Alban Berg |

Alban Berg

Mweya, unowedzera kunaka sei, zvakadzika mushure medutu rechando. P. Altenberg

A. Berg ndeimwe yemhando dzekare dzemumhanzi wezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. - yaiva yechikoro chinonzi Novovensk, chakagadzirwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rakapoteredza A. Schoenberg, iyo yaisanganisirawo A. Webern, G. Eisler nevamwe. Berg, saSchoenberg, anowanzo kuverengerwa kutungamira kweAustro-German expressionism (uyezve, kumatavi ayo akakura kwazvo) nekuda kwekutsvaga kwake dhigirii rakanyanyisa rekutaura kwemutauro wemimhanzi. Mitambo yaBerg yainzi "madhirama emhere" nekuda kwechikonzero ichi.

Berg aiva mumwe wevaratidziri vemamiriro ezvinhu epanguva yake - dambudziko rinotyisa revanhu vebourgeois munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga uye makore akatangira kutanga kwefascism muEurope. Basa rake rinoratidzirwa nemafungiro ekutsoropodza munharaunda, kushorwa kwekutsoropodza kwe bourgeois mores, semafirimu eCh. Chaplin, tsitsi dzakanyanya kune "murume mudiki". Manzwiro ekushaya tariro, kushushikana, njodzi inowanzoitika kune yemanzwiro mavara emabasa ake. Panguva imwecheteyo, Berg munyori akafuridzirwa wenziyo akachengetedza muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. tsika yerudo yekunzwa, yakajairika yezana ramakore regumi nemapfumbamwe rakapfuura. Mafungu erwiyo anosimuka nekudonha, kufema kwakafara kweochestra huru, kutaura kwakanongedza kwezviridzwa zvetambo, kunetsana kwenyika, kuimba, kuzere neakawanda anoratidza nuances, inoumba iyo chaiyo yekurira kwemimhanzi yake, uye kuzara kwemazwi uku kunopesana kusava netariro, kunotyisa uye nhamo.

Berg akaberekerwa mumhuri yavaida mabhuku, vaifarira kuridza piyano, kuimba. Mukoma waCharlie aiita zvekuimba, uye izvi zvakaita kuti Alban wechidiki anyore nziyo dzakawanda achiperekedzwa nepiyano. Achida kuwana dzidzo yehunyanzvi mukuumbwa kwenziyo, Berg akatanga kudzidza achitungamirwa naSchoenberg, aive nemukurumbira semudzidzisi mutsva. Akadzidza kubva kumhando dzemhando yepamusoro, panguva imwe chete achiwana kugona kushandisa maitiro matsva emhando nyowani dzekutaura. Chaizvoizvo, kudzidziswa kwakatora kubva muna 1904 kusvika muna 1910, gare gare kutaurirana uku kwakakura kuva hushamwari hwepedyo hwekusika hwehupenyu.

Pakati pezvinyorwa zvekutanga zvakazvimiririra zveBerg muchimiro ndiPiano Sonata, ine mavara ane rima renziyo (1908). Zvisinei, mitambo yokutanga yenziyo dzacho haina kuita kuti vateereri vanzwe tsitsi; Berg, saSchoenberg naWebern, vakagadzira mukaha pakati pezvishuvo zvavo zvekuruboshwe uye zvinonaka zvechinyakare zveruzhinji.

Muna 1915-18. Berg akashanda muchiuto. Pakudzoka kwake, akatora chikamu mubasa reSosaiti yeZviitiko Zvepachivande, akanyora zvinyorwa, akanga akakurumbira somudzidzisi (akasvikirwa, kunyanya, nemuzivi weGermany akakurumbira T. Adorno).

Basa rakaita kuti munyori azivikanwe pasi rose rakanga riri opera Wozzeck (1921), iro rakatanga (mushure mekudzokorora ka137) muna 1925 muBerlin. Muna 1927 opera yakaitwa muLeningrad, uye munyori akauya kune yekutanga. Munyika yake, kuita kwaWozzeck kwakakurumidza kurambidzwa - mhepo yakasviba yakagadzirwa nekukura kweGerman fascism yakanga ichiwedzera zvinosiririsa. Mukushanda pa opera "Lulu" (yakavakirwa pamitambo yaF. Wedekind "Mudzimu Wepasi" uye "Bhokisi raPandora"), akaona kuti zvakanga zvisingachaitike kuti riite pachikuva, basa rakaramba risina kupera. Achinyatsonzwa ruvengo rwenyika yakapoteredza, Berg akanyora "rwiyo rwechikwekwe" mugore rekufa kwake - Violin Concerto "In Memory of an Angel".

Kwemakore makumi mashanu ehupenyu hwake, Berg akasika mabasa mashoma. Yakakurumbira zvikurusa yakanga iri opera Wozzeck neViolin Concerto; iyo opera "Lulu" inoitwawo zvakanyanya; "Lyrical Suite yeQuartet" (50); Sonata ye piano; Chamber concerto for piyano, violin uye 1926 mhepo zviridzwa (13), konzati aria "Waini" (pachiteshi naC. Baudelaire, rakashandurwa naS. George - 1925).

Mubasa rake, Berg akagadzira mhando nyowani dzekuita kweopera uye mabasa echiridzwa. Iyo opera "Wozzeck" yakanyorwa kubva pamutambo "Woizeck" naH. Buchner. "Pakanga pasina muenzaniso wekuumbwa mumabhuku eOpera enyika, iyo hero iyo yaiva munhu muduku, akadzvinyirirwa achiita mumamiriro ezuva nezuva, akakweverwa nekuzorora kunoshamisa zvakadaro" (M. Tarakanov). Murwi Wozzeck, uyo kaputeni wake ari kuzununguka, anoitisa ongororo dzecharlatan nachiremba anopenga, anoshandura chisikwa chinodhura chete - Marie. Kubviswa tariro yekupedzisira muhupenyu hwake husina maturo, Wozzeck anouraya Marie, mushure mezvo iye pachake anofira mumvura. Kuratidzira kwerangano rakadaro kwaiva chiito cheshurikidzo dzakapinza munzanga. Iko kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvekutyisa, naturalism, mazwi anosimudzira, zvinosuruvarisa zvakajairwa muopera zvaida kuvandudzwa kwemhando itsva dzemataurirwo ezwi - marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekudzokorora, hunyanzvi hwepakati pakati pekuimba nekutaura (Sprechstimme), hunhu hwemanzwi anotsemuka murwiyo. ; hypertrophy yemhando dzemimhanzi yemhando dzemazuva ese - nziyo, march, waltzes, polkas, nezvimwewo, uchichengetedza kuzara kwakafara kweorchestra. B. Asafiev akanyora nezve kuenderana kwechigadziriso chemumhanzi muWozzeck nepfungwa yepfungwa: “... Handizivi nezveimwe opera yemazuva ano iyo, kupfuura Wozzeck, yaizosimbisa chinangwa chemumhanzi semutauro wakananga wemanzwiro, kunyanya nechirongwa chinoshamisa chakadai sedhirama Buechner, uye nehungwaru uye nekunzwisisa kufukidzwa kwechirongwa nemimhanzi, sezvakaitwa naBerg.

Iyo Violin Concerto yakava nhanho nyowani munhoroondo yeiyi genre - yakapihwa zvinosiririsa hunhu hwerequiem. Iyo konzati yakanyorwa pasi pekufunga kwekufa kwemusikana wemakore gumi nemasere, saka yakagamuchira kutsaurirwa "Mundangariro yeMutumwa". Zvikamu zvekonsati zvinoratidza mifananidzo yehupenyu hupfupi hwemudiki uye kufa nekukurumidza. Iyo yekutanga inoburitsa manzwiro ehutete, fragility uye kumwe kusimuka; Scherzo, inofananidzira mafaro ehupenyu, yakavakirwa pamaungira ewaltzes, landnders, ine rwiyo rwechiCarinthian; Iyo cadenza inomiririra kuparara kwehupenyu, inotungamira kune yakajeka kutaura kwekupedzisira kwebasa; Kusiyana kwekwaya kunotungamirira kuchenese catharsis, iyo inofananidzirwa nekotesheni yeJS Bach's chorale (kubva kumweya cantata No. 60 Es ist genug).

Basa raBerg rine simba guru kune vanyori vezana remakore rechiXNUMX. uye, kunyanya, paSoviet - D. Shostakovich, K. Karaev, F. Karaev, A. Schnittke nevamwe.

V. Kholopova

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