Tenor |

ital. Tenore, kubva kuLat. tensor - kuenderera mberi kwekufamba, kufamba kwakafanana, kushushikana kwezwi, kubva teneo - zvakananga, kubata (nzira); French tenor, teneur, taille, haute contra, chiGerman. tenor, chirungu tenor

Izwi risinganzwisisike, raitozivikanwa muMiddle Ages uye kwenguva refu risina chirevo chakasimbiswa: chirevo charo chikamu chinopindirana nezvirevo zvemazwi tonus (toni yepisarema, maitiro echechi, toni yakazara), modus, tropus (system, modhi. ), accentus (kusimbisa, kushushikana, kusimudza inzwi) yairatidzawo kureba kwekufema kana nguva yekurira, pakati pevanyori vekupedzisira kweMiddle Ages - dzimwe nguva ambitus (volume) yemodhiyo. Nokufamba kwenguva, hunhu hunotevera hwayo hwakatemerwa zvakanyanya.

1) Munziyo yaGregory, T. (yakazonziwo tuba (2), corda (French corda, Spanish cuerda)) zvakafanana nerepercussion (2), ndiko kuti, imwe yemanzwi akanyanya kukosha ekuimba, achienderana ne inotonga uye inotsanangura pamwe chete nemagumo. ruzha (finalis, yakafanana pachinzvimbo kune tonic) modal affiliation yerwiyo (ona Medieval modes). In decomp. mhando dzemapisarema nenziyo dziri pedyo nayo T. inoshumira ch. inzwi rekudzokorora (inzwi, parinoverengwa chikamu chinokosha chemashoko).

2) MuMiddle Ages. polygonal music (inenge muzana remakore rechi12-16) zita repati, umo rwiyo runotungamira (cantus firmus) runotaurwa. Uyu mutinhimira wakashanda sehwaro, kutanga kwekubatanidza kwezvinangwa zvakawanda. nziyo. Pakutanga, izwi iri mupfungwa iyi raishandiswa maererano nemhando ye treble (1) - yakakosha, yakamisikidzwa yakaomeswa akasiyana e organum (mumhando dzekutanga dze organum, basa rakafanana ne T. raiitwa ne vox principalis - the izwi guru); T. inoita mabasa mamwe chete mune mamwe maporigoni. genres: motte, mass, ballad, etc. Mune zvibodzwa zviviri. nziyo T. rakanga riri izwi rezasi. Nekuwedzera kwe countertenor bassus (counterpoint nezwi rakaderera), T. yakava imwe yemazwi epakati; pamusoro peT. inogona kuiswa countertenor altus. Mune mamwe marudzi, izwi riri pamusoro peT. rakanga rine zita rakasiyana: motetus mune motet, superius muchikamu; manzwi epamusoro ainziwo duplum, triplum, quadruplum kana – discantus (ona Treble (2)), gare gare – soprano.

Muzana remakore rechi15 zita rokuti "T." dzimwe nguva yakawedzerwa kune countertenor; pfungwa ye "T." kune vamwe vanyori (somuenzaniso, Glarean) inobatanidza nepfungwa ye cantus firmus uye nedingindira rose (serwiyo rwune musoro mumwe rwakagadziridzwa mukuumbwa kwemisoro mizhinji); muItaly muzana remakore rechi15 nerechi16. zita "T." yakashandiswa kune rwiyo runotsigira rwekutamba, iyo yakaiswa muzwi repakati, iyo counterpoint iyo yakagadzira inzwi repamusoro (superius) uye pasi (countertenor).

G. de Macho. Kyrie kubva kuMisa.

Mukuwedzera, zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kushandiswa muOp. c.-l. rwiyo runozivikanwa rwakapihwa muT. (German Tenorlied, Tenormesse, Italian messa su tenore, French messe sur tenor).

3) Zita rekwaya kana ensemble chikamu chakagadzirirwa kuita kwaT. (4). Mupolygon harmonic kana polyphonic. dura, uko kwaya inotorwa semuenzaniso. mharidzo (somuenzaniso, mumabasa ekudzidzisa pamusoro pekubatana, polyphony), - izwi (1), riri pakati pebass nealto.

4) Izwi repamusoro rechirume (4), iro zita rinobva mukunyanya kuita naye mukutanga polygonal. mimhanzi yepati T. (2). Huwandu hweT. muzvikamu zvimwechete ndi c - c2, mukwaya c - a1. Ruzha rwuri muvhoriyamu kubva paf kusvika paf1 irejista yepakati, manzwi ari pazasi f ari murejista yepasi, manzwi ari pamusoro pef1 ari murejista yepamusoro nepamusoro. Pfungwa yemhando yeT. haina kuramba isina kuchinjika: mu15-16 mazana emakore. T. in decomp. zviitiko, yakadudzirwa ingave iri pedyo neviola, kana, pane zvinopesana, seyakarara munharaunda ye baritone (tenorino, quanti-tenore); muzana remakore rechi17 vhoriyamu yakajairika yeT. yakanga iri mukati meh - g 1. Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvikamu zveT. zvakanyorwa mukiyi ye tenor (somuenzaniso, chikamu cheSigmund muWagner's Ring yeNibelung; mudzimai" naTchaikovsky. ), mukwaya yekare. zvibodzwa zvinowanzo mu alto uye baritone; muzvinyorwa zvemazuva ano bato T. notated in violin. kiyi, izvo zvinoreva kushandura pasi octave (zvakare inoratidzwa

or

) Basa rekufananidzira uye semantic raT. rakashanduka zvikuru nekufamba kwenguva. Mune oratorio (Handel's Samson) nemimhanzi yekare inoera, tsika inoshanda kune dzinotevera nguva yekududzira solo tenor chikamu serondedzero-inoshamisa (Muvhangeri muPassions) kana zvine hungwaru sublime (Benedictus kubva kuBach's mass mu h-moll, zvikamu zvakasiyana mu " All-Night Vigil" naRachmaninov, chikamu chepakati mu "Canticum sacrum" naStravinsky). Semaopera eItaria muzana ramakore rechi 17 zvakatemwa; chaiyo inooneka gare gare. chikamu cheT.-buffa. Mune opera-yakatevedzana yevakadzi. manzwi nemanzwi evakarasa zvakatsiva manzwi echirume, uye T. akaronzeswa mabasa maduku bedzi. Zvakasiyana, mune imwe nzira yedemocracy hunhu hweopera buffa, zvikamu zvakagadziridzwa zvetenor (lyrical uye komiki) chinhu chakakosha chinoumbwa. Pamusoro pekududzirwa kwaT. mumitambo ye18-19 mazana emakore. yakapesvedzerwa naWA Mozart ("Don Giovanni" - chikamu chaDon Ottavio, "Munhu wese anozviita" - Ferrando, "The Magic Flute" - Tamino). Opera muzana remakore rechi19 yakagadzira mhando huru dzemapato e-tenor: lyric. T. (Italian tenore di grazia) inosiyaniswa nechiedza chetimbre, chinyorwa chakasimba chepamusoro (dzimwe nguva kusvika kud2), kureruka uye kufamba (Almaviva muRossini's The Barber of Seville; Lensky); dram. T. (chiItalian tenore di forza) chinoratidzwa nemavara e-baritone uye simba guru rokurira rine zvishoma zvishoma (Jose, Herman); mune lyric drama. T. (Italian mezzo-carattere) inobatanidza hunhu hwemhando mbiri nenzira dzakasiyana (Othello, Lohengrin). A special siyana hunhu T.; zita racho rinokonzerwa nekuti rinowanzo shandiswa mumabasa ehunhu (trike). Pakusarudza kana inzwi romuimbi ndererumwe rudzi kana kuti rumwe, tsika dzokuimba dzorudzi rwakati dzinokosha. zvikoro; hongu, muItaly. vaimbi musiyano pakati pezwi. uye dram. T. ihama, inonyatso kuratidzwa mairi. opera (somuenzaniso, asingazorore Max muThe Free Shooter uye asingazununguki Sigmund muThe Valkyrie); mumhanzi weRussia imhando yakakosha yemutambo welyric. T. ine rejisita repamusoro rakadzingirirwa uye kuburitsa kwakasimba kunyangwe kunzwika kunobva kuna Ivan Susanin waGlinka (tsanangudzo yemunyori weSobinin - "chimiro chiri kure" chinotambanukira kuchimiro chezwi chebato). Kuwedzera kukosha kwetimbre-ruvara rwekutanga muopera music con. 19 - kupemha. Muzana remakore rechi20, kusangana kweopera uye drama. theatre uye kusimbiswa kwebasa rekudzokorora (kunyanya mumitambo yezana remakore rechi20) zvakakanganisa kushandiswa kwematemu anokosha. Izvi ndizvo, semuenzaniso, kusvika kune e2 uye kurira sefalsetto T.-altino (Astrologer). Shifting emphasis kubva ku cantilena kuenda kutaura. kududzwa kweshoko kunoratidza zvakananga zvakadaro. mabasa, saYurodivy naShuisky muna Boris Godunov, Alexei muThe Gambler uye Prince muProkofiev's Love for Three Oranges, nevamwe.

Nhoroondo yemhosva inosanganisira mazita evatambi vakawanda veT. MuItaly, G. Rubini, G. Mario akafarikanya mukurumbira mukuru, muzana ramakore rechi20. - E. Caruso, B. Gigli, M. Del Monaco, G. Di Stefano, pakati pake. opera artists (kunyanya, vatambi vemabasa aWagner) vakamira kunze kweCzech. muimbi JA Tikhachek, German. vaimbi W. Windgassen, L. Zuthaus; pakati peRussia nemazizi. vaimbi-T. - NN Figner, IA Alchevsky, DA Smirnov, LV Sobinov, IV Ershov, NK Pechkovsky, GM Nelepp, S. Ya. Lemeshev, Ini S. Kozlovsky.

5) Wide-scale mhangura mweya. chiridzwa (Italian Flicorno tenore, French saxhorn tynor, German Tenorhorn). Zvinoreva kuchinjisa zviridzwa, zvakagadzirwa muB, T.'s chikamu chakanyorwa pa b. hapana yakakwirira kudarika inzwi chairo. Kutenda nekushandiswa kwematatu-valve mechanism, ine yakazara chromatic scale, iyo chaiyo siyana ndeye E - h1. Wed uye kumusoro. T. marejista anoratidzirwa neruzha rwakapfava uye rwakazara; melodic T.'s kugona kunosanganiswa nehunyanzvi. kufamba. T. yakatanga kushandiswa pakati. 19th century (bh dhizaini naA. Saks). Pamwe chete nezvimwe zviridzwa zvinobva kumhuri yesaxhorn—cornet, baritone, uye bass—T. inoumba hwaro hwomudzimu. orchestra, uko, zvichienderana nekuumbwa, boka reT. rakakamurwa kuva 2 (mumhangura duku, dzimwe nguva mune zviduku zvakasanganiswa) kana 3 (muzvikamu zviduku zvakasanganiswa uye zvakakura); 1st T. panguva imwechete ine basa remutungamiri, melodic. manzwi, 2nd ne3rd ari kuperekedza, anoperekedza manzwi. T. kana kuti baritone kazhinji inoronzeswa rwiyo rwemutobvu. inzwi mukufora kwevatatu. Zvikamu zvinotarisirwa zveT. zvinowanikwa muMyaskovsky's Symphony No. 19. Chimbo chakanyatsobatana ndicho Wagner horn (tenor) tuba (1).

6) Kujekesa tsananguro mumusoro decomp. zviridzwa zvemimhanzi, zvichiratidza hunhu hwekunzwika kwavo uye siyana (kusiyana nemamwe marudzi emhuri imwechete); semuenzaniso: saxophone-T., tenor trombone, domra-T., tenor viola (inonziwo viola da gamba uye muswe), nezvimwewo.

Mabhuku: 4) Timokhin V., Vaimbi vakatanhamara vokuItaly, M., 1962; yake, Masters of vocal art yezana ramakore rechi XX, kwete. 1, M., 1974; Lvov M., Kubva munhoroondo yeunyanzvi hwezwi, M., 1964; vake, vaimbi vokuRussia, M., 1965; Rogal-Levitsky Dm., Modern orchestra, vol. 2, M., 1953; Gubarev I., Brass band, M., 1963; Chulaki M., Zviridzwa zve symphony orchestra, M.-L., 1950, M., 1972.

TS Kyuregyan

Izwi remurume repamusoro. Main range kubva to diki ku to yekutanga octave (dzimwe nguva kusvika re kana kunyange kare F paBellini). Kune mabasa elyric uye dramatic tenors. Iwo anonyanya kuita mabasa erwiyo rwenziyo ndeanoti Nemorino, Faust, Lensky; pakati pezvikamu zveiyo dramatic tenor, tinoona mabasa aManrico, Othello, Calaf nevamwe.

Kwenguva yakareba mu opera, tenor yakashandiswa chete muzvikamu zvechipiri. Kusvikira pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18 - kutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, castrati yakatonga dariro. Mubasa raMozart chete, uyezve muRossini, manzwi etenor akatora nzvimbo inotungamira (kunyanya mumitambo yebuffa).

Pakati pevakakurumbira tenors vezana remakore rechi20 ndiCaruso, Gigli, Björling, Del Monaco, Pavarotti, Domingo, Sobinov nevamwe. Onawo countertenor.

E. Tsodokov