Toni |

German Ton - inzwi, kubva muchiGiriki. tonos, lit. – tension, tension

Imwe yemafungiro makuru anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumhanzi theory.

1) Mumhanzi. acoustics - chikamu chezwi rinonzwika, rinoumbwa ne periodic. oscillating movements: partial T., aliquot T., overtone (pane izwi rekuti “undertone”), pure, or sinusoidal, T.; panguva yekubatana kwemanzwi, kusangana T., T. kusangana kunomuka. Inosiyana neruzha rwemimhanzi, inosanganisira iyo huru. tones uye overtones, uye kubva kune ruzha - inzwi rine izwi risinganzwisisiki, to-ry rinokonzerwa ne-non-periodic. oscillating mafambiro. T. ine mutsindo, vhoriyamu, uye timbre zvinoenderana nerejista (yakaderera T. yakagomara, matte; yakakwirira inopenya, inopenya) uye ruzha (pavhoriyamu yakakwira zvakanyanya, inzwi reT. rinoshanduka, nekuti nekuda kwekukanganiswa muchimiro che oscillatory mafambiro panguva yekuvapfuura kuburikidza nekunze analyzer yenhengo yekunzwa, iyo inonzi inonzi subjective overtones inomuka). T. inogona kugadzirwa neaudio frequency jenareta; vakadaro T. vanoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu electromusic. zviridzwa zvekubatanidza inzwi.

2) Interval, chiyero chepitch ratios: mukugadzirisa kwakachena - yakakura T. ine frequency reshiyo ye9/8, yakaenzana ne204 cents, uye diki yakazara T. ine frequency reshiyo ye10/9, yakaenzana 182 masendi; muchiyero chakaenzana - 1/6 octave, yakazara T., yakaenzana ne200 cents; mu diatonic gamma - pamwe chete ne semitone, chiyero pakati pematanho ari pedyo (yakatorwa mazwi - tritone, toni yechitatu, kota toni, yakazara-tone scale, toni-semitone scale, gumi nembiri-tone mimhanzi, nezvimwewo).

3) Zvakafanana nekurira kwemimhanzi sechinhu chinoshanda chemuses. masisitimu: dhigirii rechiyero, modhi, chiyero (yekutanga toni - tonic; inotonga, subdominant, sumo, yepakati toni); kurira kwenzwi (yekutanga, yechitatu, yechishanu, zvichingodaro), isinganzwisisike manzwi (kuvharirwa, mubatsiri, kudarika T.); chikamu cherwiyo (yekutanga, yekupedzisira, yekupedzisira, nezvimwe. T.). Mazwi akatorwa - tonality, polytonality, tonicity, etc. T. - zita rechinyakare rekuti tonality.

4) Mune izvo zvinonzi. machechi modes (ona Medieval modes) modhi yekududza (semuenzaniso, I toni, III toni, VIII toni).

5) Meistersingers vane mutinhimira-modhiyo yekuimba mu decomp. zvinyorwa (somuenzaniso, rwiyo rweG. Sachs "Silver Tone").

6) Subjective yakabatanidzwa kuratidzwa kwehumwe hunhu hwezwi: mumvuri, hunhu hwezwi; zvakafanana nenzwi renzwi, kunaka kwezwi, chiridzwa, ruzha rwakaitwa (chakachena, chokwadi, nhema, kutaura, kuzere, husimbe T., nezvimwewo).

References: Yavorsky BL, Chimiro chekutaura kwemimhanzi, zvikamu 1-3, M., 1908; Asafiev BV, Nhungamiro yemakonzati, vol. 1, P., 1919, M., 1978; Tyulin Yu. N., Dzidziso yekuwirirana, vol. 1 - Matambudziko makuru ekuwirirana, (M.-L.), 1937, akagadziriswa. uye wedzera., M., 1966; Teplov BM, Psychology yemano emimhanzi, M.-L., 1947; Musical acoustics (general editor NA Garbuzov), M., 1954; Sposobin IV, Elementary theory yemimhanzi, M., 1964; Volodin AA, Electronic musical instruments, M., 1970; Nazaikinsky EV, Papfungwa yekuona kwemimhanzi, M., 1972; Helmholtz H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968 Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1875, 1891 M., 1921); Kurth E., Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts…, Bern, 1898, 1917

Yu. N. Rags