Conducting |

Kuitisa (kubva kuGerman dirigieren, French diriger - kutungamira, kubata, kubata; Kuitisa Chirungu) ndeimwe yemhando dzakaomesesa dzekuita zvemimhanzi; manejimendi eboka revaimbi (orchestra, kwaya, ensemble, opera kana ballet troupe, nezvimwewo) mukuita kwekudzidza uye kuita veruzhinji mimhanzi navo. anoshanda. Inoitiswa na conductor. Iyo conductor inopa ensemble kuwirirana uye tekinoroji. kuita zvakanaka, uye anoyedzawo kuendesa hunyanzvi hwake kuvaimbi vanotungamirwa naye. vavariro, kuratidza mukati mekuita dudziro yavo yekusika. vavariro yemunyori, kunzwisisa kwake zviri mukati uye manyorerwo. zvinhu zvechigadzirwa ichi. Hurongwa hwekuita kwemuitisi hunobva pakuongorora kwakadzama uye kudhirowa kwakanyatsonaka, nekungwarira kwechinyorwa chezvibodzwa zvemunyori.

Kunyangwe hunyanzvi hwe conductor mune zvemazuva ano. kunzwisisa kwake kuti vakazvimiririra sei. rudzi rwekuita kwemimhanzi, yakagadziridzwa nguva pfupi yadarika (2nd quarter yezana ramakore rechi 19), mabviro ayo anogona kuteverwa kubva kare. Kunyange pazvidhori zveEgipita neAsiria kune mifananidzo yekubatana kwemimhanzi, kunyanya. pamimhanzi imwe chete. zviridzwa, vaimbi vakati wandei vachitungamirirwa nomunhu ane tsvimbo muruoko rwake. Mumatanho ekutanga ekuvandudzwa kwetsika dzekwaya dzevanhu, kutamba kwakaitwa nemumwe wevaimbi - mutungamiri. Akasimbisa chimiro uye kuwirirana kwechinangwa ("akachengeta inzwi"), akaratidza tempo uye simba. mithunzi. Dzimwe nguva aiverenga kurova nekurovanisa maoko kana kurova gumbo. Nzira dzakafanana dzemetric masangano akabatana. mitambo (kutsika-tsika tsoka, kuombera maoko, kuridza zviridzwa) zvakasara kusvika muzana remakore rechi20. mune mamwe mapoka emarudzi. Kare (muEgypt, Girisi), uyezve mucf. zana remakore, kutungamira kwekwaya (chechi) nerubatsiro rwecheironomy (kubva muchiGiriki xeir - ruoko, nomos - mutemo, kutonga) kwakapararira. Rudzi urwu rwekutamba rwakanga rwakavakirwa pane hurongwa hwemamiriro (ekufananidzira) mafambiro emaoko emufambisi neminwe, ayo aitsigirwa neanoenderana. kufamba kwemusoro nemuviri. Achishandisa iwo, kondakita airatidza tempo, mita, rhythm kune vaimbi, nemaziso akaburitsa mitsetse yerwiyo rwakapihwa (kufamba kwayo kumusoro kana pasi). Mafambiro emumhanzi airatidzawo mithunzi yekutaura uye, nepurasitiki yavo, yaifanira kuenderana nemhando yemimhanzi yairidzwa. Iyo complication ye polyphony, kutaridzika kweiyo mensural system uye kukura kweork. mitambo yakawedzera kudiwa mutinhimira wakajeka. ensemble sangano. Pamwe chete necheironomy, imwe nzira itsva yeD. iri kutora chimiro nerubatsiro rwe "battuta" (tsvimbo; kubva kuItaly battere - kurova, kurova, ona Battuta 2), iyo yaisanganisira "kurova kurohwa", kazhinji kazhinji. ruzha (“ruzha runoitisa”) . Chimwe chezviratidzo zvekutanga zvakavimbika zvekushandiswa kwe trampoline, sezviri pachena, unyanzvi. mufananidzo wechechi. ensemble, ine chekuita ne1432. “Kuitisa ruzha” kwakashandiswa kare. MuGreece, mutungamiri wekwaya, paaiita njodzi, airatidza rhythm neruzha rwetsoka yake, achishandisa shangu dzine simbi dzesimbi kune izvi.

Muzana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18, nokuuya kweiyo general bass system, kuridza ngoma kwaiitwa nemuimbi airidza chikamu chebass mukuru pa harpsichord kana kuti organ. Kondakita akatemesa tempo nenhevedzano yemakodhi, achisimbisa mutinhimira nematauriro kana mafigiro. Vamwe vatyairi verudzi urwu (somuenzaniso, JS Bach), kunze kwekuridza chimbo kana harpsichord, vakaita mirairo nemeso avo, musoro, munwe, dzimwe nguva kuimba rwiyo kana kurova rhythm netsoka dzavo. Pamwe chete neiyi nzira yeD., nzira yeD. nerubatsiro rwebattuta yakaramba iripo. Kusvika 1687, JB Lully akashandisa nzimbe huru, huru yetsanga, iyo yaakarovera nayo pasi, uye WA Weber akatendeukira ku "kuitisa ruzha" kutanga kwekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19, achirova zvibodzwa nechubhu yedehwe yakaiswa. nemvere dzemakwai. Sezvo kuita kweiyo bass general kwakadzikira zvakanyanya mukana wekunanga. pesvedzero yemuitisi pachikwata, kubva muzana ramakore rechi 18. mutambi weviolin wekutanga (muperekedzi) ari kuwedzera kukosha. Aibatsira kondakita kutarisira boka racho nokuridza violin yake, uye dzimwe nguva airega kuridza uye aishandisa uta sedanda (battutu). Kuita uku kwakakonzera kubuda kweyainzi. kuitisa kaviri: mu opera, muridzi we harpsichord akaitisa vaimbi, uye muperekedzi aidzora orchestra. Kune vatungamiri vaviri ava, wechitatu dzimwe nguva aiwedzerwa - wekutanga cellist, akagara pedyo ne harpsichord conductor uye airidza bass inzwi mu operatic recitatives maererano nezvinyorwa zvake, kana muimbi weimba aidzora kwaya. Paunenge uchiita wok.-instr. nziyo, nhamba yemakondakita mune dzimwe nguva yakasvika mashanu.

Kubva pa2nd floor. Muzana ramakore rechi 18, sezvo hurongwa hwebass hwakaoma, mutambi weviolinist-anoperekedza zvishoma nezvishoma akazova mutungamiriri ega ensemble (somuenzaniso, K. Dittersdorf, J. Haydn, F. Habenek akaita nenzira iyi). Iyi nzira yeD. yakachengetedzwa kwenguva yakareba uye muzana remakore rechi19. mu ballroom uye magadheni orchestra, mumadhanzi madiki. folk orchestras character. The orchestra yakanga yakakurumbira zvikuru munyika yose, ichitungamirirwa nakondakita-violinist, munyori wewaltzes akakurumbira uye operettas I. Strauss (mwanakomana). Imwe nzira yakafanana yeD. dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa mukuita kwemimhanzi yezana remakore rechi17 ne18.

Kuwedzera kuvandudzwa kwesymphony. mimhanzi, kukura kwesimba rayo. kusiyana-siyana, kuwedzera uye kuomarara kwekuumbwa kweorchestra, chishuwo chekuwedzera kutaura uye kupenya ork. mitambo yacho yakaramba ichirayira kuti kondakita asunungurwe pakubatanidzwa muboka guru kuitira kuti aise pfungwa dzake dzose pakutungamirira vamwe vaimbi. Mutambi weviolinist-anoperekedza zvishoma uye zvishoma nzvimbo dzekutandarira kuridza chiridzwa chake. Nokudaro, kuonekwa kwaD. mune yake yemazuva ano. Kunzwisisa kwakagadzirirwa - kwakasara chete kutsiva uta hwemukuru wekonzati netsvimbo yekondakita.

Pakati pevaperekedzi vokutanga vakatanga kushandisa tsvimbo yomuperekedzi ndiI. Mosel (1812, Vienna), KM Weber (1817, Dresden), L. Spohr (1817, Frankfurt am Main, 1819, London), pamwe chete naG. Spontini. (1820, Berlin), uyo akaibata kwete kusvika kumagumo, asi pakati, sevamwe kondakita vakashandisa rwiyo rwemumhanzi waD.

Vatungamiriri vakuru vekutanga vakaimba mumaguta akasiyana-siyana ne "vokune dzimwe nyika" vaimbi vaiva G. Berlioz naF. Mendelssohn. Mumwe wevatangi vemazuva ano D. (pamwe naL. Beethoven naG. Berlioz) inofanira kuonekwa R. Wagner. Achitevedzera muenzaniso waWagner, kondakita, uyo akambomira panyaradzo yake akatarisana nevateereri, akamufuratira, izvo zvakaita kuti pave nekubatana kwakakwana kwekugadzira pakati pemutyairi nevaimbi veokhestra. Nzvimbo yakakurumbira pakati pemakondakita enguva iyoyo ndeyaF. Liszt. Pakazosvika 40s yezana remakore rechi19. nzira itsva yeD. inozotenderwa. Imwe nguva gare gare, yemazuva ano rudzi rwe conductor-performer asiri kuita mabasa ekunyora. Wekutanga kondakita-mutambi, uyo akahwina mitambo yepasi rose nemitambo yake yekushanya. kuzivikanwa, akanga ari H. von Bülow. Kutungamira chinzvimbo pakupera kwe19 - kutanga. Zana remakore rechi20 rakamutora. kuitisa chikoro, icho vamwe kondakita vakatanhamara vokuHungary vaivawo vechikoro. uye nyika yeAustria. Ava ndivo maconductor vaive chikamu chevanonzi. iyo post-Wagner shanu - X. Richter, F. Motl, G. Mahler, A. Nikish, F. Weingartner, pamwe naK. Muck, R. Strauss. MuFrance, zvinoreva zvakanyanya. E. Colne naC. Lamoureux vaive vamiriri vesutu yaD. yenguva ino. Pakati pevakuru vakuru vehafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi20. uye makumi emakore akatevera - B. Walter, W. Furtwangler, O. Klemperer, O. Fried, L. Blech (Germany), A. Toscanini, V. Ferrero (Italy), P. Monteux, S. Munsch, A. Kluytens ( France), A. Zemlinsky, F. Shtidri, E. Kleiber, G. Karajan (Austria), T. Beecham, A. Boult, G. Wood, A. Coates (England), V. Berdyaev, G. Fitelberg ( Poland ), V. Mengelberg (Netherlands), L. Bernstein, J. Sell, L. Stokowski, Y. Ormandy, L. Mazel (USA), E. Ansermet (Switzerland), D. Mitropoulos (Greece), V, Talich ( Czechoslovakia), J. Ferenchik (Hungary), J. Georgescu, J. Enescu (Romania), L. Matachich (Yugoslavia).

muRussia kusvika muzana remakore rechi18. D. yakabatanidzwa preim. pamwe nekwaya. kuuraya. Kunyorerana kwechinyorwa chese kune maviri mafambiro eruoko, hafu yenoti kune imwe kufamba, nezvimwewo, kureva, dzimwe nzira dzekuitisa, dzatotaurwa nezvayo muNP Diletsky's Musician Grammar (2nd hafu yezana ramakore rechi 17). Yekutanga Russian orc. maconductor vaive vaimbi vanobva kumaserf. Pakati pavo anofanira kunzi SA Degtyarev, uyo akatungamirira Sheremetev fortress orchestra. Vanonyanya kuzivikanwa conductors vezana remakore rechi18. - violinists uye vanyori IE Khandoshkin uye VA Pashkevich. Pakutanga kwekutanga, Russian Zviitwa zveKA Kavos, KF Albrecht (Petersburg), uye II Iogannis (Moscow) akaita basa rinokosha mumutambo weoperatic. Akatungamirira orchestra uye muna 1837-39 akatungamirira Court Choir yeMI Glinka. Vakuru veRussia vafambisi mukunzwisisa kwemazuva ano kweunyanzvi hweD. (2nd hafu yezana remakore rechi19), munhu anofanira kufunga MA Balakirev, AG Rubinshtein uye NG Rubinshtein - yekutanga yeRussia. kondakita-muimbi, uyo akanga asiri panguva imwe cheteyo munyori. Vanyori NA Rimsky-Korsakov, PI Tchaikovsky, uye gare gare AK Glazunov akarongeka akaita semakondakita. Means. nzvimbo munhoroondo yeRussia. chikumbiro chekondakita ndecheEF Napravnik. Vakakurumbira conductors vezvizvarwa zvinotevera zveRussia. Pakati pevaimbi paiva VI Safonov, SV Rakhmaninov, uye SA Koussevitzky (kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20). Mumakore ekutanga mushure mekuchinja, maruva emabasa eNS Golovanov, AM Pazovsky, IV Pribik, SA Samosud, VI Suk. Mumakore e-pre-revolutionary muPetersburg. iyo Conservatory yaive nemukurumbira wekirasi yekuitisa (yevadzidzi vekugadzira), iyo yaitungamirwa naNN Cherepnin. Vatungamiri vekutanga vakazvimiririra, vasingabatanidzi nedhipatimendi revanyori, vanoita makirasi, vakagadzirwa mushure meGumiguru Guru. socialist. marevolutions muMoscow neLeningrad conservatories aiva KS Saradzhev (Moscow), EA Cooper, NA Malko uye AV Gauk (Leningrad). Muna 1938, yekutanga All-Union Conducting Competition yakaitwa muMoscow, iyo yakaratidza nhamba yevadzidzisi vane tarenda - vamiririri vezvizizi zviduku. zvikoro zveD. Vakakunda pamakwikwi aya vaiva EA Mravinsky, NG Rakhlin, A. Sh. Melik-Pashaev, KK Ivanov, MI Paverman. Nekuwedzera kukwira mumimhanzi. tsika mumarepublic enyika yeSoviet Union pakati pemazizi anotungamira. makondukita aisanganisira vamiriri vaDecember. nyika; conductors NP Anosov, M. Ashrafi, LE Wigner, LM Ginzburg, EM Grikurov, OA Dimitriadi, VA Dranishnikov, VB Dudarova, KP Kondrashin, RV Matsov, ES Mikeladze, IA Musin, VV Nebolsin, NZ Niyazi, AI Orlov, NS Rabinovich GN Rozhdestvensky, EP Svetlanov, KA Simeonov, MA Tavrizian, VS Tolba, EO Matani, Yu. F. Fayer, BE Khaykin, L P. Steinberg, AK Jansons.

Yechipiri neyechitatu All-Union Conducting Makwikwi yakasarudza boka revarairidzi vane zvipo zvechizvarwa chidiki. Vakawana mubairo ndeiyi: Yu. Kh. Temirkanov, D. Yu. Tyulin, F. Sh. Mansurov, AS Dmitriev, MD Shostakovich, Yu. I. Simonov (2), AN Lazarev, VG Nelson (3).

Mumunda wekwaya D., tsika dzevatenzi vakatanhamara vakabuda munguva yepre-revolutionary. kwaya. zvikoro, AD Kastalsky, PG Chesnokov, AV Nikolsky, MG Klimov, NM Danilin, AV Aleksandrov, AV Sveshnikov vakabudirira kuenderera mberi vadzidzi vezizi. Conservatory GA Dmitrievsky, KB Ptitsa, VG Sokolov, AA Yurlov nevamwe. MuD., sezvakaita chero imwe mhando yemimhanzi. kuita, ratidza mwero wekuvandudzwa kwemuses. art-va uye aesthetic. misimboti yenguva ino, nzanga. nharaunda, zvikoro, uye munhu wacho. hunhu hwetarenda remuitisi, tsika yake, kuravira, kuda, njere, humiro, etc. Modern. D. inoda kubva kumuitisi ruzivo rwakafara mundima yemimhanzi. mabhuku, akavambwa. music-theoretical. kudzidziswa, mimhanzi yepamusoro. chipo - nzeve yakadzikama, yakanyatsodzidziswa, mimhanzi yakanaka. chiyeuchidzo, pfungwa yechimiro, rhythm, pamwe chete nekufungisisa. Chimiro chinodiwa ndechokuti muitisi ane chido chine chinangwa chinoshingaira. Muitisi anofanira kunge ari nyanzvi yepfungwa, ane chipo chemudzidzisi-mudzidzisi uye humwe hunyanzvi hwekuronga; hunhu uhu hunonyanya kudiwa kune makondakita ari zvachose (kwenguva refu) vatungamiriri vePh.D. chikwata chemimhanzi.

Paunenge uchiita kugadzira conductor anowanzo shandisa mamaki. Zvisineyi, makondakita mazhinji emazuva ano anoitisa nemusoro, pasina zvibodzwa kana nyaradzo. Vamwe, vachibvuma kuti kondakita anofanira kudzokorora zvibodzwa nemusoro, vanodavira kuti kuramba kokondakita achizvidza koni uye zvibodzwa zviri muchimiro chemanyawi zvisina basa uye zvinotsausa pfungwa dzevateereri kubva pachikamu chiri kuitwa. Muitisi weopera anofanira kunge ane ruzivo nezve wok zvinhu. tekinoroji, pamwe nekuva nedhirama. flair, kukwanisa kutungamirira kukudziridzwa kwezvose muses mukuita kweD. scenic action yose, pasina iyo yechokwadi kuumba pamwe chete nemutungamiriri hazvibviri. Rudzi rwakakosha rweD. kuperekedzwa kweanoridza solo (somuenzaniso, mutambi wepiyano, mutambi weviolin kana murwi wecell panguva yekonsati ine orchestra). Muchiitiko ichi, mutungamiri anoronga unyanzvi hwake. vavariro nekuita. chinangwa chemuimbi uyu.

Iyo art yeD. yakavakirwa pane yakakosha, yakanyatso gadzirwa sisitimu yekufamba kwemaoko. Chiso chemutyairi, kutarisa kwake, uye chimiro chechiso chinotambawo basa guru mukukandira. Iyo yakakosha poindi mune sutu-ve D. ndeyekutanga. wave (German Auftakt) - rudzi rwe "kufema", muchidimbu uye kukonzera, semhinduro, inzwi re orchestra, choir. Means. nzvimbo muD. hunyanzvi inopiwa kunguva, kureva, kudanwa nerubatsiro rwemaoko akazunguza metrorhythmic. mimhanzi zvimiro. Nguva ndiyo hwaro (canvas) yehunyanzvi. D.

Zvimwe zvakaoma zvirongwa zvenguva zvakabva pakugadzirisa uye kusanganiswa kwemafambiro anoumba zvirongwa zviri nyore. Madhayagiramu anoratidza kufamba kweruoko rwerudyi rwe conductor. Kuderera kwechiyero muzvirongwa zvose zvinoratidzirwa nekufamba kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi. Migove yekupedzisira - kusvika pakati uye kumusoro. Yechipiri kurohwa muchirongwa che-3-beat inoratidzwa nekufamba kuenda kurudyi (kure nemutungamiriri), muchirongwa che4-beat - kuruboshwe. Kufamba kweruoko rweruboshwe kunovakwa segirazi mufananidzo wekufamba kweruoko rwerudyi. Mukuita kwaD. kunogara. kushandiswa kweiyo symmetrical movement yemaoko maviri isingadiwi. Kusiyana neizvi, kugona kushandisa maoko ese ari maviri akazvimirira kubva kune mumwe kwakakosha zvakanyanya, sezvo iri tsika muD. maitiro ekuparadzanisa mabasa emaoko. Ruoko rworudyi runoitirwa preim. yenguva, ruoko rworuboshwe runopa mirairo mumunda wemasimba, kutaura, zvirevo. Mukuita, zvisinei, mabasa emaoko haambofa akaganhurwa. Iyo yakakwirira yeunyanzvi hwemuitisi, kazhinji uye yakanyanya kuoma kupindirana kwemahara uye kupindirana kwemabasa emaoko maviri mukufamba kwake. Mafambiro emakodhakita makuru haana kumbobvira akananga graphic: anoita sekunge "anozvisunungura kubva pachirongwa", asi panguva imwechete ivo vanogara vakatakura zvakanyanya zvakakosha zvinhu pakuona.

Muitisi anofanira kukwanisa kubatanidza hunhu hwevaimbi vega mukuita, vachitungamira zvese zvavanoedza kuita mukuzadzikiswa kwehurongwa hwavo hwekuridza. Zvinoenderana nehunhu hwekukanganisa paboka revatambi, makondakita anogona kukamurwa kuva marudzi maviri. Yokutanga yeiyi ndiyo "conductor-mudzvanyiriri"; anoisa pasi vaimbi pasi pekuda kwake, yavo. hunhu hwavo, dzimwe nguva vachidzvinyirira kuita kwavo. Conductor werumwe rudzi haambotsvaki kuona kuti vaimbi veokhestra vanomuteerera noupofu, asi anoedza kuunza mutambi wake pamberi. ronga kukuziva kwemuiti wega wega, kuti amubate nekuverenga kwake chinangwa chemunyori. Makondakita mazhinji muna dec. degree rinosanganisa maficha emhando mbiri.

Nzira yeD. isina tsvimbo zvakare yakapararira (yakatanga kushandiswa naSafonov mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20). Inopa rusununguko rukuru uye kujekesa kwekufamba kweruoko rworudyi, asi, kune rumwe rutivi, kuvadzivisa kureruka uye rhythm. kujeka.

Mumakore ekuma1920 mune dzimwe nyika, nhamburiko dzakaitwa dzokugadzira okestra dzisina vatungamiri. Boka rekuita zvechigarire pasina conductor raivepo muMoscow muna 1922-32 (ona Persimfans).

Kubva pakutanga 1950 munyika dzakawanda dzakatanga kuitwa pasi rose. Conductor makwikwi. Pakati pevakakunda vavo: K. Abbado, Z. Meta, S. Ozawa, S. Skrovachevsky. Kubva 1968 mumakwikwi epasi rose aisanganisira zizi. conductors. Mazita evatambi vakahwinwa na: Yu.I. Simonov, AM, 1968).

References: Glinsky M., Essays panhoroondo yekuitisa art, "Musical Contemporary", 1916, bhuku. 3; Timofeev Yu., Nhungamiro yemutungamiri anotanga, M., 1933, 1935, Bagrinovsky M., Kuitisa hunyanzvi hwemaoko, M., 1947, Shiri K., Essays pahunyanzvi hwekuitisa kwaya, M.-L., 1948; Performing Arts of Foreign Countries, vol. 1 (Bruno Walter), M., 1962, nhamba. 2 (W. Furtwangler), 1966, nhamba. 3 (Otto Klemperer), 1967, nhamba. 4 (Bruno Walter), 1969, kwete. 5 (I. Markevich), 1970, chinyorwa. 6 (A. Toscanini), 1971; Kanerstein M., Mibvunzo yekuitisa, M., 1965; Pazovsky A., Notes of a conductor, M., 1966; Mysin I., Kuitisa maitiro, L., 1967; Kondrashin K., Paunyanzvi hwekuitisa, L.-M., 1970; Ivanov-Radkevich A., Pamusoro pedzidzo yemutungamiri, M., 1973; Berlioz H., Le chef d'orchestre, théorie de son art, R., 1856 (shanduro yechiRussian - Conductor weorchestra, M., 1912); Wagner R., Lber das Dirigieren, Lpz., 1870 (shanduro yeRussian - On Conducting, St. Petersburg, 1900); Weingartner F., Lber das Dirigieren, V., 1896 (shanduro yeRussian - Nezvekuitisa, L., 1927); Schünemann G, Geschichte des Dirigierens, Lpz., 1913, Wiesbaden, 1965; Krebs C., Meister des Taktstocks, B., 1919; Scherchen H., Lehrbuch des Dirigierens, Mainz, 1929; Wood H., Nezvekuitisa, L., 1945 (shanduro yeRussian - Nezvekuitisa, M., 1958); Ma1ko N., The conductor and his baton, Kbh., 1950 (shanduro yechiRussian - Dzidziso dzemaitiro ekuitisa, M.-L., 1965); Herzfeld Fr., Magie des Taktstocks, B., 1953; Münch Ch., Je suis chef d'orchestre, R., 1954 (shanduro yechiRussian – ndiri kondakita, M., 1960), Szendrei A., Dirigierkunde, Lpz., 1956; Bobchevsky V., Izkustvoto pane kondakita, S., 1958; Jeremias O., Praktické pokyny k dingováni, Praha, 1959 (shanduro yechiRussian – Zano rinoshanda pakuitisa, M., 1964); Вult A., Pfungwa pakuita, L., 1963.

E. Ya. Ratser