Temp |

ital. tempo, kubva lat. tempus - nguva

Kukurumidza kubhedhenura mucheka wemimhanzi webasa mukuita kwayo kana kuratidzwa nekunzwa kwemukati; inotemerwa nenhamba yezvikamu zvemetric zvikamu zvinopfuura panguva yeyuniti. Pakutanga lat. izwi rokuti tempus, sechiGiriki. xronos (chronos), zvaireva nguva yakatarwa. uwandu. MuMiddle Ages. mumhanzi wevarume, tempus ndiyo nguva yebrevis, inogona kuenzana ne3 kana 2 semibrevis. Muchikamu chekutanga "T." yainzi yakakwana (perfectum), mune yechipiri - isina kukwana (im-perfectum). Aya "T." zvakafanana nemafungiro ekupedzisira ezvisinganzwisisike uye kunyange nguva siginicha; saka Chirungu. izwi renguva, rinoratidza ukuru, uye kushandiswa kwechiratidzo chevarume C, chinoratidza kusakwana “T.”, kuratidza hukuru hwakanyanya. Mugadziriro yewachi yakatsiva rhythm ye mensural, T. (Italian tempo, French temps) pakutanga yakanga iri huru. wachi, kazhinji kota (semiminima) kana hafu (minima); 1-beat measure muchiFrench inonzi. mesure uye 2 temps ndeye "kuyera pa2 tempos". T. yakanzwisiswa, saka, senguva yakareba, kukosha kwayo kunogadzirisa kukurumidza kwekufamba (Italian movimento, French movement). Kuendeswa kune mimwe mitauro (kunyanya German), Italian. shoko rokuti tempo rakavamba kureva chaizvoizvo movimento, uye revo imwe cheteyo yakapiwa kuRussia. izwi rokuti "T." Tsanangudzo itsva (iyo ine hukama neyekare, sepfungwa yekuwanda kwemazwi emazwi kune pfungwa yehukuru hwenguva) haichinji zvinorehwa nemazwi akadai saL'istesso tempo ("T akafanana.") , Tempo I ("dzokera kune yekutanga T."), Tempo precedente ("dzokera kune T yapfuura."), Tempo di Menuetto, etc. Muzviitiko zvose izvi, panzvimbo ye tempo, unogona kuisa movimento. Asi kuratidza kaviri sekukurumidza T., zita rekuti doppio movimento rinodikanwa, sezvo doppio tempo ichireva kaviri nguva yekurohwa uye, nekudaro, inononoka kaviri T.

Kuchinja zvinoreva izwi rekuti "T." inoratidza maitiro matsva kunguva mumimhanzi, hunhu hwemutinhimira wewachi, iyo yakatsiviwa pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 16-17. mensural: mazano pamusoro penguva anopa nzira kune mazano pamusoro pekumhanya. Durations uye reshiyo dzadzo dzinorasikirwa netsanangudzo uye dzinochinja nekuda kwekutaura. Nechekare K. Monteverdi akasiyaniswa kubva kune mechanically kunyange "T. maoko” (“… tempo de la mano”) “T. kukanganisa mweya” (“tempo del affetto del animo”); chikamu chinoda unyanzvi hwakadaro chakaburitswa muchimiro chezvibodzwa, mukusiyana nezvimwe zvikamu zvakadhindwa maererano netsika ye otd. manzwi (8th book of madrigals, 1638), nokudaro, batano ya“zvinobudisa pachena” T. nekufunga kutsva kwakadzikama-chord kunooneka zvakajeka. Oh express. vanyori vakawanda venguva ino (J. Frescobaldi, M. Pretorius, nevamwe) vanonyora pamusoro pekutsauka kubva kunyange T.; ona Tempo rubato. T. pasina kutsauka kwakadaro mu rhythm yewachi haisi tsika, asi chiitiko chakakosha, kazhinji chinoda zvakakosha. zviratidzo ("ben misurato", "streng im ZeitmaYa", nezvimwewo; kare F. Couperin pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi18 anoshandisa chiratidzo "mesurй"). Kurongeka kwemasvomhu hakufungidzirwe kunyangwe kana “tempo” ichiratidzwa (cf. “muchimiro chekudzokorora, asi mutempo” muSimphony yaBeethoven yechi9; “a tempo, ma libero” – “Husiku mumagadheni eSpain” na. M. de Falla). "Zvakajairika" zvinofanirwa kuzivikanwa seT., zvichibvumira kutsauka kubva kune theoretical. nguva yezvinyorwa mukati medzimwe nzvimbo (HA Garbuzov; ona Zone); zvisinei, kana mumhanzi wacho ukanyanya kunzwisiswa, ndipo paunotyorwa nyore nyore miganhu iyi. Mumaitiro erudo, sezviyero zvinotaridza, pa-beat inogona kudarika nguva yeinotevera (hukama hwakadai hwakadai hunocherechedzwa, kunyanya, mukuita kwebasa reAN Scriabin pachake), kunyangwe pasina zviratidzo zvekuchinja muT. mune zvinonyorwa, uye vateereri kazhinji havazvioni. Uku kutsauka kusingaonekwe kunoratidzwa nemunyori kunosiyana kwete muhukuru, asi mukukosha kwepfungwa. pfungwa: havateveri kubva mumhanzi, asi vanorairwa nayo.

Zvose kukanganisa kwekufanana kunoratidzwa muzvinyorwa uye izvo zvisina kuratidzwa mazviri zvinobvisa tempo unit ("kuverenga nguva", German Zdhlzeit, tempo muchirevo chepakutanga) yehukoshi hunogara huripo uye inotibvumira kutaura chete pamusoro pekukosha kwayo kwepakati. Zvinoenderana neaya metronomic maratidziro ekutanga kuona nguva yezvinyorwa, kutaura zvazviri kuratidza kuwanda kwavo: nhamba yakakura (= 100 ichienzaniswa ne = 80) inoratidza nguva pfupi. Mune metronomic zita racho rinonyanya kuwanda kwemabhiti payuniti nguva, uye kwete kuenzana kwezvinhanho pakati pazvo. Vanyori vanotendeukira kune metronome vanowanzo cherechedza kuti havadi michina. metronome kufanana. L. Beethoven kune yake yekutanga metronomic. chiratidzo (rwiyo rwokuti “Maodzanyemba kana kuti Maodzanyemba”) rwakanyora kuti: “Izvi zvinoshanda bedzi kuzviyero zvokutanga, nokuti kunzwa kune mwero wawo umene, usingagoni kuratidzirwa zvizere neiri zita.”

“T. kukanganisa ”(kana kuti“ T. manzwiro ”) yakaparadza tsananguro iri muhurongwa hwevarume. nguva yezvinyorwa (integer valor, iyo inogona kuchinjwa nezvikamu). Izvi zvakakonzera kudiwa kwemazita emashoko eT. Pakutanga, ivo havana hukama zvakanyanya nekumhanyisa semhando yemimhanzi, "inobata", uye yaive isingawanzo (sezvo hunhu hwemimhanzi hwaigona kunzwisiswa pasina mirairo yakakosha). All R. 18th century inotsanangurwa. ukama huri pakati pematanho emashoko uye kumhanya, zvinoyerwa (semumhanzi wekuenda kumwedzi) nemhepo yenguva dzose (zvinenge makumi masere paminiti). Mirayiridzo yeI. Quantz uye mamwe maitirwo anogona kushandurirwa mumetronomic. notation inotevera. nzira:

Nzvimbo yepakati inogarwa na allegro uye andante:

Kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 aya mareshiyo emazita aT. uye kumhanya kwekufamba kwakanga kusisachengetedzwe. Paive nekudiwa kwemamita ekumhanya kwakaringana, iyo yakapindurwa nemetronome yakagadzirwa naIN Meltsel (1816). Kukosha kukuru kwemetronomic L. Beethoven, KM Weber, G. Berlioz, nevamwe vakapa mirairo (semutungamiri mukuru muT.). Iyi mirairo, senge tsananguro dzeQuantz, haiwanzo nongedzera kune chikuru. tempo unit: muamburenzi T. account bh inoenda nenguva yakareba ( panzvimbo muC, panzvimbo в ), mune zvishoma nezvishoma - zviduku ( и panzvimbo paC, panzvimbo в ). Mumhanzi wechinyakare mukunonoka T. zvinoreva kuti munhu anofanira kuverenga uye kuitisa pa4, kwete pa8 (somuenzaniso, chikamu chekutanga che sonata chepiyano, op. 1 No 27 uye sumo ye2th symphony yaBeethoven). Munguva yepashure-Beethoven, kutsauka kwakadaro kweakaundi kubva kune chikuru. metric migove inoita seisina basa, uye kudanwa mumakesi aya hakuchashandiswi (Berlioz mukusuma "Fantastic Symphony" uye Schumann mu "Symphonic Etudes" yepiyano inotsiva yepakutanga inozivikanwa). Metronomic Beethoven's mirairo maererano (kusanganisira muhukuru hwakadai se 4/3), nguva dzose sarudza kwete chikuru. metric share (tempo unit), uye kupatsanurwa kwayo (kuverenga unit). Gare gare, kunzwisiswa kwezviratidzo zvakadaro kwakarasika, uye imwe T., yakaratidzwa naBeethoven, yakatanga kuonekwa yakakurumidza (somuenzaniso, = 8 muchikwata chechipiri che 120 symphony, apo T. inofanira kumiririrwa se. = 2) .

Kuwirirana kwemazita eT. nekukurumidza muzana remakore rechi19. vari kure nekusajeka kunofungidzirwa neQuantz. Nezita rimwechetero T. rinorema metric. migove (ex. inofananidzwa ne) inoda kukurumidza kukurumidza (asi kwete kaviri; tinogona kufunga kuti = 80 inenge inoenderana ne = 120). Izwi rekutaura T. rinoratidza, saka, kwete zvakanyanya pakukurumidza, asi pa "huwandu hwekufamba" - chigadzirwa chekukurumidza uye hukuru (kukosha kwe2nd factor kunowedzera mumimhanzi yerudo, apo kwete chete kota nehafu manotsi anoita. se tempo units, asiwo mamwe maitiro emimhanzi). Chimiro cheT. chinotsamira kwete chete pane chikuru. pulse, asiwo kubva intralobar pulsation (kuumba rudzi rwe "tempo overtones"), ukuru hwekurova, nezvimwewo Metronomic. kumhanya kunoshanduka kuve chimwe chezvikonzero zvakawanda zvinogadzira T., kukosha kwayo kuri kushoma, kunowedzera manzwiro emimhanzi. Vese vaimbi veR. 19th century vanotendeukira kumetronome kashoma kupfuura mumakore ekutanga mushure mekugadzirwa kwaMälzel. Chopin's metronomic zviratidzo zvinowanikwa chete kusvika kumusoro. 27 (uye mumabasa evechidiki akabudiswa mushure mekufa aine op. 67 uye pasina op.). Wagner akaramba mirairo iyi kutanga naLohengrin. F. Liszt naI. Brahms vanenge vasingamboashandise. In con. 19th century, sezviri pachena sekuita kwekuita. hutsinye, zviratidzo izvi zvakare zvinowanzoitika. PI Tchaikovsky, uyo asina kushandisa metronome muzvinyorwa zvake zvepakutanga, anonyatso nyora tempos nayo muzvinyorwa zvake zvepashure. Nhamba yevanyori vezana remakore rechi20, kunyanya. neoclassical direction, metronomic T.'s tsananguro dzinowanzo tungamira pane dzekutaura uye dzimwe nguva dzinobvisa zvachose (ona, semuenzaniso, Stravinsky's Agon).

References: Skrebkov SS, Imwe data pamusoro peagogics yekunyora kwemunyori weScriabin, mubhuku: AN Skryabin. Pamusi wegore negore wechi25 worufu rwake, M.-L., 1940; Garbuzov NA, Zone chimiro che tempo uye rhythm, M., 1950; Nazaikinsky EV, Pamutambo wemimhanzi, M., 1965; yake pachake, Papfungwa dzemumhanzi, M., 1972; Harlap MG, Rhythm yeBeethoven, mubhuku: Beethoven, Sat. st., nyaya. 1, M., 1971; yake pachake, Clock system of musical rhythm, mubhuku: Matambudziko emimhanzi mutinhimira, Sat. Art., M., 1978; Kuitisa performance. Kudzidzira, nhoroondo, aesthetics. (Mupepeti-mugadziri L. Ginzburg), M., 1975; Quantz JJ, Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversiere zu spielen, V., 1752, 1789, facsimile. rakadhindwazve, Kassel-Basel, 1953; Berlioz H., Le chef d'orchestre, théorie de son art, P., 1856 .2-1972); Weingartner PF, Uber das Dirigieren, V., 510 (shanduro yeRussian - Weingartner F., Pamusoro pekuitisa, L., 524); Badura-Skoda E. und P., Mozart-Interpretation, Lpz., 1896).

MG Harlap