Richard Strauss |

Richard Strauss

Strauss Richard. "Saka akadaro Zarathustra." Nhanganyaya

Ndinoda kuunza mufaro uye ndinohuda ini. R. Strauss

R. Strauss - mumwe wevanyori vakuru veGermany, kutendeuka kwemazana emakore XIX-XX. Pamwe chete naG. Mahler, akanga ariwo mumwe wevaperekedzi vakanakisisa venguva yake. Kubwinya kwakamuperekedza kubva paudiki kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwake. Hushingi hutsva hwemudiki Strauss hwakakonzera kurwiswa kwakanyanya uye nhaurirano. Mumakore 20-30. Makwikwi ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX evazvino maitiro akazivisa kuti basa remunyori nderechinyakare uye nderechinyakare. Nekudaro, zvisinei neizvi, mabasa ake akanakisa akapona makumi emakore uye akachengeta runako uye kukosha kwavo kusvika nhasi.

Muimbi wenhaka, Strauss akazvarwa uye akakurira munzvimbo yehunyanzvi. Baba vake vaive mutambi wenyanga akangwara uye vakashanda muMunich Court Orchestra. Amai vacho, vaibva kumhuri yemuridzi wedoro akapfuma, vaiva neruzivo rwakanaka rwemimhanzi. Muimbi weramangwana akagamuchira zvidzidzo zvake zvemimhanzi zvekutanga kubva kwaari paaiva nemakore mana. Mhuri yacho yakaridza mimhanzi yakawanda, saka hazvishamisi kuti tarenda remumhanzi romukomana rakazviratidza kare: pazera remakore matanhatu akagadzira mitambo yakawanda uye akaedza kunyora mhirizhonga ye orchestra. Panguva imwe cheteyo nezvidzidzo zvemumhanzi wepamba, Richard akatora kosi yejiminasi, akadzidza nhoroondo yehunyanzvi uye huzivi paYunivhesiti yeMunich. Muitisi weMunich F. Mayer akamupa zvidzidzo mukuwirirana, kuongorora fomu, uye kuimba. Kutora chikamu mune imwe orchestra yeamateur kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kugona zviridzwa, uye kuedza kwemunyori wekutanga kwakaitwa pakarepo. Zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi zvakabudirira zvakaratidza kuti hapana chikonzero chekuti murume wechidiki apinde muchengeti.

Nziyo dzekutanga dzaStrauss dzakanyorwa mukati mechimiro cherudo rwuri pakati nepakati, asi mutambi wepiyano akatanhamara uye kondakita G. Bülow, mutsoropodzi E. Hanslik na. I. Brahms akaona mavari chipo chikuru chejaya.

Pakurudziro yaBülow, Strauss anova mutsivi wake - mukuru wedare orchestra yaDuke weSaxe-Meidingen. Asi simba rinopisa remuimbi wechidiki rakanga rakazara mukati mematunhu, uye akabva muguta, achienda kunzvimbo yechitatu Kapellmeister kuMunich Court Opera. Rwendo rwokuenda kuItaly rwakasiya mhedziso yakajeka, inoratidzwa mune symphonic fantasy "Kubva kuItaly" (1886), kuguma kwakashata kwakakonzera kukakavara kukuru. Mushure memakore matatu, Strauss anoenda kunoshanda muWeimar Court Theatre uye, panguva imwe cheteyo nemitambo yemitambo, anonyora nhetembo yake yesymphonic Don Juan (3), iyo yakamuisa pamberi penzvimbo ine mukurumbira muhunyanzvi hwenyika. Bülow akanyora kuti: "Don Juan ..." yaive budiriro isina kumbonzwika." The Strauss orchestra kekutanga yakapenya pano nesimba remavara aRubens, uye mumhare inofara yenhetembo, vazhinji vakaziva kuzvimiririra kwemunyori wacho. Muna 1889-1889. Strauss anogadzira nhetembo dzinoverengeka dzakajeka dzesymphonic: "Til Ulenspiegel", "Saka Akataura Zarathustra", "Hupenyu hweGamba", "Rufu uye Kuvhenekerwa", "Don Quixote". Vakaratidza tarenda guru remunyori munzira dzakawanda: kupenya kunoshamisa, ruzha runopenya rwechikwata chevaimbi, kushinga kwemutauro wenziyo. Kusikwa kwe "Home Symphony" (98) kunopedza nguva ye "symphonic" yebasa raStrauss.

Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, munyori akazvipira kune opera. Kuedza kwake kwekutanga mumhando iyi ("Guntram" uye "Pasina Moto") inotakura zviratidzo zvesimba remukuru R. Wagner, uyo ane basa retitanic Strauss, mumashoko ake, ane "ruremekedzo rusingagumi".

Pakasvika mavambo ezana ramakore, mukurumbira waStrauss wakanga uchipararira munyika yose. Zvigadzirwa zvake zvemitambo naMozart naWagner zvinoonekwa semuyenzaniso. Semufambisi wesymphonic, Strauss akaenda kuEngland, France, Belgium, Holland, Italy neSpain. Muna 1896, tarenda yake yakakosheswa muMoscow, kwaakashanyira nemakonzati. Muna 1898, Strauss akakokwa kuchigaro chemutungamiriri weBerlin Court Opera. Anoita basa rinokosha muupenyu hwemimhanzi; inoronga mubatanidzwa wevanyori veGerman, inotorwa nemutungamiri weGeneral German Musical Union, inosuma bhiri pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanyori kuReichstag. Pano akasangana naR. Rolland naG. Hofmannsthal, mudetembi ane tarenda uye munyori wemitambo weAustria, waakanga ashanda naye kwemakore anenge 30.

Muna 1903-08. Strauss anogadzira iyo operas Salome (yakavakirwa pamutambo waO. Wilde) uye Elektra (zvichienderana nenjodzi naG. Hofmannsthal). Mavari, munyori anosunungurwa zvachose kubva kune simba raWagner.

Nyaya dzemubhaibheri uye dzekare mukududzirwa kwevamiriri vane mukurumbira veEuropean decadence vanowana ruvara rweumbozha uye runovhiringidza, dzinoratidza dambudziko rekuderera kwemagariro ekare. Mutauro wakashinga wemimhanzi waStrauss, kunyanya mu "Electra", apo munyori, mumashoko ake pachake, "akasvika kumiganhu yakanyanyisa ... yekukwanisa kuona nzeve dzemazuva ano," akakurudzira kushorwa kubva kuvatambi nevatsoropodzi. Asi nenguva isipi maopera acho ose akatanga kufora kwawo kwerukundo kumativi ose eEurope.

Muna 1910, kuchinja kwakaitika mubasa romunyori. Pakati pekuita kwemutyairi ane dutu, anogadzira iyo inonyanya kufarirwa yemitambo yake, Der Rosenkavalier. Kufurira kwetsika yeViennese, maitiro muVienna, ushamwari nevanyori veViennese, tsitsi dzenguva refu dzemimhanzi yezita rake Johann Strauss - izvi zvese zvaisagona asi kuratidzwa mumimhanzi. Opera-waltz, inofambiswa nerudo rweVienna, umo mafambiro anosekesa, makwikwi enyambo ane akavanzika, hukama hunobata pakati pemagamba erwiyo hwakapindirana, iyo Rosenkavalier yakabudirira yakanakisa pane yekutanga muDresden (1911) uye nekukurumidza akakunda matanho. yenyika dzakawanda, ichiva imwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa operas yeXX in.

Tarenda yaStrauss yeEpikuro inokura nehupamhi husati hwamboitika. Afadzwa nerwendo rurefu rwekuGreece, akanyora opera Ariadne auf Naxos (1912). Mariri, sezvakaita mune yakazogadzirwa operas Helena weEgypt (1927), Daphne (1940) uye The Love of Danae (1940), muimbi kubva pachinzvimbo chemuimbi wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. akapa mutero kumifananidzo yeGreece yekare, kuwirirana kwechiedza kwaive pedyo nemweya wake.

Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yakakonzera chauvinism muGermany. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, Strauss akakwanisa kuchengetedza rusununguko rwekutonga, ushingi uye kujeka kwepfungwa. Mirangariro yaRolland yekurwisana nehondo yakanga iri pedyo nomunyori, uye shamwari dzakazviwana dziri munyika dzinorwisana hadzina kuchinja rudo rwadzo. Munyori akawana ruponeso, nokubvuma kwake, mu“basa rokushingaira.” Muna 1915, akapedza iyo ine mavara Alpine Symphony, uye muna 1919, opera yake itsva yakaitwa muVienna kune libretto yaHofmannsthal, Mukadzi Asina Mumvuri.

Mugore rimwe chete, Strauss kwemakore mashanu anova mukuru weimwe yeakanakisa opera dzimba munyika - iyo Vienna Opera, mumwe wevatungamiriri veSalzburg mitambo. Pachiitiko chemakore makumi matanhatu ekuyeukwa kwemunyori, mitambo yakatsaurirwa kubasa rake yakaitwa muVienna, Berlin, Munich, Dresden nemamwe maguta.

Kugadzirwa kweStrauss kunoshamisa. Anogadzira mitsara yezwi yakavakirwa panhetembo naIV Goethe, W. Shakespeare, C. Brentano, G. Heine, "ballet inofara yeViennese" "Shlagober" ("Whipped cream", 1921), "comedy burgher ine symphonic interludes" opera. ” Intermezzo (1924), the lyrical musical comedy from Viennese life Arabella (1933), the comic opera The Silent Woman (yakavakirwa pachirongwa chaB. Johnson, pamwe chete naS. Zweig).

Nekuuya kwaHitler pakutonga, vaNazi vakatanga kutsvaga kutsvaga vanhu vane mukurumbira vetsika dzechiGerman mubasa ravo. Pasina kukumbira mvumo yemunyori, Goebbels akamugadza kuti ave mukuru weImperial Music Chamber. Strauss, asingatarisiri zvizere mhedzisiro yekufamba uku, akagamuchira chinzvimbo, achitarisira kupikisa zvakaipa uye kubatsira mukuchengetedza tsika dzeGerman. Asi vaNazi, vasina mhemberero nemunyori ane chiremera zvikuru, vakaronga mitemo yavo pachavo: vakarambidza rwendo rwokuenda kuSalzburg, uko vatorwa veGermany vakauya, vakatambudza munyori wekusununguka Strauss S. Zweig nokuda kwe "asiri-Aryan" mavambo, uye maererano ne izvi vakarambidza kuita kwe opera The Silent Woman. Muimbi wacho haana kukwanisa kudzora hasha dzake mutsamba yaakanyorera shamwari yake. Tsamba yacho yakavhurwa neGestapo uye somugumisiro, Strauss akakumbirwa kusiya basa. Zvisinei, kutarisa mabasa evaNazi nekunyangadza, Strauss haana kukwanisa kukanda mapfumo pasi. Haakwanisi kushanda naZweig zvakare, ari kutsvaga mutsva wemahara, waanogadzira operas Day of Peace (1936), Daphne, uye Danae's Love. Strauss 'yekupedzisira opera, Capriccio (1941), zvakare inonakidzwa nesimba rayo risingaperi uye kupenya kwekufemerwa.

Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, apo nyika yakanga yakafukidzwa nematongo, nhandare dzeMunich, Dresden, Vienna dzakaputsika pasi pebhomba, Strauss anoenderera mberi kushanda. Akanyora chidimbu chinochema chetambo "Metamorphoses" (1943), romances, imwe yaakatsaurira ku80th anniversary yeG. Hauptmann, orchestral suites. Mushure mekupera kwehondo, Strauss akagara muSwitzerland kwemakore akati wandei, uye manheru ekuzvarwa kwake makumi masere nemashanu akadzokera kuGarmisch.

Nhaka yekugadzira yaStrauss yakakura uye yakasiyana-siyana: maopera, ballet, nhetembo dzesymphonic, mimhanzi yemitambo inoshamisa, mabasa ekwaya, dzerudo. Munyori akafuridzirwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvinyorwa zvinyorwa: ava ndiF. Nietzsche naJB Moliere, M. Cervantes naO. Wilde. B. Johnson naG. Hofmannsthal, JW Goethe naN. Lenau.

Kuumbwa kwemaitiro eStrauss kwakaitika pasi pesimba reGerman musical romanticism yaR. Schumann, F. Mendelssohn, I. Brahms, R. Wagner. Kujeka kwekutanga kwemimhanzi yake kwakatanga kuzviratidza munhetembo ye symphonic "Don Juan", iyo yakazarura dura rose remabasa epurogiramu. Mavari, Strauss akagadzira nheyo dzepurogiramu symphonism yaG. Berlioz naF. Liszt, vachitaura shoko idzva munzvimbo iyi.

Muimbi akapa mienzaniso yepamusoro yekuumbwa kwechirevo chedetembo chakadzama chine chimiro chemimhanzi chakanyatsofungwa uye chakadzama. "Mimhanzi yechirongwa inokwira kusvika padanho rehunyanzvi kana mugadziri wayo ari muimbi ane kurudziro nehunyanzvi." Maopera eStrauss ari pakati peanonyanya kufarirwa uye anowanzoitwa mabasa ezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Kupenya kwemitambo, kuvaraidza (uye dzimwe nguva kunyongana) kwekupenga, kuhwina zvikamu zvezwi, zvine mavara, virtuoso orchestral mamakisi - zvese izvi zvinokwezva vatambi nevateereri kwavari. Ave neruzivo rwakadzama kubudirira kwepamusoro mundima yemhando yeopera (kunyanya Wagner), Strauss akagadzira mienzaniso yepakutanga yezvose zvinosuruvarisa (Salome, Electra) uye comic opera (Der Rosenkavalier, Arabella). Kunzvenga maitiro echinyakare mundima yemitambo yemitambo uye kuva nefungidziro huru yekugadzira, muimbi anogadzira maopera umo kusetsa uye nziyo, kuseka uye mutambo zvinokatyamadza asi zvakanyatsobatanidzwa. Dzimwe nguva Strauss, sekunge achiseka, anonyatso kusanganisa nguva dzakasiyana, achigadzira kunyongana kukuru uye kwemumhanzi ("Ariadne auf Naxos").

Nhaka yekunyora yaStrauss yakakosha. Mukuru mukuru wechikwata chevaimbi, akadzokorora uye akawedzera Berlioz's Treatise on Instrumentation. Bhuku rake rehupenyu hwehupenyu "Reflections and Reminiscences" rinonakidza, kune tsamba yakawanda nevabereki vake, R. Rolland, G. Bülov, G. Hofmannsthal, S. Zweig.

Kuita kwaStrauss semhanzi weopera uye symphony kunotora makore makumi matanhatu nemashanu. Akaimba muhoro dzemakonzati muEurope neAmerica, akaita mitambo yeopera munhandare dzeAustria neGermany. Kana toreva nezvehukuru hwetarenda rake, akafananidzwa nezvinopenya zveunyanzvi hwakondakita saF. Weingartner naF. Motl.

Achiongorora Strauss semunhu akasika, shamwari yake R. Rolland akanyora kuti: “Kuda kwake ndekweugamba, kunokunda, kuda uye kune simba kuhukuru. Izvi ndizvo zvakanakira Richard Strauss, izvi ndizvo zvaakasarudzika panguva ino. Inonzwa simba rinotonga vanhu. Aya ndiwo maitiro ehugamba anomuita mutsivi wechimwe chikamu chepfungwa dzaBeethoven naWagner. Izvi ndizvo zvinhu zvinomuita mumwe wevadetembi - pamwe mukuru weGermany yemazuva ano ... "

V. Ilyeva

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Richard Strauss mugadziri wehunyanzvi hwakasarudzika uye hukuru hwekugadzira chigadzirwa. Akanyora mimhanzi mumhando dzose (kunze kwemimhanzi yechechi). Muvambi ane ushingi, muvambi wemaitiro matsva mazhinji uye nzira dzemutauro wemimhanzi, Strauss ndiye musiki wezviridzwa zvepakutanga uye mafomu emitambo. Muimbi akagadzira mhando dzakasiyana dze classical-romantic symphonism mune imwe-fambo chirongwa symphonic nhetembo. Aiva nounyanzvi hwokutaura uye unyanzvi hwokumiririra.

Melodika Strauss akasiyana uye ariegated, yakajeka diatonic inowanzotsiviwa nechromatic. Munziyo dzemitambo yaStrauss, pamwe chete neGerman, Austrian (Viennese - mumakomedhi enziyo) ruvara rwenyika runooneka; conditional exoticism inotonga mune mamwe mabasa ("Salome", "Electra").

Nzira dzakanyatsosiyanisa mutinhimira. Kutya, kusagadzikana kwemisoro yakawanda inosanganiswa nekuchinja kunowanzoita mita, asymmetric zvivakwa. Iko kuzununguka kwemhepo isina kugadzikana sonorities inowanikwa ne polyphony yezvakasiyana rhythmic uye melodic zvivakwa, iyo polyrhythmicity yejira (kunyanya muIntermezzo, Cavalier des Roses).

Mu harmony munyori akatevera kubva kuna Wagner, achiwedzera kuyerera kwayo, kusava nechokwadi, kufamba uye, panguva imwe cheteyo, kubwinya, kusingaparadzanisiki kubva kune kujeka kunoratidza kwezviridzwa. Kuwirirana kwaStrauss kwakazadzwa nekunonoka, kunobatsira uye nekupfuura manzwi. Pakati payo, Strauss's harmonic kufunga ndeye tonal. Uye panguva imwecheteyo, sechinhu chakakosha chekuratidzira, Strauss akaunza chromatisms, polytonal overlays. Kuoma kwenzwi kwaiwanzomuka sechinhu chinosetsa.

Strauss akawana hunyanzvi hukuru mumunda rwiyo, kushandisa matanda ezviridzwa semavara anopenya. Mumakore ekusikwa kweElektra, Strauss akanga achiri mutsigiri wesimba uye kupenya kweiyo orchestra yakawedzera. Gare gare, kujeka kwakanyanya uye kuchengetedza mari kunove kwakanakira munyori. Strauss aive mumwe wekutanga kushandisa matanda ezviridzwa zvisingawanzo (alto flute, clarinet diki, heckelphone, saxophone, oboe d'amore, rattle, muchina wemhepo kubva kuimba yemitambo).

Basa raStrauss nderimwe rezviitiko zvakakura kwazvo pasi rose mimhanzi tsika yekupera kwe19th uye 20th century. Yakanyatsobatanidzwa netsika dzechinyakare uye dzerudo. Kufanana nevamiriri ve19th-century romanticism, Strauss akaedza kuisa pfungwa dzakaoma dzehuzivi, kuwedzera kutaura uye kuomarara kwepfungwa kwemifananidzo yenziyo, uye kugadzira mifananidzo inonyadzisa uye inotyisa. Panguva imwecheteyo, airatidza nekurudziro chido chepamusoro, simba rehugamba.

Achiratidza rutivi rwakasimba rwenguva yake yeunyanzvi - mweya wekutsoropodza uye chido chezvitsva, Strauss akawana migumisiro yakaipa yenguva, kupesana kwayo kusvika pamwero wakafanana. Strauss akagamuchira zvose Wagnerianism uye Nietzscheism, uye akanga asingashori kunaka uye frivolity. Munguva yekutanga yebasa rake rekusika, munyori akada manzwiro, akashamisa vanhu vanochengetedza, uye akaisa pamusoro pehungwaru hwose hwemhizha, tsika yakanatswa yebasa rekugadzira. Pakuoma kwese kwehunyanzvi hwepfungwa dzemabasa aStrauss, kazhinji vanoshaya mutambo wemukati, kukosha kwekupokana.

Strauss akapinda nekunyepedzera kwekunonoka kudanana uye akanzwa kureruka kwehunyanzvi hwepamberi perudo, kunyanya Mozart, waaida, uye pakupera kwehupenyu hwake akanzwa zvakare kukwezvwa nenziyo dzakadzika dzinopinda, dzisina kubva mukushamisira kwekunze uye kuwedzeredza kwekunaka. .

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