Temperament |

kubva lat. temperatio - reshiyo yakarurama, kuenzana

Kurongeka kwehukama hwepakati pakati pematanho epitch system mumimhanzi. urongwa. T. hunhu hwematanho anotevera mukuvandudzwa kweimwe neimwe yemamusi. masisitimu: kutsiva iyo "yakasikwa" masisitimu (semuenzaniso, Pythagorean, yakachena, kureva e. zvichienderana nepakati kubva pachiyero chechisikigo), zvikero zvekugadzira, zvakadzikama zvinouya - zvisina kuenzana uye yunifomu T. (12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, 53-kumhanya, nezvimwewo). Kudiwa kweT. inomuka maererano nezvinodiwa nemamusi. kunzwa, nekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi-yakakwirira mumhanzi. maitiro, nzira dzemimhanzi. kutaura, nekuuya kwemafomu matsva nemhando uye, pakupedzisira, nekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi. zvishandiso. Saka, muna Dr. Girisi, pakutsvaga kugadzirisa kwakanyanya kwetetrachord, Aristoxenus akakurudzira kupatsanura chikamu muzvikamu makumi matanhatu zvakaenzana uye maviri b. masekonzi (a – g, g – f) sarudza 24 migove, uye nokuda m. masekondi (f – e) – 12; chaizvoizvo iri pedyo zvikuru nemazuva ano. 12-inomhanya yunifomu T. Kutsvaga kwakanyanya munzvimbo yeT. ndeye 16th-18th mazana emakore. e. nenguva yekuumbwa kwehomophonic-harmonic. warehouse, kuvandudzwa kwemhando huru dzemimhanzi. kugadzirwa, kuumbwa kweiyo yakakwana huru-diki system yemakiyi. Mune yakamboshandiswa Pythagorean uye yakachena tunings (cf. Stroy) pakanga paine misiyano midiki yekukwirira pakati peenharmonic. manzwi (cf. Enharmonism), hazvina kufanana mumwe nemumwe muhurefu, semuenzaniso, manzwi ake uye c, dis uye es. Misiyano iyi yakakosha kutaura. kuita kwemimhanzi, asi ivo vakakanganisa kukura kwetonal uye harmonic. systems; zvaive zvakakodzera kugadzira zviridzwa zvine gumi nemaviri makiyi paoctave, kana kusiya shanduko kuenda kumakiyi ari kure. Kutanga, kusaenzana T. vaimbi vakaedza kuchengeta kukosha kwe b. chetatu chakafanana nechakachena tuning (Temperament A. Shlyka, P. Arona, midtone T. uye etc.); nokuda kweizvi, ukuru hwezvimwe zvishanu zvakachinja zvishoma. Zvisinei, dep. cheshanu chainzwika sechisina mutsindo (kureva, Mr. mhumhi yechishanu). Mune zvimwe zviitiko, semuenzaniso. pakati pezwi T., b. chetatu chekugadzirisa kwakachena kwakakamurwa kuita matani maviri akaenzana. Zvakaitawo kuti zvitadze kushandisa makiyi ese. A. Werkmeister uye ini. Neidhardt (con. 17 - kupemha. 18 mazana emakore) akasiiwa b. chetatu chehurongwa hwakachena ndokutanga kupatsanura comma yePythagorean pakati pekuparara. yechishanu. Nekudaro, ivo vakatosvika pedyo ne12-speed yunifomu T. Muchikamu chegumi nembiri chakaenzana-kushatirwa, zvikamu zvishanu zvakaderedzwa kana zvichienzaniswa necheshanu kubva pachiyero chechisikigo ne12/1 yecomma yePythagorean (inenge 12 cents, kana 2/1 yezwi rose); iyo system yakavharwa, octave yakakamurwa kuita 100 akaenzana semitones, nguva dzese dzezita rimwechete dzakafanana muhukuru. Mune ino system, unogona kushandisa ese makiyi uye chords yeakanyanya decomp. zvimiro, pasina kutyora zvakatemerwa zviga zvekuona kwepakati uye pasina kuomesera dhizaini yezviridzwa zvine ruzha rwakagadziriswa rwekurira (senge organ, clavier, rudimbwa). Imwe yekutanga kuverenga kwakaringana kwe12-speed T. yakagadzirwa naM. Mersenne (zana remakore rechi17); tafura yekufamba pamwe nedenderedzwa rezvishanu nekudzoka kunzvimbo yekutanga yakaiswa mu "Music Grammar" yake naN. Diletsky (1677). Chiitiko chekutanga chakajeka cheunyanzvi. kushandiswa kweiyo tempered system kwakaitwa naI. C. Bach (The Well-Tempered Clavier, ch. 1, 1722). 12-kumhanya T. inoramba iri mhinduro yakanaka kune dambudziko rehurongwa. Uyu T. yakagadzira mamiriro ekuwedzera kwakasimba kweiyo modal harmonic. maitiro muzana remakore rechi19 ne20. Pakuimba nekuridza zviridzwa zvine mutsindo usina kugadzika, vaimbi vanoshandisa inonzi. Mr. zone system, maererano neKrom tempered system inyaya yakakosha. Uyezve, T. inobatawo chimiro chenzvimbo, ichitarisa mavhareji ematunhu ematanho. Yakagadzirwa naN. A. Garbuzov theoretician. iyo pfungwa yeiyo zonal chimiro chekunzwa kwepitch (ona. Zone) yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuziva psychophysiological. hwaro hweiyo 12-kumhanya T. Panguva imwe cheteyo, akagutsikana kuti iyi gadziriro haigoni kuva yakanaka. Nekuda kwekukunda kuinzwi. kuipa kwe12-speed T. tunings dzakagadzirwa nehuwandu hukuru hwenhanho dzakadzikama pa octave. Chinonyanya kunakidza chazvo ndechekusiyana kweiyo system ine 53 nhanho mune octave, yakakurudzirwa naN. Mercator (zana ramakore rechi 18), Sh. Tanaka and R. Bosanquet (zana remakore rechi19); zvinokutendera kuti unyatso kuburitsa nguva dzePythagorean, dzakachena uye gumi nembiri-nhanho dzakaenzana nehunyoro tunings.

Muzana remakore rechi20 kuedza kugadzira zvakasiyana. sarudzo T. enderera. MuCzechoslovakia muma20s A. Khaba akagadzira 1/4-tone, 1/3-tone, 1/6-tone uye 1/12-toni masisitimu. MuSov. Union panguva imwe chete, AM Avraamov naGM Rimsky-Korsakov vakaita zviedzo nekota-tone toni system; AS Ogolevets akakurudzira 17- uye 29-nhanho T. (1941), PP Baranovsky uye EE Yutsevich - 21-nhanho (1956), EA Murzin - 72-nhanho system T. 1960).

References: Khaba A., Harmonic hwaro hwekota-toni system, "Kune kumahombekombe matsva", 1923, No 3, Shtein R., Quarter-tone mimhanzi, ibid., Rimsky-Korsakov GM, Substantiation yekota-tone mimhanzi system, in: De musisa. Vremnik kuburitswa kwenhoroondo uye dzidziso yemimhanzi, vol. 1, L., 1925; Ogolevets AS, Nheyo dzemutauro weHarmonic, M., 1941; yake, Sumo yemafungiro enziyo emazuva ano, M., 1946; Garbuzov NA, Intrazonal intonation kunzwa uye nzira dzekukura kwayo, M. - L, 1951; Musical Acoustics, ed. HA Garbuzova, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EE, Pitch kuongororwa kwemahara melodic system, K., 1956; Sherman NS, Kuumbwa kweuniform temperament system, M., 1964; Pereverzev NK, Matambudziko emumhanzi, M., 1966; Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1891, 1921

Yu. N. Rags