Béla Bartók (Béla Bartók) |

Béla Bartók

Kana vanhu venguva yemberi vakamboda kuziva kuti murume wenguva yedu akarwa uye akatambura sei uye kuti akazowana sei nzira yekusunungurwa pamweya, kuwirirana uye rugare, akawana kutenda maari uye muhupenyu, saka, achireva muenzaniso waBartok. , vachawana chakanakira kusimba kusingazununguki uye muenzaniso wekukura kwegamba remweya wemunhu. B. Sabolchi

B. Bartok, muimbi wekuHungary, piano, mudzidzisi, nyanzvi yemimhanzi uye folklorist, ndeweboka renyeredzi revaimbi vakatanhamara vemakore matatu. pamwe chete naC. Debussy, M. Ravel, A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky, P. Hindemith, S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich. Kuvamba kweunyanzvi hwaBartok kwakabatana nekudzidza kwakadzama uye kusimudzira kwekugadzira kweakapfuma ngano yeHungary nevamwe vanhu vekuEastern Europe. Kunyura kwakadzama muzvinhu zvehupenyu hwevarombo, kunzwisiswa kwehunyanzvi uye hutsika uye hutsika hupfumi hwehunyanzvi hwechivanhu, kunzwisisa kwavo kwehuzivi mune zvakawanda kwakaumba hunhu hwaBartok. Akave kune vemazuva ano uye vazukuru muenzaniso wekuvimbika kwakashinga kune zvinangwa zvehumanism, democracy uye internationalism, kusateerera kune kusaziva, barbarism uye mhirizhonga. Basa raBartok rairatidza kurovera kwakashata uye kusiririsa kwepanguva yake, kuoma uye kusapindirana kwenyika yemweya yenguva yake, kukurumidza kukura kwehunyanzvi tsika yenguva yake. Nhaka yaBartók semunyori yakakura uye inosanganisira marudzi akawanda: 3 danho rinoshanda (one-act opera uye 2 ballets); Symphony, symphonic suites; Cantata, 3 concerto for piyano, 2 ye violin, 1 ye viola (isina kupera) ne orchestra; nhamba huru yezvinyorwa zvezvakasiyana siyana zviridzwa uye mimhanzi yekamuri ensembles (kusanganisira 6 tambo quartets).

Bartok akaberekerwa mumhuri yemukuru wechikoro chekurima. Hudiki hwakapfuura mumhepo yekugadzira mimhanzi yemhuri, pazera ramakore matanhatu amai vake vakatanga kumudzidzisa kuridza piyano. Mumakore akatevera, vadzidzisi vomukomana wacho vakanga vari F. Kersh, L. Erkel, I. Hirtle, kukura kwake mumhanzi mukuyaruka kwakapesvedzerwa noushamwari naE. Donany. Bela akatanga kuumba mimhanzi pazera re9, makore maviri gare gare akatanga uye akabudirira kwazvo kuita pamberi peruzhinji. Muna 1899-1903. Bartok mudzidzi paBudapest Academy of Music. Mudzidzisi wake mupiyano aiva I. Toman (mudzidzi weF. Liszt), mukunyora - J. Kessler. Mumakore ake emudzidzi, Bartok akaita zvakawanda uye nekubudirira kukuru semuimbi wepiyano, uye akagadzirawo nziyo dzakawanda umo kufurirwa kwevaimbi vake vaaida panguva iyoyo kunoonekwa - I. Brahms, R. Wagner, F. Liszt, R. Strauss. Mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza kubva kuAcademy of Music, Bartok akaita nzendo dzakawanda dzekonzati kuWestern Europe. Kubudirira kukuru kwekutanga kwaBartók semunyori kwakaunzwa nesymphony yake Kossuth, iyo yakatanga muBudapest (1904). Iyo Kossuth symphony, yakafemerwa nemufananidzo wegamba reHungarian National Liberation Revolution ye1848, Lajos Kossuth, yaive nemafungiro enyika-ekuda nyika yemunyori wechidiki. Paaiva jaya, Bartok akaziva basa rake rekuguma kwenyika yake uye unyanzvi hwenyika. Mune imwe yetsamba dzake kuna amai vake, iye akanyora, kuti: “Munhu mumwe nomumwe, akura, anofanira kuwana chaanoda kuti arwire, ape simba rake rose nomubato kwachiri. Kana ndirini, hupenyu hwangu hwose, kwose kwose, nguva dzose uye nenzira dzose, ndichashumira chinangwa chimwe chete: kunaka kweamai uye vanhu veHungary "(1903).

Basa rinokosha mukuguma kwaBartok rakatambidzwa nehushamwari hwake uye kushandira pamwe kwekugadzira naZ. Kodaly. Ave kuziva nzira dzake dzekuunganidza nziyo dzechivanhu, Bartok akaita rwendo rwekune dzimwe nyika muzhizha ra1906, achirekodha nziyo dzechiHungary neSlovakia mumisha nemisha. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, basa raBartók resayenzi uye folkloristic rakatanga, iro rakapfuurira muupenyu hwake hwose. Kudzidzwa kwengano dzekare dzevarimi, dzakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune yakakurumbira Hungarian-gypsy maitiro everbunkos, yakave shanduko mukushanduka kwaBartók semunyori. Hutsva hwepakutanga hwerwiyo rwekare rwechiHungary rwakashanda sechikurudziro kwaari kuti avandudze matauriro, mutinhimira, uye maitirwo emimhanzi. Basa rokuunganidza raBartók naKodály rakanga richikoshawo munzanga. Huwandu hwezvido zvetsika dzaBartók uye geography yenzendo dzake dzakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Muna 1907, Bartók akatangawo basa rake rokudzidzisa sapurofesa paBudapest Academy of Music (kirasi yepiyano), iyo yakapfuurira kusvikira 1934.

Kubva pakupera kwema1900 kusvika kumavambo ekuma20. mubasa raBartok, nguva yekutsvaga kwakasimba inotanga, yakabatana nekuvandudzwa kwemutauro wemimhanzi, kuumbwa kwemaitiro emunyori wake. Yakanga yakavakirwa pamubatanidzwa wezvinhu zvetsika dzemarudzi akawanda uye hunyanzvi hwemazuva ano mumunda wemodhiyo, kuwirirana, mutinhimira, mutinhimira, uye nzira dzine mavara dzemimhanzi. Mafungiro matsva ekugadzira akapihwa nekuzivana nebasa raDebussy. Chiverengero chepiyano opus chakava rudzi rwerabhoritari yenzira yemunyori (14 bagatelles op. 6, dambarefu rekugadziridzwa kwenziyo dzechiHungary neSlovak - "Kuvana", "Allegro barbare", nezvimwewo). Bartók anotendeukirawo kuochestra, chamber, uye nhanho dzemhando (2 orchestral suites, 2 pendi yeorchestra, opera The Castle of Duke Bluebeard, the ballet The Wooden Prince, the pantomime ballet The Wonderful Mandarin).

Nguva dzekuita kwakanyanya uye kwakasiyana-siyana kwakadzokororwa kwakatsiviwa nematambudziko echinguvana aBartók, chikonzero chayo chainyanya kusava nehanya neruzhinji kumabasa ake, kutambudzwa kwekushoropodzwa kusinganzwisisike, izvo zvisingatsigiri kutsvaga kweushingi kwemunyori - zvakanyanya uye zvepakutanga uye. innovative. Kufarira kwaBartók mutsika yemimhanzi yevanhu vavakidzani kanopfuura kamwe kwakamutsa kurwiswa kwakashata kubva kune chauvinistic Hungarian press. Kufanana nenhamba zhinji dzinofambira mberi dzetsika dzeEurope, Bartok akatora chinzvimbo chekurwisa hondo panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Panguva yekuumbwa kweHungarian Soviet Republic (1919), pamwe chete naKodaly naDonany, akanga ari nhengo yeMusical Directory (yaitungamirirwa naB. Reinitz), iyo yakaronga kuchinja kwehutongi hwemagariro emimhanzi uye dzidzo munyika. Nokuda kwechiitiko ichi pasi pehurumende yeHorthy, Bartok, kufanana nevamwe vake, akadzvinyirirwa nehurumende uye hutungamiri hweAcademy of Music.

Kuma20s. Chimiro chaBartok chiri kusimukira zvinooneka: iyo constructivist kuomarara, kukakavara uye kuomarara kwemutauro wemimhanzi, hunhu hwebasa re10s - kutanga 20s, kubva pakati pemakore gumi aya kunopa nzira yekuwirirana kukuru kwemafungiro, chishuwo chekujekesa, kuwanikwa. uye laconism yekutaura; basa rinokosha pano rakaitwa nekukwezva kwemunyori kune hunyanzvi hwevaroque masters. Mumakore makumi matatu. Bartok anouya kune yepamusoro-soro yekugadzira kukura, stylistic synthesis; ino ndiyo nguva yekugadzira mabasa ake akakwana: Secular Cantata (“Nine Magic Deer”), “Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta”, Sonatas for Two Pianos and Percussion, Piano and Violin Concertos, String Quartets (Nos. 30- 3), kutenderera kwezvimedu zvepiyano zvinodzidzisa "Microcosmos", etc. Panguva imwecheteyo, Bartok anoita nzendo dzakawanda dzekonzati kuenda kuWestern Europe uye USA. Muna 6, Bartok akashanyira USSR, uko nziyo dzake dzakasangana nechido chikuru. Basa resainzi nerengano rinoenderera mberi uye rinowedzera kushanda; Kubva 1929, Bartók ave achiita tsvakurudzo dzengano paHungarian Academy of Sciences. Mukupera kwema1934 mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika akaita kuti zvisaite kuti Bartók arambe ari munyika yake: kutaura kwake kwakasimba achipokana nerusaruraganda uye fascism mukudzivirira tsika uye democracy zvakava chikonzero chekutambudzwa kunoramba kuripo kwenyanzvi yehumanist nemaitiro ekuita muHungary. Muna 1930 Bartok akatamira kuU.SA nemhuri yake. Iyi nguva yehupenyu yakaratidzwa nekuoma kwepfungwa uye kuderera kwekuita kwekugadzira kunokonzerwa nekuparadzaniswa kubva kunyika yekwavo, kudiwa kwezvinhu, uye kusava nehanya nebasa remunyori kubva munharaunda yemimhanzi. Muna 1940, Bartok akarohwa nechirwere chakakomba chakakonzera kufa kwake nguva isati yakwana. Nekudaro, kunyangwe panguva iyi yakaoma yehupenyu hwake, akagadzira akati wandei enziyo dzinoshamisa, senge Concerto yeOrchestra, yechitatu Piano Concerto. Chishuvo chikuru chokudzokera kuHungary hachina kuitika. Makore gumi mushure mekufa kwaBartók, nharaunda yepasirese inofambira mberi yakakudza ndangariro yemuimbi ane mukurumbira - World Peace Council yakamukudza mushure mekufa kwake nemubairo weInternational Peace Prize. Muna July 1941, madota omwanakomana akatendeka weHungary akadzorerwa kunyika yokumusha kwavo; zvakasara zvemuimbi mukuru zvakavigwa pamakuva eFarkasket muBudapest.

Unyanzvi hwaBartok hunorova nemusanganiswa wemisimboti inosiyanisa zvakanyanya: simba rekutanga, kusununguka kwemanzwiro uye kungwara kwakasimba; dynamism, inopinza kutaura uye concentrated detachment; fungidziro dzakasimba, kukurumidza uye kujekesa kunovaka, chirango mukurongeka kwezvinhu zvemimhanzi. Achikwevera kumutambo wemakakatanwa, Bartók ari kure nekuve mutorwa kune lyricism, dzimwe nguva achiratidzira kusapusa kwemumhanzi wechinyakare, dzimwe nguva achikwevera kune yakakwenenzverwa kufungisisa, kudzika kwehuzivi. Bartok mutambi akasiya mucherechedzo wakajeka pane pianistic tsika yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Kutamba kwake kwakabata vateereri nesimba, panguva imwe chete, chido chayo uye kusimba kwaigara kuri pasi pekuda uye njere. Mafungiro edzidzo uye nheyo dzedzidziso dzaBartok, pamwe chete nezvakasiyana zvepiyano yake, zvakaratidzwa zvakajeka uye zvizere mumabasa evana nevechidiki, izvo zvakaumba chikamu chikuru chenhaka yake yekusika.

Achitaura pamusoro pekukosha kwaBartók patsika dzepasi pose, shamwari yake yaaishanda nayo Kodály akati: “Zita raBartók, pasinei nemisi yegore negore, chiratidzo chepfungwa huru. Chekutanga cheizvi kutsvaga chokwadi chakakwana muzvose zviri zviviri unyanzvi nesainzi, uye imwe yemamiriro ezvinhu eizvi ndiko kukomba kwetsika kunokwira pamusoro peutera hwose hwevanhu. Pfungwa yechipiri ndeyekusasarura maererano nemaitiro emarudzi akasiyana, vanhu, uye semugumisiro weizvi - kunzwisisana, uyezve hukama pakati pevanhu. Kupfuurirazve, zita rekuti Bartok rinoreva musimboti wekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi nezvematongerwo enyika, zvichibva pamweya wevanhu, uye kudiwa kwekuvandudzwa kwakadaro. Pakupedzisira, zvinoreva kuparadzira pesvedzero inobatsira yemimhanzi kune yakakura kwazvo strata yevanhu.

A. Malinkovsky