Elisabeth Schwarzkopf |

Elizabeth Schwarzkopf

Pakati pevaimbi vehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf anotora nzvimbo yakakosha, inofananidzwa chete naMaria Callas. Uye nhasi, makumi emakore gare gare kubva panguva apo muimbi akapedzisira kuonekwa pamberi pevanhu, kune vanoyemura opera, zita rake richiri kuratidza chiyero chekuimba kweOpera.

Kunyangwe nhoroondo yetsika yekuimba ichiziva mienzaniso mizhinji yekuti maartist asina kugona kutaura zvakanaka akakwanisa sei kuwana zvakakosha zvehunyanzvi mhedzisiro, muenzaniso weSchwarzkopf unoratidzika kunge wakasiyana chaizvo. Mumapepanhau, kwaiwanzova nokureurura seizvi: “Kana mumakore iwayo Elisabeth Schwarzkopf paakanga achangotanga basa rake, mumwe munhu akanga andiudza kuti aizova muimbi mukuru, ndingadai ndisina chokwadi nazvo. Akawana chishamiso chaicho. Iye zvino ndine chokwadi chekuti dai vamwe vaimbi vanga vaine kachidimbu kekutamba kwake kwakanaka, kunzwisiswa kwehunyanzvi, kunakidzwa neunyanzvi, zviri pachena kuti taizove nemapoka eopera aisanganisira chete nyeredzi dzehukuru hwekutanga.

Elisabeth Schwarzkopf akaberekerwa mutaundi rokuPoland reJarocin, pedyo nePoznan, pana December 9, 1915. Kubvira achiri muduku aifarira nziyo. Muchikoro chekumaruwa uko baba vake vakadzidzisa, musikana akatora chikamu mune zvigadzirwa zviduku zvakaitika pedyo nerimwe guta rechiPolish - Legnica. Mwanasikana womudzidzisi wechiGiriki nechiLatin pachikoro chevarume, akamboimba mativi ose echikadzi munziyo yakaitwa navadzidzi vamene.

Chishuvo chekuva muimbi kunyangwe ipapo, sezviri pachena, chakava chinangwa chehupenyu hwake. Elisabeth anoenda kuBerlin uye anopinda muChikoro Chepamusoro cheMumhanzi, icho panguva iyoyo chaive chikoro chinoremekedzwa kwazvo chemimhanzi muGermany.

Akagamuchirwa mukirasi yake nemuimbi ane mukurumbira Lula Mys-Gmeiner. Aida kutenda kuti mudzidzi wake ane mezzo-soprano. Kukanganisa uku kwakapotsa kwaita kurasika inzwi kwaari. Zvidzidzo hazvina kunyatsofamba zvakanaka. Muimbi wechidiki akanzwa kuti inzwi rake rakanga risingateereri zvakanaka. Akakurumidza kuneta mukirasi. Makore maviri chete gare gare, vamwe vadzidzisi vezwi vakasimbisa kuti Schwarzkopf akanga asiri mezzo-soprano, asi coloratura soprano! Inzwi rakabva rawedzera kuva nechivimbo, kupenya, kusununguka.

Munzvimbo yekuchengetedza, Erizabheti haana kungogumira pachikoro chacho, asi akadzidza piyano uye viola, akakwanisa kuimba mukwaya, kutamba glockenspiel muchikoro chevadzidzi, kutora chikamu mumakamuri eimba, uye akaedza unyanzvi hwake mukuumbwa.

Muna 1938, Schwarzkopf akapedza kudzidza kubva kuBerlin Higher School of Music. Mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, iyo Berlin Guta Opera yaida nekukurumidza mutambi mune diki diki musikana wemaruva muWagner's Parsifal. Basa racho raifanira kudzidzwa mune rimwe zuva, asi izvi hazvina kunetsa Schwarzkopf. Akakwanisa kuita zvakanaka kune vateereri uye nehutungamiri hwemitambo. Asi, sezviri pachena, hapasisina: akagamuchirwa muboka, asi mumakore akatevera akapiwa anenge episodic mabasa - mugore rekushanda munhandare, akaimba anenge makumi maviri maduku. Nepo neapo muimbi uyu aingowana mukana wekukwira pachikuva mumabasa chaiwo.

Asi rimwe zuva muimbi wechidiki aive nerombo rakanaka: muCavalier yeRoses, kwaakaimba Zerbinetta, akanzwika uye akaongwa nemuimbi akakurumbira Maria Ivogun, uyo akapenya muchikamu ichi munguva yakapfuura. Musangano uyu wakaita basa rinokosha mune biography yaSchwarzkopf. Imwe nyanzvi yemifananidzo, Ivogün akaona tarenda chaiyo muSchwarzkopf ndokutanga kushanda naye. Akamupinza muzvakavanzika zvemaitiro echikuva, akabatsira kuwedzera mahorizoni ake, akamusuma kune nyika yerwiyo rwekamuri, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, akamutsa rudo rwake rwekuimba kwekamuri.

Mushure mezvidzidzo naIvogün Schwarzkopf, anotanga kuwedzera mukurumbira. Kupera kwehondo, kwakaratidzika, kwaifanira kunge kwakakonzera izvi. Mutungamiriri weVienna Opera akamupa chibvumirano, uye muimbi wacho akaita zvirongwa zvakajeka.

Asi kamwe kamwe vanachiremba vakawana tibhii mumuimbi, izvo zvakapotsa zvaita kuti akanganwe nezvedanho zvachose. Kunyange zvakadaro, chirwere chacho chakakundwa.

Muna 1946, muimbi akaita debut ake paVienna Opera. Veruzhinji vakakwanisa kuonga zvechokwadi Schwarzkopf, uyo akakurumidza kuva mumwe wevanotungamira soloists veVienna Opera. Munguva pfupi akaita zvikamu zveNedda muPagliacci naR. Leoncavallo, Gilda muVerdi's Rigoletto, Marcellina muBeethoven's Fidelio.

Panguva imwecheteyo, Erizabheti aiva nemusangano unofadza nemurume wake wenguva yemberi, mukurumbira weImpresario Walter Legge. Mumwe wevanonyanya kuziva ruzivo rwemumhanzi wenguva yedu, panguva iyoyo akanga achinetseka nepfungwa yekuparadzira mimhanzi nerubatsiro rwegiramufoni rekodhi, iyo yakabva yatanga kushandura kuita kwenguva refu. Kurekodha chete, Legge akakakavara, inokwanisa kushandura elitist muhuwandu, zvichiita kuti kubudirira kwevaturikiri vakuru vasvike kune wese; kana zvisina kudaro hazvina musoro kuisa mitambo inodhura. Kwaari isu tine chikwereti chechokwadi chekuti hunyanzvi hwevazhinji maconductor nevaimbi venguva yedu hunoramba uinesu. “Ndingadai ndiri ani pasina iye? Elisabeth Schwarzkopf akati gare gare. - Zvingangodaro, mutambi akanaka weVienna Opera ... "

Mukupera 40s akatanga kuoneka zvinyorwa Schwarzkopf. Mumwe wavo neimwe nzira akauya kuna kondakita Wilhelm Furtwängler. Maestro ane mbiri akafara zvekuti akabva amukoka kuti atore chikamu mukuridza kweBrahms' German Requiem paLucerne Festival.

Gore ra1947 rakava chiitiko chakakosha kumuimbi. Schwarzkopf anoenda kurwendo rwepasi rose. Anoita paMutambo weSalzburg, uyezve - pachikuva cheLondon theatre "Covent Garden", mumitambo yaMozart "The Marriage of Figaro" uye "Don Giovanni". Vatsoropodzi ve "foggy Albion" vanobvumirana vanodana muimbi "kuwanikwa" kweVienna Opera. Saka Schwarzkopf anouya mukurumbira wenyika dzakawanda.

Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, hupenyu hwake hwese iketani isina kukanganiswa yekukunda. Mitambo nemakonzati mumaguta makuru eEurope neAmerica anoteverana.

Mumakore makumi mashanu, muimbi akagara muLondon kwenguva yakareba, kwaaigara achiita pachikuva cheCovent Garden Theatre. Muguta guru reEngland, Schwarzkopf akasangana akakurumbira Russian muimbi uye piano NK Medtner. Pamwe chete naye, akarekodha dzinoverengeka dzerudo padhisiki, uye akadzokorora kuita nziyo dzake mumakonzati.

Muna 1951, pamwe naFurtwängler, vakapinda muBayreuth Festival, mukuridza Beethoven's Ninth Symphony uye mu "revolutionary" kugadzirwa kwe "Rheingold d'Or" naWieland Wagner. Panguva imwecheteyo, Schwarzkopf anotora chikamu mukuita kweOpera yaStravinsky "The Rake's Adventures" pamwe chete nemunyori, aive kumashure kwekoni. Teatro alla Scala akamupa ruremekedzo rwekuita chikamu chaMélisande pamhemberero yemakore makumi mashanu eDebussy's Pelléas et Mélisande. Wilhelm Furtwängler semupiyano akarekodha nziyo dzaHugo Wolf naye, Nikolai Medtner - nziyo dzake dzerudo, Edwin Fischer - nziyo dzaSchubert, Walter Gieseking - tudiki nemazwi aMozart, Glen Gould - nziyo dzaRichard Strauss. Muna 1955, kubva mumaoko Toscanini, akagamuchira mubayiro Golden Orpheus.

Makore aya ndiko kubuda kwetarenda remuimbi rekugadzira. Muna 1953, muimbi akaita debut yake muUnited States - kutanga nechirongwa konzati muNew York, gare gare - paSan Francisco opera siteji. Schwarzkopf anoita muChicago neLondon, Vienna neSalzburg, Brussels neMilan. Pachikamu cheMilan "La Scala" kekutanga anoratidza rimwe remabasa ake akajeka - Marshall mu "Der Rosenkavalier" naR. Strauss.

"Chisikwa chechokwadi chemitambo yemitambo yemazuva ano yaive Marshall, mukadzi ane mukurumbira munharaunda yeViennese pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX," anonyora VV Timokhin. - Vamwe vatungamiri ve "The Knight of the Roses" panguva imwe chete vakaona zvakakodzera kuwedzera: "Mukadzi ari kutopera, uyo akapfuura kwete chete wekutanga, asiwo wechipiri wechidiki." Uye mukadzi uyu anoda uye anodiwa nevechidiki Octavian. Izvo, zvingaita sekuti, ndiwo mukana wekuita mutambo wemukadzi waMarshal akwegura zvinobata uye zvinopinda sezvinobvira! Asi Schwarzkopf haana kutevera nzira iyi (zvingave zvakanyatsonaka kutaura, chete munzira iyi), achipa maonero ake echifananidzo, umo vateereri vakafadzwa chaizvo nekushandurwa kusinganzwisisike kwezvose zvepfungwa, pfungwa dzepfungwa mumatambudziko akaoma. zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvakaitika zve heroine.

Akanaka zvinokatyamadza, azere nehunyoro hunodedera uye runako rwechokwadi. Vateereri vakabva vayeuka iye Countess Almaviva muMuchato weFigaro. Uye kunyangwe iyo huru yemanzwiro echifananidzo cheMarshall yakatosiyana, rwiyo rwaMozart, nyasha, nyasha dzakajeka dzakaramba dziri chinhu chayo chikuru.

Chiedza, chakanaka zvinoshamisa, chesirivha timbre, inzwi raSchwarzkopf raiva neunyanzvi hunoshamisa hwekuvharidzira chero ukobvu hwemaokestra. Kuimba kwake nguva dzose kwairamba kuchiratidza uye kwakasikwa, zvisinei kuti chimiro chezwi chakanga chakaoma sei. Hunyanzvi hwake uye maitiro ake zvaive zvisina kunaka. Ndicho chikonzero nei repertoire yemuimbi yakanga ichishamisa mune zvakasiyana-siyana. Akabudirira zvakaenzana mumabasa akasiyana akadai saGilda, Mélisande, Nedda, Mimi, Cio-Cio-San, Eleanor (Lohengrin), Marceline (Fidelio), asi budiriro yake yepamusoro ine chekuita nekududzirwa kwemitambo yaMozart naRichard Strauss.

Kune mapato ayo Schwarzkopf akaita, sezvavanotaura, "yake". Pamusoro peMarshall, uyu ndiye Countess Madeleine muStrauss's Capriccio, Fiordiligi muMozart's All They Are, Elvira muDon Giovanni, the Countess muLe nozze di Figaro. "Asi, zviri pachena, vanoimba chete ndivo vanogona kuonga chaizvo basa rake rekutaura, kupedzisa kwezvishongo zvega ega ane simba uye anonzwika nuance, hunoshamisa hunowanikwa hwehunyanzvi, hwaanopambadza nekusaita basa," anodaro VV Timokhin.

Panyaya iyi, nyaya, iyo yakataurwa nemurume wemuimbi Walter Legge, inoratidza. Schwarzkopf agara achiyemura hunyanzvi hwaCallas. Mushure mekunzwa Callas muLa Traviata muna 1953 muParma, Elisabeth akafunga kusiya basa raVioletta zvachose. Akafunga kuti aisakwanisa kutamba uye kuimba chikamu ichi zviri nani. Kallas, zvakare, akatenda zvikuru hunyanzvi hwekuita hwaSchwarzkopf.

Mushure meimwe yezvikamu zvekurekodha nekutora chikamu kwaCallas, Legge akaona kuti muimbi anowanzo dzokorora mutsara unozivikanwa kubva kuVerdi opera. Panguva imwe cheteyo, akawana fungidziro yokuti akanga achitsvaka nenzira inorwadza uye akaishaya.

Asina kutsungirira, Kallas akatendeukira kuna Legge: "Schwarzkopf achasvika riini nhasi?" Akapindura kuti vakabvumirana kusangana pane imwe restaurant kuti vadye. Schwarzkopf asati aoneka muhoro, Kallas, nekukura kwehunhu hwake, akamhanyira kwaari ndokutanga kuimba rwiyo rwakashata: "Teerera, Elisabeth, unozviita sei pano, munzvimbo ino, mutsara unopera kudai?" Schwarzkopf akambovhiringika: "Ehe, asi kwete ikozvino, mushure, ngatitangei nekudya kwemasikati." Callas akasimbirira ega kuti: "Aiwa, iko zvino chirevo ichi chinondishungurudza!" Schwarzkopf akatendeuka - kudya kwemasikati kwakaiswa parutivi, uye pano, muresitorendi, chidzidzo chisina kujairika chakatanga. Mangwana acho, nenguva dzegumi mangwanani, runhare rwakarira mukamuri raSchwarzkopf: kune rumwe rutivi rwewaya, Callas: “Ndinokutendai, Elisabeth. Wakandibatsira zvakanyanya nezuro. Ndakazowana diminuendo yandaida.”

Schwarzkopf nguva dzose akabvuma kuita mumakonzati, asi haana nguva dzose kuita kudaro. Mushure mezvose, kuwedzera kune opera, akabatanidzwawo mune zvigadzirwa zve operettas naJohann Strauss naFranz Lehar, mukuita kwezwi uye symphonic mabasa. Asi muna 1971, achisiya nhandare, akazvipira zvachose kuimba, rudo. Pano akada mazwi aRichard Strauss, asi haana kukanganwa mamwe makirasi echiGerman - Mozart naBeethoven, Schumann naSchubert, Wagner, Brahms, Wolf ...

Mukupera kwema70s, mushure mekufa kwemurume wake, Schwarzkopf akasiya chiitiko chekonzati, achipa pamberi pemakonzati ekuonekana muNew York, Hamburg, Paris neVienna. Mabviro ekufemerwa kwake akapera, uye mukurangarira murume akamupa chipo kunyika yose, akarega kuimba. Asi haana kuparadzana nehunyanzvi. "Genius, zvichida, kukwanisa kusingagumi kushanda pasina kuzorora," anofarira kudzokorora mashoko omurume wake.

Nyanzvi inozvipira kune vocal pedagogy. Mumaguta akasiyana eEurope, anoitisa masemina uye makosi, izvo zvinokwezva vaimbi vechidiki kubva pasirese. “Kudzidzisa kuwedzera kwekuimba. Ndinoita zvandakaita upenyu hwangu hwose; yakashanda parunako, chokwadi chenzwi, kuvimbika kumataera uye kutaura.

PS Elisabeth Schwarzkopf akashaya husiku hwaNyamavhuvhu 2-3, 2006.