Sergey Alexandrovich Koussevitzky |

Serge Koussevitzky

Mufananidzo wakajeka watenzi wakasiiwa nemunyori wecellist wekuRussia G. Pyatigorsky: “Kwaigara Sergei Alexandrovich Koussevitzky, pakanga pasina mitemo. Zvese zvaitadzisa kuzadziswa kwezvirongwa zvake zvakatsvairwa kubva munzira uye zvakashaya simba pamberi pekupwanya kuda kwake kugadzira zviyeuchidzo zvemimhanzi ... Kufarira kwake uye hunyanzvi husina kukanganisa hwakagadzira nzira yevechidiki, vakakurudzira mhizha dzine ruzivo vaizvida, vakapisa vateereri, izvo, zvakare, zvakamukurudzira kuti awedzere hunyanzvi… Akaonekwa ari mukutsamwa uye nemweya munyoro, ari mushishi yekufarira, achifara, achichema, asi hapana akamuona asina hanya. Zvese zvakamukomberedza zvaiita sezvakanaka uye zvakakosha, zuva rake rega rega rakashanduka kuita zororo. Kurukurirano yakanga iri kwaari chinhu chinopfuurira, chinopisa. Kuitwa kwega kwega ichokwadi chakakosha. Aive nechipo chemashiripiti kuti ashandure kunyange diki kuita chinhu chekukurumidzira, nekuti mune zveunyanzvi, zvidiki zvaive zvisipo kwaari.

Sergey Alexandrovich Koussevitzky akaberekwa musi waChikunguru 14, 1874 muVyshny Volochek, mudunhu reTver. Kana pane pfungwa ye "mumhanzi murenje", ipapo Vyshny Volochek, nzvimbo yekuzvarwa Sergei Koussevitzky, yaienderana nayo pamwe chete sezvinobvira. Kunyange purovhinzi yeTver yaiita se“guta guru” repurovhinzi kubva ipapo. Baba, mhizha duku, vakapfuudza rudo rwavo rwemimhanzi kuvanakomana vavo vana. Atova nemakore gumi nemaviri, Sergei akanga achitungamirira orchestra, iyo yakazadza kupindira mumitambo yekushanyira nyeredzi dzepurovhinzi kubva kuTver pachayo (!), Uye aigona kuridza zviridzwa zvose, asi zvaiita sechinhu chinopfuura kutamba kwevana uye akauya. sendi. Baba vakashuvira mwanakomana wavo chimwe chiitiko. Ndicho chikonzero nei Sergey asina kumboonana nevabereki vake, uye pazera remakore gumi nemana akabuda pachivande mumba aine rubles matatu muhomwe ndokuenda kuMoscow.

MuMoscow, asina vanhu vaanozivana navo kana kuti tsamba dzokurumbidza, akabva angobuda mumugwagwa achienda kumutungamiriri wenzvimbo inochengeterwa vana mhuka, Safonov, ndokukumbira kumubvuma kuti adzidze. Safonov akatsanangurira mukomana kuti zvidzidzo zvakanga zvatotanga, uye aigona kuvimba pane chimwe chinhu chegore rinotevera. Mutungamiriri wePhilharmonic Society, Shestakovsky, akataura nyaya yacho nenzira yakasiyana: agutsikana nenzeve yakakwana yemukomana uye chiyeuchidzo chemimhanzi, uye achicherechedza kureba kwake, akasarudza kuti aizoita zvakanaka kaviri bass player. Paigara paine kushomeka kwevatambi vakanaka kaviri bass mumaorchestra. Chiridzwa ichi chaionekwa sechekubatsira, kugadzira kumashure nekurira kwacho, uye zvaida kushanda nesimba kuti zvigone kuzvibata pane kuridza violin. Ndicho chikonzero kwaiva nevavhimi vashomanana - mapoka akamhanyira kumakirasi eviolin. Hungu, uye aida simba rakawanda rokutamba uye rokutakura. Koussevitzky's double bass yakafamba zvakanaka. Makore maviri chete gare gare, akagamuchirwa muMoscow private opera.

Vatambi vaviri-bass virtuoso haawanzoitiki, vakaonekwa kamwechete muhafu yezana remakore, kuitira kuti veruzhinji vave nenguva yekukanganwa nezvekuvapo kwavo. Zvinoita sekuti muRussia makanga musina kana imwe chete pamberi peKoussevitzky, uye muEurope makore makumi mashanu zvisati zvaitika maive neBottesini, uye makore makumi mashanu pamberi pake paive neDragonetti, uyo Beethoven akanyorera zvakanyanya zvikamu mu5th uye 9th symphonies. Asi veruzhinji havana kuvaona vese kwenguva yakareba vaine mabhesi maviri: vese vakakurumidza kuchinja mabhesi maviri kuita baton yakareruka conductor. Hongu, uye Koussevitzky akatora chiridzwa ichi nokuti akanga asina imwe sarudzo: achisiya baton kondakita muVyshny Volochek, akaramba achirota nezvazvo.

Mushure memakore matanhatu ekushanda paBolshoi Theatre, Koussevitzky akava mutungamiriri weboka rebass kaviri, uye muna 1902 akapiwa zita remuimba weimba yeumambo. Nguva yose iyi, Koussevitzky akaita zvakawanda semuimbi wezviridzwa. Chiyero chekuzivikanwa kwake chinoratidzwa nekukoka kutora chikamu mumakonzati eChaliapin, Rachmaninov, Zbrueva, hanzvadzi dzeChristman. Uye kwese kwaaiita - kungave kushanya kweRussia kana makonti muPrague, Dresden, Berlin kana London - kwese kwese maitiro ake aikonzera manyemwe uye manyemwe, achimanikidza munhu kuti ayeuke masters anoshamisa ekare. Koussevitzky haana kungoita virtuoso kaviri-bass repertoire chete, asi akagadzira uye akagadzirisa akawanda emitambo yakasiyana-siyana uye kunyange makonsati - Handel, Mozart, Saint-Saens. Mutsoropodzi weRussia anosanozivikanwa V. Kolomiytsov akanyora, kuti: “Ani naani asati ambonzwa achiridza mabhesi maviri haatombogoni kufungidzira kuti manzwi akapfava uye ane mapapiro akareruka aanobvisa muchiridzwa chinoratidzika kuva chisingapi mubayiro chakadaro, icho chinowanzoshanda bedzi sehwaro huru nokuda kwechimwe chinhu. orchestral ensemble. Vashoma chete vanoridza sero uye vanoridza violin vane runako rwenzwi uye kugona kwakadaro kwetambo dzavo ina.

Kushanda paBolshoi Theatre hakuna kukonzera kugutsikana kweKoussevitzky. Nokudaro, mushure mekuroora mudzidzi wepiyano wechikoro chePhilharmonic School N. Ushkova, muridzi wekambani huru yekutengesa tii, muiti wacho akasiya orchestra. Mumatsutso a1905, achitaura mukudzivirira vaimbi veorchestra, akanyora kuti: "Mweya wakafa wehutongi hwemapurisa, wakapinda munzvimbo yairatidzika kunge isina nzvimbo, munzvimbo yeuXNUMXbuXNUMXbpure art, wakatendeuka. vanodhirowa kuita mhizha, uye basa renjere kuita chibharo. basa revaranda.” Tsamba iyi, yakabudiswa muRussian Musical Newspaper, yakakonzera kuchema kukuru kwevanhu uye yakamanikidza vatariri vemitambo kuti vatore matanho ekuvandudza mamiriro emari evanyori veBolshoi Theatre Orchestra.

Kubva 1905, vaviri vaduku vaigara Berlin. Koussevitzky akaenderera mberi nebasa rekonzati. Mushure mekuita kwecello concerto naSaint-Saens muGermany (1905), pakanga pane mitambo naA. Goldenweiser muBerlin uye Leipzig (1906), naN. Medtner naA. Casadesus muBerlin (1907). Zvisinei, muimbi aitsvaga, aitsvaga akanga asingagutsikani nekuita kwekonzati yedouble-bass virtuoso: semuimbi, akanga agara kwenguva refu "akura" kubva muzvinyorwa zvishoma. Musi waNdira 23, 1908, Koussevitzky akaita dhipatimendi rake rekutanga neBerlin Philharmonic, mushure mezvo akaitawo muVienna neLondon. Kubudirira kwekutanga kwakafuridzira mudiki conductor, uye vaviri vacho vakazosarudza kupa hupenyu hwavo kune nyika yemimhanzi. Chikamu chakakosha chepfuma huru yeUshkovs, nemvumo yababa vake, mamionaire philanthropist, yakanangana nezvinangwa zvemimhanzi uye zvedzidzo muRussia. Mundima iyi, kuwedzera kune hunyanzvi, kugona kwesangano uye kutonga kwaKoussevitzky, uyo akatanga iyo itsva Russian Musical Publishing House muna 1909, vakazviratidza. Basa guru rakagadziriswa neimba itsva yekudhinda mimhanzi yaiva yekuparidzira basa revanyori vechidiki vechiRussia. Pakutanga kweKoussevitzky, mabasa mazhinji aA. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky ("Petrushka", "The Rite of Spring"), N. Medtner, S. Prokofiev, S. Rachmaninov, G. Catoire nevamwe vakawanda vakadhindwa pano. kekutanga.

Mugore iroro akaunganidza okhestra yake yevaimbi 75 muMoscow ndokutanga mwaka wemakonzati ikoko nomuSt. Petersburg, achiita zvose zvakanakisisa zvaizivikanwa munziyo dzenyika yose. Uyu waiva muenzaniso wakasiyana wekuti mari inotanga sei kushandira art. Basa rakadaro harina kuunza mari. Asi mukurumbira wemuimbi wacho wakawedzera zvikuru.

Chimwe chezvimiro zvechifananidzo chekugadzira chaKoussevitzky ipfungwa yakawedzera yemazuva ano, kuwedzera nguva dzose kwerepertoire horizons. Nenzira dzakawanda, ndiye akabatsira mukubudirira kwemabasa eScriabin, avo vakabatanidzwa neushamwari hwekusika. Akaita Nhetembo yeEcstasy uye Yekutanga Symphony muLondon muna 1909 uye mwaka wakatevera muBerlin, uye muRussia akazivikanwa semutambi akanakisa wemabasa eScriabin. Mhedzisiro yebasa ravo rekubatana yaive yekutanga yePrometheus muna 1911. Koussevitzky aivewo mutambi wekutanga weChipiri Symphony naR. Gliere (1908), nhetembo "Alastor" naN. Myaskovsky (1914). Nekoniti yake yakakura uye mabasa ekudhinda, muimbi akagadzira nzira yekuzivikanwa kwaStravinsky naProkofiev. Muna 1914 pakava nemitambo yekutanga yeStravinsky's The Rite of Spring uye Prokofiev's First Piano Concerto, uko Koussevitzky akanga ari muimbi wega.

Mushure meChimurenga chaGumiguru, muimbi akarasikirwa nechero zvese - imba yake yekutsikisa, symphony orchestra, kuunganidzwa kwehunyanzvi, uye miriyoni yehupfumi zvakapihwa nyika uye kutorwa. Uye zvakadaro, achirota nezveramangwana reRussia, muimbi akaenderera mberi nebasa rake rekusika mumamiriro emhirizhonga uye kuparadzwa. Achifadzwa nemasirogani anoedza "unyanzvi kune vanhu vazhinji", achienderana nemafungiro ake ekuvhenekerwa, akapinda mu "makonzati evanhu" akawanda evateereri vekare, vadzidzi, vashandi vehondo. Sezvo ari munhu ane mukurumbira munyika yemimhanzi, Koussevitzky, pamwe chete naMedtner, Nezhdanova, Goldenweiser, Engel, vakapinda mubasa rekanzuru yehunyanzvi padhipatimendi diki redhipatimendi remimhanzi rePeople's Commissariat of Education. Senhengo yemakomisheni akasiyana-siyana esangano, aive mumwe wevakatanga zvirongwa zvakawanda zvetsika nedzidzo (kusanganisira kuvandudzwa kwedzidzo yemimhanzi, kodzero yekodzero, sangano reimba yekutsikisa mimhanzi yenyika, kusikwa kweState Symphony Orchestra, nezvimwewo). . Akatungamirira orchestra yeMoscow Union of Musicians, yakagadzirwa kubva kune vaimbi vakanga vasara veimba yake yekare, uye akazotumirwa kuPetrograd kuti atungamirire State (yaimbova Dare) Symphony Orchestra uye yaimbova Mariinsky Opera.

Koussevitzky akasunda kuenda kwake kunze kwenyika muna 1920 nechishuvo chokuronga basa rebazu rokumwe reimba yake inotsikirira. Mukuwedzera, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuita bhizinesi uye kutarisira guta guru remhuri yeUshkov-Kusevitsky, iyo yakasara mumabhanga ekunze. Aronga bhizinesi muBerlin, Koussevitzky akadzokera kumabasa ekugadzira. Muna 1921, muParis, akasika zvakare orchestra, Koussevitzky Symphony Concerts Society, uye akaenderera mberi nemabasa ake ekudhinda.

Muna 1924, Koussevitzky akagamuchira kukokwa kuti atore chigaro chemukuru mukuru weBoston Symphony Orchestra. Nenguva isipi, Boston Symphony yakava inotungamira orchestra, kutanga muAmerica, uyezve pasirese. Mushure mekutamira zvachose kuAmerica, Koussevitzky haana kuputsa hukama neEurope. Saka kusvika 1930 Koussevitzky yegore negore yemakonti emwaka muParis yakaenderera mberi.

Sezvakangoita muRussia Koussevitzky akabatsira Prokofiev naStravinsky, muFrance neAmerica akaedza nenzira dzose kuti akurudzire zvisikwa zvevaimbi vakuru venguva yedu. Saka, semuenzaniso, kumakore makumi mashanu ekuyeukwa kweBoston Symphony Orchestra, iyo yakapembererwa muna 1931, inoshanda naStravinsky, Hindemith, Honegger, Prokofiev, Roussel, Ravel, Copland, Gershwin yakagadzirwa nehurongwa hunokosha hwemuitisi. Muna 1942, nguva pfupi mushure mekufa kwemudzimai wake, mundangariro yake conductor akatanga Musical Association (imba yekudhinda) uye Foundation. Koussevitskaya.

Kudzoka kuRussia, Koussevitzky akazviratidza semukurumbira wemimhanzi uye wevoruzhinji uye murongi ane tarenda. Kuverengwa chaiko kwemabasa ake kungaita kuti pasava nechokwadi chokuti anogona kuita zvose izvi nesimba romunhu mumwe chete. Uyezve, chimwe nechimwe chezviitwa izvi chakasiya chiratidzo chakadzama patsika dzemimhanzi dzeRussia, France, uye United States. Inofanira kunyanya kusimbiswa kuti mazano ose uye zvirongwa zvakashandiswa naSergei Alexandrovich munguva yehupenyu hwake zvakatangira kuRussia. Saka, muna 1911, Koussevitzky akasarudza kuwana Academy of Music muMoscow. Asi pfungwa iyi yakazoonekwa chete muU.SA makore makumi matatu gare gare. Akavamba Berkshire Music Center, yakazova rudzi rweAmerican musical mecca. Kubva 1938, mutambo wezhizha wagara uchiitwa muTanglewood (Lennox County, Massachusetts), iyo inokwezva vanosvika zana rezviuru zvevanhu. Muna 1940, Koussevitzky akatanga Tanglewood Performance Training School muBerkshire, kwaakatungamirira kirasi inoitisa nemubatsiri wake, A. Copland. Hindemith, Honegger, Messiaen, Dalla Piccolo, B. Martin vaibatanidzwawo mubasa racho. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, Sergei Alexandrovich akatungamirira mari yeRed Army, achiva sachigaro weKomiti yeRubatsiro kuRussia muHondo, akanga ari mutungamiri wechikamu chemimhanzi cheNational Council of American-Soviet Friendship, uye muna 1946 akatora nzvimbo. sachigaro weAmerican-Soviet Musical Society.

Ichicherechedza kunaka kwaKoussevitzky mumitambo yemimhanzi uye yemagariro eFrance muna 1920-1924, hurumende yeFrance yakamupa Order of the Legion of Honor (1925). MuUnited States, mayunivhesiti akawanda akamupa zita rekuremekedza rokuva purofesa. Harvard University muna 1929 uye Princeton University muna 1947 akamupa honorary Doctor of Arts degree.

Koussevitzky simba risingaperi rakashamisa vaimbi vakawanda vaiva shamwari dzepedyo naye. Pazera remakore makumi manomwe muna Kurume 1945, akapa makonti mapfumbamwe mumazuva gumi. Muna 1950, Koussevitzky akaita rwendo rukuru kuRio de Janeiro, kumaguta eEurope.

Sergei Alexandrovich akafa June 4, 1951 muBoston.