsky-Korsakov's orchestral works, Debussy anoisa mubasa rake kwete kuronga, asi mifananidzo chete uye yemavara mabasa. Anotsvaka kuratidza kuburikidza nemimhanzi kuchinja kwechiedza uye mavara pagungwa panguva dzakasiyana dzezuva, nyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzegungwa - dzakadzikama, dzakavhiringidzika uye dzine dutu. Mukuona kwemunyori wemifananidzo yegungwa, hapana zvachose vavariro dzakadaro dzinogona kupa chakavanzika cherima kune ruvara rwavo. Debussy inotongwa nechiedza chezuva chakajeka, mavara ane ropa rakazara. Muimbi ane ushingi anoshandisa zvese zviri zviviri rhythm yekutamba uye yakafara epic mapikicha kuti abudise mifananidzo yekuzorodza yemumhanzi.

Muchikamu chekutanga, mufananidzo wekumuka zvishoma nezvishoma-kudzikama kwegungwa mambakwedza, masaisai ane usimbe, kupenya kwezuva rekutanga pavari kunowedzera. Mavambo eorchestra emutambo uyu ane mavara akanyanya, uko, kuseri kwe "rustle" yetimpani, "kudonha" octaves yembira mbiri uye "chando" tremolo violin murejista yepamusoro, mazwi mapfupi emimhanzi kubva kuoboe. kuoneka sokupenya kwezuva pamasaisai. Kuonekwa kwekutamba rhythm hakuputsi runako rwerunyararo rwakakwana uye kufungisisa kwekurota.

Chikamu chinonyanya kusimba chebasa ndechechitatu - "Kukurukurirana kweMhepo neGungwa". Kubva pamufananidzo usingafambi, wakaoma nechando wegungwa rakadzikama pakutanga kwechikamu, chiyeuchidzo chekutanga, mufananidzo wedutu rinoitika. Debussy anoshandisa nzira dzese dzemimhanzi yekusimudzira uye kwakasimba kusimudzira - melodic-rhythmic, ine simba uye kunyanya orchestral.

Pakutanga kwekufamba, mapfupi motifs anonzwika anoitika muchimiro chenhaurirano pakati pemasero ane mabhesi maviri uye maviri oboes achipesana nekumashure kwemuffled sonority yebass drum, timpani uye tom-tom. Pamusoro pekubatana zvishoma nezvishoma kwemapoka matsva eorchestra uye kuwedzera kweyunifomu mumwanakomana, Debussy anoshandisa musimboti wekusimudzira mutinhi pano: achiunza mamwe madhanzi matsva ekutamba, anozadza jira rebasa nemusanganiswa unochinjika we akati wandei rhythmic. mapatani.

Kuguma kwekuumbwa kwese kunonzwisiswa kwete chete sekunakidzwa kwechinhu chegungwa, asi serwiyo rwechido kugungwa, zuva.

Zvakawanda muchimiro chekufananidzira che "Gungwa", nheyo dzekuimba, dzakagadzirira kuonekwa kwechigamba che symphonic "Iberia" - chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha uye zvepakutanga zveDebussy. Inorova nehukama hwayo hwepedyo nehupenyu hwevanhu veSpain, rwiyo rwavo uye tsika yekutamba. Mumakore ekuma900, Debussy akatendeuka kakawanda kune nyaya dzine chokuita neSpain: "Manheru muGrenada", inotangira "Gedhi reAlhambra" uye "The Interrupted Serenade". Asi "Iberia" iri pakati pemabasa akanakisa evanyori vakatora kubva muchirimo chisingaperi chemimhanzi yechiSpanish (Glinka mu "Aragonese Jota" uye "Nights muMadrid", Rimsky-Korsakov mu "Spanish Capriccio", Bizet mu "Carmen", Ravel mu "Bolero" uye vatatu, tisingatauri vanyori veSpanish de Falla naAlbeniz).

"Iberia" ine zvikamu zvitatu: "Mumigwagwa nemigwagwa yeSpain", "Zvinonhuhwirira zveusiku" uye "Mangwanani ezororo". Chikamu chechipiri chinoratidza mifananidzo yaDebussy yaanofarira yechisikigo, yakazadzwa nekunhuhwirira kwakasarudzika kwehusiku hweSpanish, "yakanyorwa" nemifananidzo yakapusa yemunyori, shanduko yekukurumidza yemifananidzo inopenya uye inonyangarika. Chikamu chekutanga nechetatu chinopenda mifananidzo yehupenyu hwevanhu muSpain. Kunyanya chine mavara chikamu chechitatu, chine nhamba huru yenziyo dzakasiyana-siyana uye kutamba nziyo dzeSpanish, izvo zvinogadzira mufananidzo unofadza wezororo revanhu rine mavara nekuchimbidzana nekukurumidza. Munyori mukurusa weSpain de Falla akataura izvi pamusoro peIberia: “Maungira emusha muchimiro chevavariro huru yebasa racho rose (“Sevillana”) anoratidzika kuva anobhururuka mumhepo yakachena kana kuti muchiedza chinodedera. Mashiripiti anodhaka ehusiku hweAndalusian, hupenyu hweboka remafaro, iro riri kutamba kune ruzha rwe "chikwata" chevanoridza magitare uye mabhanduri ... - zvese izvi zviri muchamupupuri mumhepo, zvave kuswedera, zvobva zvadzoreka. , uye fungidziro yedu inogara yakasvinura yakapofumadzwa nezvakanaka zvikuru zvemimhanzi inonyatsoratidza kutaura ine zvakawanda zvayo.”

Makumi gumi ekupedzisira muhupenyu hwaDebussy anosiyaniswa nekusingaperi kugadzira uye kuita chiitiko kusvika pakatanga Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Nzendo dzekonzati semutungamiri kuAustria-Hungary dzakaunza munyori mukurumbira kunze kwenyika. Akagamuchirwa noushamwari zvikuru muRussia muna 1913. Makonzati muSt. Petersburg neMoscow akabudirira zvikuru. Kusangana kwaDebussy nevaimbi vazhinji vekuRussia kwakawedzera kusimbisa kushamwaridzana kwake netsika dzemimhanzi dzeRussia.

Kutanga kwehondo kwakaita kuti Debussy asimuke mukufarira nyika. Mumashoko akadhindwa anozviti: “Claude Debussy muimbi wokuFrance.” Mamwe mabasa emakore aya anokurudzirwa nedingindira rekuda nyika: "Heroic Lullaby", rwiyo "Kisimusi yeVana Vasina Pekugara"; muchikamu chepiyano mbiri "White and Black" Debussy aida kuburitsa zvaaifunga nezvekutyisa kwehondo yemaimperiya. Ode kuFrance uye cantata Joan weArc yakaramba isina kuitika.

Mubasa reDebussy mumakore achangopfuura, munhu anogona kuwana akasiyana emhando dzaaive asati asangana nazvo. Mumhanzi wekamuri yezwi, Debussy anowana hukama hwedetembo rekare reFrance raFrancois Villon, Charles weOrleans nevamwe. Nevadetembi ava, anoda kuwana chitubu chekuvandudzwa kwechidzidzo uye panguva imwechete achipa mutero kuhunyanzvi hwekare hweFrance hwaagara achida. Mumunda wekamuri yekuridza mimhanzi, Debussy anotora kutenderera kwematanhatu sonatas ezviridzwa zvakasiyana. Zvinosuruvarisa, akakwanisa kunyora zvitatu chete - sonata ye cello uye piyano (1915), sonata yenyere, rudimbwa uye viola (1915) uye sonata ye violin uye piano (1916-1917). Muzvinyorwa izvi, Debussy anoomerera kune misimboti yekuumbwa kwe suite kwete kuumbwa kwe sonata, nekudaro kumutsidzira tsika dzevanyori vechiFrench vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Panguva imwecheteyo, nziyo idzi dzinopupurira kutsvagisa kusingaperi kwehunyanzvi hutsva, misanganiswa yemavara ezviridzwa (mu sonata yenyere, rudimbwa uye viola).

Kunyanya zvikuru zvakaitwa naDebussy mumakore gumi ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake mubasa repiyano: "Children's Corner" (1906-1908), "Toy Box" (1910), makumi maviri nemana preludes (1910 na1913), "Six Antique. Epigraphs” mumaoko mana (1914), zvidzidzo gumi nembiri (1915).

Iyo piano suite "Kona Yevana" yakatsaurirwa kumwanasikana waDebussy. Chishuvo chekuratidza nyika mumimhanzi kuburikidza nemeso emwana mumifananidzo yake yemazuva ese - mudzidzisi akasimba, chidhori, mufudzi mudiki, nzou yekutambisa - inoita kuti Debussy ashandise zvakanyanya ese emazuva ese ekutamba uye enziyo mhando, uye mhando dzemimhanzi yehunyanzvi. mune inotyisa, chimiro checaricatured - lullaby mu "The Elephant's Lullaby", rwiyo rwemufudzi mu "The Little Shepherd", dhanzi rekufamba-keke raive fashoni panguva iyoyo, mumutambo wezita rimwe chete. Padivi pavo, chidzidzo chakajairwa mu "Chiremba Gradus ad Parnassum" inobvumira Debussy kugadzira mufananidzo weanofamba-famba-mudzidzisi uye mudzidzi akafinhwa kuburikidza neakapfava karicature.

Debussy gumi nemaviri etudes akabatana neake kuyedza kwenguva refu mumunda wepiyano maitiro, kutsvaga mhando nyowani dzepiyano nzira uye nzira dzekutaura. Asi kunyange mumabasa aya, anoedza kugadzirisa kwete chete virtuoso chete, asiwo matambudziko anonzwika (yegumi etude inonzi: "Nekuda kwekusiyanisa sonorities"). Nehurombo, haasi ese emifananidzo yaDebussy akakwanisa kuisa pfungwa yehunyanzvi. Mamwe acho anodzorwa nenheyo inovaka.

Manotsi maviri ezvinyorwa zvake zvekutanga piyano anofanirwa kutorwa semhedziso yakakodzera kune yese nzira yekusika yeDebussy. Pano, sezvazvakaita, iyo inonyanya hunhu uye yakajairika maficha ehunyanzvi hwekuona nyika, nzira yekugadzira uye maitiro emunyori akaiswa. Denderedzwa rine huzere huzere hwedimikira uye detembo rebasa raDebussy.

Kusvikira mazuva ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake (akafa musi waMarch 26, 1918 panguva yekuputika kweParis neGermany), pasinei nechirwere chakakomba, Debussy haana kumisa kutsvaga kwake kwekusika. Anowana madingindira matsva uye marongero, achitendeukira kumhando dzechinyakare, uye anodzibvisa nenzira yakasarudzika. Kutsvaga kwese uku hakuna kumbokura muDebussy kuita magumo pachayo - "itsva nekuda kweitsva." Mumabasa uye zvirevo zvinotsoropodza zvemakore achangopfuura nezve basa revamwe vanyori vemazuva ano, anopokana asinganeti kushomeka kwemukati, kuomarara kwechimiro, kuoma nemaune kwemutauro wemimhanzi, hunhu hwevamiriri vazhinji vehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwekuWestern Europe mukupera kwechiXNUMX. uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Iye akataura nenzira yakarurama, kuti: “Somutemo wavose, vavariro ipi neipi yokuomesa chimiro nemanzwiro inoratidza kuti munyori haana chokutaura.” "Mimhanzi inova yakaoma pese paisipo." Pfungwa dzine hupenyu uye dzakasimukira dzemunyori dzinotsvaga hukama nehupenyu pasina kuneta kuburikidza nemhando dzemimhanzi isingadzivisirwe neakaoma kudzidza uye kuomarara kuoma. Zvishuviro izvi hazvina kugashira kuenderera mberi kubva kuna Debussy nekuda kwekumwe kudzikiswa kwenzvimbo yebourgeois munguva ino yenhamo, nekuda kwehudiki hwezvido zvekugadzira, hunhu kunyangwe hwevanyori vakuru sezvaakaita iye.

B. Ionin

• Piano mabasa eDebussy →
• Symphonic mabasa eDebussy →
• French mumhanzi impressionism →

Zvinyorwa:

opareta - Rodrigue naJimena (1891-92, havana kupera), Pelléas naMélisande (mutambo wenziyo mushure meM. Maeterlinck, 1893-1902, wakaitwa muna 1902, Opera Comic, Paris); ballet – Mitambo (Jeux, lib. V. Nijinsky, 1912, post. 1913, tr Champs Elysees, Paris), Kamma (Khamma, 1912, piano chibodzwa; orchestrated by Ch. Kouklen, final performance 1924, Paris), Toy Box (La boîte à joujoux, ballet yevana, 1913, yakarongerwa 2 fp., yakarongwa naA. Caplet, c. 1923); zvevaimbi voga, kwaya nekwaya - Daniel (cantata, 1880-84), Chitubu (Printemps, 1882), Dana (Invocation, 1883; piyano yakachengetedzwa uye zvikamu zvezwi), Prodigal Son (L'enfant prodigue, lyrical scene, 1884), Diana musango (cantata , yakavakirwa panyambo yehugamba yakaitwa naT. de Banville, 1884-1886, isati yapera), Iye Akasarudzwa (La damoiselle élue, nhetembo yelyric, yakavakirwa pachikamu chedetembo rakaitwa nanyanduri wechiRungu DG Rossetti, shanduro yechiFrench naG. Sarrazin, 1887-88), Ode kuFrance (Ode à la France, cantata, 1916-17, isati yapera, mushure mekufa kwaDebussy mifananidzo yakapedzwa uye yakadhindwa naMF Gaillard); yeorchestra - The Triumph of Bacchus (divertimento, 1882), Intermezzo (1882), Spring (Printemps, symphonic suite na2 o'clock, 1887; yakarongwa zvakare maererano nemirairo yaDebussy, French composer uye conductor A. Busset, 1907) , Nhanganyaya kuManheru eFaun ( Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune, zvichibva pane eclogue yezita rimwechete naS. Mallarme, 1892-94), Nocturnes: Makore, Festivities, Sirens (Nocturnes: Nuages , Fêtes; Sirènes, nekwaya yevakadzi; 1897-99 ), Gungwa (La mer, 3 symphonic sketches, 1903-05), Mifananidzo: Gigues (orchestration yakapedzwa naCaplet), Iberia, Spring Dances (Mifananidzo: Gigues, Ibéria, Rondes de printemps, 1906-12); yezviridzwa neokestra — Suite for cello (Intermezzo, c. 1880-84), Fantasia for piano (1889-90), Rhapsody for saxophone (1903-05, isina kupera, yakapedzwa naJJ Roger-Ducas, publ. 1919), Dhanzi (yerudimbwa nembira tambo orchestra, 1904), First Rhapsody ye clarinet (1909-10, pakutanga ye clarinet uye piano); chamber instrumental ensembles - piano trio (G-dur, 1880), tambo quartet (g-moll, op. 10, 1893), sonata yenyere, viola nembira (1915), sonata ye cello uye piano (d-moll, 1915), sonata yeviolin nepiyano (g-moll, 1916); yepiyano 2 maoko - Gypsy kutamba (Danse bohémienne, 1880), Arabesques maviri (1888), Bergamas suite (1890-1905), Zviroto (Rêverie), Ballad (Ballade muranda), Dhanzi (Styrian tarantella), Romantic waltz, Nocturne, Mazurka (ose 6 mitambo – 1890), Suite (1901), Prints (1903), Island of Joy (L'isle joyeuse, 1904), Masiki (Masques, 1904), Mifananidzo (Mifananidzo, 1st series, 1905; 2nd series, 1907), Vana Corner (Children's corner, piano suite, 1906-08), Makumi maviri nemana Preludes (1st notebook, 1910; 2nd notebook, 1910-13), Heroic lullaby (Berceuse héroïque, 1914; orchestral edition, 1914) Zvidzidzo (1915) nevamwe; yepiyano 4 maoko – Divertimento naAndante cantabile (c. 1880), symphony (h-moll, 1 awa, 1880, yakawanikwa uye yakatsikiswa muMoscow, 1933), Little Suite (1889), Scottish March paFolk Theme (Marche écossaise sur un thème populaire , 1891, yakanyorerwawo symphonic orchestra naDebussy), Six Antique Epigraphs (Six épigraphes antiques, 1914), nezvimwewo; ye2 pianos 4 maoko - Lindaraja (Lindaraja, 1901), Pachena uye nhema (En blanc et noir, suite yezvikamu zvitatu, 3); nokuda kwenyere - Nyere yePan (Syrinx, 1912); nokuda kwekwaya yecappella - Nziyo nhatu dzaCharles d'Orleans (1898-1908); yezwi nepiyano - Nziyo nerudo (nziyo naT. de Banville, P. Bourget, A. Musset, M. Bouchor, c. 1876), Nhatu dzerudo (nziyo naL. de Lisle, 1880-84), Nhetembo shanu naBaudelaire (1887 - 89), Forgotten ariettes (Ariettes oubliées, lyrics by P. Verlaine, 1886-88), Two romances (mashoko naBourget, 1891), Mimhanzi mitatu (mazwi naVerlaine, 1891), Lyric prose (Proses lyriques, lyrics by D. . , 1892-93), Nziyo dzeBilitis (Chansons de Bilitis, mashoko aP. Louis, 1897), Nziyo nhatu dzeFrance (Trois chansons de France, mashoko aC. Orleans naT. Hermite, 1904), Mabhara matatu pa mashoko acho. F. Villon (1910), Nhetembo nhatu naS. Mallarmé (1913), Kisimusi yevana vasisina pekugara (Noël des enfants qui n'ont plus de maison, lyrics by Debussy, 1915), nezvimwewo; mimhanzi yemitambo yemitambo yemitambo – King Lear (zvikeche nemifananidzo, 1897-99), The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian (mimhanzi ye oratorio-chakavanzika chezita rimwechete naG. D'Annunzio, 1911); zvinyorwa - inoshanda naKV Gluck, R. Schumann, C. Saint-Saens, R. Wagner, E. Satie, PI Tchaikovsky (3 kutamba kubva kubhallet "Swan Lake"), nezvimwewo.