Evstigney Ipatovich Fomin |

Evstigney Fomin

E. Fomin mumwe wevaimbi veRussia vane tarenda rezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, avo kuedza kwavo kwakagadzira chikoro chenyika chemaimbi muRussia. Pamwe chete nevenguva yake - M. Berezovsky, D. Bortnyansky, V. Pashkevich - akaisa nheyo dzeRussia musical art. Mumaopera ake uye mumelodrama Orpheus, hupamhi hwezvido zvemunyori mukusarudzwa kwezvirongwa nemhando, kugona kwemhando dzakasiyana dzeiyo opera theatre yenguva iyoyo yakaratidzwa. Nhoroondo yakanga isina kunaka kuna Fomin, sezvazviri, kune vamwe vazhinji vanyori veRussia vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Mugumo wemuimbi ane tarenda wakanga wakaoma. Upenyu hwake hwakaguma pasina nguva, uye nokukurumidza pashure porufu rwake zita rake rakakanganwika kwenguva refu. Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zveFomin hazvina kupona. Munguva dzeSoviet chete kufarira basa remuimbi uyu anoshamisa, mumwe wevatangi veRussia opera, akawedzera. Kuburikidza nekuedza kwevasayendisiti veSoviet, mabasa ake akadzorerwa kuupenyu, mamwe mashoko mashoma kubva kuhupenyu hwake akawanikwa.

Fomin akaberekerwa mumhuri yepfuti (atillery musoja) weTobolsk Infantry Regiment. Akarasikirwa nababa vake kare, uye paaiva nemakore matanhatu, baba vake vokurera I. Fedotov, musoja weLife Guards reuto reIzmailovsky, akaunza mukomana kuAcademy of Arts. Kubvumbi 6, 21 Fomin akava mudzidzi wekirasi yekuvaka yeAcademy yakakurumbira, yakavambwa naEmpress Elizaveta Petrovna. Vese vane mukurumbira maartist ezana ramakore rechi 1767 vakadzidza ku Academy. – V. Borovikovsky, D. Levitsky, A. Losenko, F. Rokotov, F. Shchedrin nevamwe. Mukati memadziro eiyi sangano redzidzo, kutariswa kwakabhadharwa pakukura kwemimhanzi yevadzidzi: vadzidzi vakadzidza kuridza zviridzwa zvakasiyana, kuimba. Okhestra yakarongwa paAcademy, maopera, mabhareti, uye mitambo inoshamisa yakaitwa.

Kugona kwemumhanzi kwakajeka kwaFomin kwakazviratidza kunyangwe mumagiredhi ekutanga, uye muna 1776 Kanzuru yeAcademy yakatumira mudzidzi we "architectural art" Ipatiev (sekudaidzwa kwaiitwa Fomin panguva iyoyo) kuItaly M. Buini kuti adzidze mimhanzi yezviridzwa - kuridza mimhanzi. clavichord. Kubva muna 1777, dzidzo yeFomin yakaenderera mberi mumakirasi emimhanzi akavhurwa paAcademy of Arts, inotungamirirwa nemuimbi akakurumbira G. Paypakh, munyori we opera yakakurumbira The Good Soldiers. Fomin akadzidza dzidziso yemimhanzi uye zvekutanga zvekuumbwa naye. Kubva 1779, muimbi we harpsichord uye bhendi A. Sartori akava mudzidzisi wake wemimhanzi. Muna 1782 Fomin akapedza kudzidza kubva kuAcademy. Asi semudzidzi wekirasi yemimhanzi, aisakwanisa kupihwa menduru yegoridhe kana yesirivha. Kanzuru yakamuona chete nemubairo wemari we50 rubles.

Mushure mekupedza kudzidza kubva kuChikoro, semudyandigere, Fomin akatumirwa kuvandudzwa kwemakore matatu kuItaly, kuBologna Philharmonic Academy, iyo yakazoonekwa senzvimbo huru yemimhanzi muEurope. Ikoko, mukutungamirira kwaPadre Martini (mudzidzisi weMozart huru), uye ipapo S. Mattei (uyo G. Rossini naG. Donizetti vakadzidza naye gare gare), muimbi ane mwero wokuRussia iri kure akapfuuridzira dzidzo yake yokuimba. Muna 3, Fomin akagamuchirwa bvunzo yezita reacademician uye akapasa bvunzo iyi zvakakwana. Yakazara nesimba rekugadzira, ine musoro wepamusoro we "master of composition," Fomin akadzokera kuRussia mumatsutso e1785. Paakasvika, munyori akagamuchira murairo wekunyora opera "Novgorod Bogatyr Boeslaevich" kune libretto yaCatherine II pachake. . Kutanga kwe opera uye kutanga kwaFomin semunyori kwakaitika musi wa1786 Mbudzi 27 paHermitage Theatre. Zvisinei, Empress haana kufarira opera, uye izvi zvakanga zvakakwana kuti basa remuimbi wechidiki mudare rirege kuzadzikiswa. Munguva yekutonga kwaCatherine II, Fomin haana kugamuchira chero nzvimbo yepamutemo. Muna 1786 chete, makore matatu asati afa, akazogamuchirwa mubasa redhipatimendi remitambo somuperekedzi wezvikamu zveopera.

Hazvizivikanwe kuti hupenyu hwaFomin hwakafamba sei mumakore gumi apfuura. Zvisinei, basa rokusika romunyori rakanga richishanda. Muna 1787, akagadzira opera "Vadzidzisi paChirongwa" (kune chinyorwa chaN. Lvov), uye gore rakatevera 2 operas yakaonekwa - "Party, kana Guess, Guess the Girl" (mimhanzi uye mahara hazvina kuchengetedzwa) uye "VaAmerica". Vakateverwa ne opera Muroyi, Muroyi uye Mufananidzi (1791). Muna 1791-92. Basa rakanakisisa raFomin ndiro melodrama Orpheus (zvinyorwa naY. Knyaznin). Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, akanyora korasi yenjodzi yaV. Ozerov "Yaropolk naOleg" (1798), iyo opera "Clorida naMilan" uye "The Golden Apple" (c. 1800).

Fomin's opera zvinyorwa zvakasiyana mumhando. Heano maRussian comic operas, opera mumutauro weItaly buffa, uye imwe-chiito melodrama, apo munyori weRussia akatanga kutendeukira kune yakakwira inosuruvarisa dingindira. Kune imwe neimwe yemhando dzakasarudzwa, Fomin anowana nzira itsva, yega yega. Nokudaro, mumitambo yake yeRussian comic operas, kududzirwa kwezvinyorwa zvetsika, nzira yekugadzira zvinyorwa zvevanhu, inokwezva zvikuru. Rudzi rweRussia "choral" opera inonyatso kuratidzwa mune opera "Varairidzi pane Setup". Pano munyori anoshandisa zvakanyanya marudzi akasiyana-siyana enziyo dzechiRussia - kudhirowa, kutamba kwakatenderedza, kutamba, anoshandisa hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza izwi rezasi, juxtaposition yerwiyo wega uye choral refrain. The overture, muenzaniso unonakidza weyekutanga Russian chirongwa symphonism, yakavakirwa zvakare pakuvandudzwa kwemhando dzemadhanzi enziyo nziyo. Misimboti yekusimudzira symphonic, yakavakirwa pakusiyana kwemahara kwevavariro, ichawana kuenderera kwakafara mumhanzi wekirasi yeRussia, kutanga naM. Glinka's Kamarinskaya.

Mune opera inobva pane zvinyorwa zvefabulist yakakurumbira I. Krylov "VaAmerica" ​​Fomin akaratidza zvakajeka unyanzvi hwemaitiro e opera-buffa. Nheyo yebasa rake yaiva melodrama "Orpheus", yakaitwa muSt. Kuridza uku kwakavakirwa pamusanganiswa wekuverenga kunoshamisa nekuperekedzwa kweorchestra. Fomin akagadzira mimhanzi yakanakisa, izere nedutu nzira uye nekudzamisa pfungwa inoshamisa yemutambo. Inoonekwa sechinhu chimwe chete che symphonic chiitiko, nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza kwemukati, inotungamirwa kune yakajairwa kuguma kwe melodrama - "Dance of the Furies". Yakazvimirira symphonic nhamba (overture uye Dance of the Furies) gadzira melodrama senhanganyaya uye epilogue. Iwo chaiwo musimboti wekuenzanisa mimhanzi yakasimba yekupfuura, nziyo dzenziyo dziri pakati pekuumbwa, uye mhedziso ine simba inopupurira kunzwisisa kunoshamisa kwaFomin, uyo akagadzira nzira yekuvandudzwa kweRussian dramatic symphony.

Mutsindo wacho “wakaitwa kakawanda panzvimbo yemitambo uye waikodzera kurumbidzwa kukuru. VaDmitrevsky, vari mubasa raOrpheus, vakamupfekedza korona yechiito chake chinoshamisa,” tinorava murondedzero yeKnyaznin, yakatangwa nemabhuku ake akaunganidza. Musi waFebruary 5, 1795, kutanga kweOrpheus kwakaitika muMoscow.

Kuberekwa kwechipiri kwe melodrama "Orpheus" kwakaitika kare paSoviet. Muna 1947, yakaitwa munhevedzano yemakonzati ezvakaitika kare akagadzirwa neMuseum of Musical Culture. MI Glinka. Mumakore mamwechete, nyanzvi yemimhanzi yeSoviet yakakurumbira B. Dobrokhotov yakadzorera chikamu cheOrpheus. Iyo melodrama yakaitwa zvakare mumakonzati akatsaurirwa kumakore makumi maviri nemakumi mashanu ekuyeukwa kweLeningrad (250) uye 1953th yegore rekuzvarwa kwaFomin (200). Uye muna 1961 yakatanga kuitwa kunze kwenyika, muPoland, pamusangano wemimhanzi yekutanga.

Kufara uye kwakasiyana-siyana kwekutsvaga kwekugadzira kwaFomin, mavambo akajeka etarenda rake anotitendera kuti tifunge nezvake iye muimbi mukuru weopera weRussia muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Nemaitiro ake matsva echiRussian ngano mu opera "Varairidzi paSeti-up" uye yekutanga kukwidza kune inosuruvarisa dingindira mu "Orpheus", Fomin akagadzira nzira yehunyanzvi hweopera yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

A. Sokolova