General-in-Chief

German Generalbas, Italian. basso generale, lit. - bass yakazara

Bass inzwi rine nhamba dzinoratidza makonzonenzi mumanzwi epamusoro. Dr. mazita: Italian basso continuo thorough-bass, kuburikidza-bass - inoenderera bass. Naz. zvakare mabhesi edhijitari (basso numerato yeItalian, French basse chiffrée, German bezifferter BaYa). Mamwe mazita ekare asingawanzo kunzi Italian. basso seguente, basso per l'organo, basso prinzipale, partitura d'organo. Nezwi rokuti "G.-b." tsika yekurekodha kuperekedza kune melodic yakabatana. manzwi ari muchimiro cheG.-b., uyewo anoita. dzidzira kuridza digital bass pane organ uye harpsichord. G. nguva yekugovera - ingave. (1600-1750) inowanzonzi "nguva yeH.-B." Mienzaniso yeG. inowanikwa muC. Monteverdi, G. Schutz, A. Corelli, A. Scarlatti, JS Bach, GF Handel, J. Pergolesi, J. Haydn nevamwe.

Zita G.-b. dzidziso dzekare pamusoro pekuvaka uye kubatana kwechords dzakapfekwawo (dzinopindirana zvishoma nedzidziso dzepakutanga pamusoro pekunzwanana; nokudaro kuzivikanwa kwavo kwaimbozivikanwa).

G.-b. senzira yekupfupisa kurekodha kwepolyphony yakasimuka muItaly pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 16. mukuita kweogani uye harpsichord kuperekedza. Mavambo uye kutanga kwekugovera G.-b. yakabatana nekukura nekukurumidza kwehomophony muEurope. mimhanzi pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 16-17, ine basa rakakosha mairi rekuvandudza nekushongedza. Kusvika muzana ramakore rechi 17 polygonal polyphonic nziyo dzakakopwa uye kudhindwa kwete muchimiro chechiratidzo, asi muchimiro chezvikamu zvedhipatimendi. kuita manzwi (vaimbi vepolyphonic vakatoviga zviverengero zvenziyo dzavo kuitira kuchengetedza zvakavanzika zvehunyanzvi hwavo hwekupikisa zvakavanzika). Kukunda kusagadzikana kunobva pane izvi pakudzidza nekuita zvigadzirwa zvakaoma, ital. bandmasters uye organist pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 16. akatanga kushandisa mutsara wakapfupikiswa wenganonyorwa. Chinokosha chehunyanzvi hutsva hwaive hwekuti panguva yega yega yekuridza ruzha rwepasi pasi remanzwi anoenderana (bass) rakanyorwa, uye manzwi akasara emanzwi aya akanyorwa munhamba dzinoratidza nguva kubva kumabhasi. Izvozvo. itsva, homophonic yekunyora nzira yakasimuka: bhasi rinoenderera (kusiyana nezwi rezasi repolyphonic rakakanganiswa nekumbomira) rine chords pamusoro payo. Nzira imwe cheteyo ndiyo yakashandiswa pakurongwa kwemaporigoni. nziyo dze lute kana yezwi rimwe chete rine lute inoperekedza (tsika yekuimba rimwe remanzwi e polyphonic kuumbwa uye kuita manzwi akasara pazviridzwa zvave zvichishandiswa kwenguva yakareba). Pakutanga. Muzana remakore rechi17 muitisi weopera (uyo aiwanzovawo munyori wenziyo) akagadzira mutambo wacho, achinyora pahwaro hwaG.-b. nhamba inodiwa yemavhoti zvichienderana nevashandi vanoita basa raainavo. Kuita kwekuperekedza maererano naG.-b. panhengo uye harpsichord yaisanganisira zvinhu zvekuvandudza zvinoenderana nekuwirirana uku.

Pakutanga chete G.-b. yakashandiswa mu “Church Concerts” (“Concerti ecclesiastici”) by A. Banchieri (1595) uye “The Representation of Soul and Body” (“La rappresentazione di Anima e di Corpo”) by E. Cavalieri (Spanish 1600). Kuenderana kushandiswa kweG. - kwaizova. rinowana muL. Viadana's "100 Church Concerts" ("Cento concerti ecclesiastici...") (1602), iyo kwenguva yakareba yaionekwa semuvambi weH.-b. Munhanganyaya yebasa iri, Viadana inotaura nezvezvikonzero zvakaita kuti ashandise G.-b.; mitemo yedigitization uye kuuraya maererano neG.-b. zvinotsanangurwawo ipapo. Zviratidzo zvakadaro zvinowanikwawo mumabasa aA. Bankieri (“L' organo suonarino”, 1607), A. Agazzari (“Sacrae cantiones”, 1608), M. Pretorius (“Syntagma musicum”, III, 1619; Faksimile- Nachdruck, Kassel -Basel-L.-NY, 1958).

Senzira yekugadzira G.-b. kutaura kwakajeka kwehomophonic harmonic. mavara, asi senge notation system inoburitsa iyo polyphonic. pfungwa ye vertical - kunzwisisa chord sechinhu chakaoma chezvikamu. Nzira dzekucherekedza chords: kusavapo kwenhamba (nezvimwe zviratidzo) zvinoreva diatonic. triad; zvese zvinowirirana zvinoiswa pasi pedigitization, kunze kwediatonic. katatu; nhamba 6 - yechitanhatu chord,

- quarter-sextakcord; nhamba

- diatonic. tambo yechinomwe nezvikumbiro zvayo; 9 - isiri-chord. Chetatu kazhinji hachina kunyorwa; chiratidzo chetsaona (charp, becar, flat) chisina nhamba chinoreva chetatu; chiratidzo chetsaona pedyo nenhamba chinoreva chromatic. kugadziridzwa kweruzha rwepamusoro rwenguva inoenderana (kubva kumabhasi). Chromatic kuwedzera kunoratidzwawo nekuyambuka nhamba kana + chiratidzo shure kwayo - kuwedzera kwechitanhatu, 4 + - kuwedzera kwechina). Non-chord ruzha runoratidzirwawo nenhamba kubva kumabass (4 - matatu ane kunonoka kudzika kusvika kune chetatu,

- kuvharirwa katatu kwekota, yechinomwe uye nona nechisarudzo chake). Zviratidzo tasto solo ("imwe kiyi", abbr. ts) inorayira kushanda kwebass imwe, pasina chords. Pakutanga. 17th century G.'s tsika - b. nokukurumidza yakapararira kuEurope. nyika. Vese vaimbi nemabhendi vaidiwa kuti vagone hunyanzvi hwekutamba nekuvandudza maererano naG.-b. Nhanganyaya G.-b. pakutanga aiva nerevo yakanaka. Pasi pekutonga kwezviyero zvakapfava uye kurapwa kwakasimba kwemadissonances, G.-b. yakafambisa kudzidza uye kuitwa kwezvinyorwa zvakaoma.

JS Bach. Sonata ye2 Violins uye Digitized Bass, kufamba III. Original.

Zvimwe chete, zvakatsanangurwa naL. Landshoff.

Mukuita kweG.'s application - ingadaro. akamuka uye akasimbisa mazwi. madomasirwo emhando huru, inowanzoitika chords - yechitanhatu chord, quarter-sextakchord, yechinomwe chord (saka tsika yekusiya triad notation yaishandiswa kakawanda: Munguva iyoyo, zvisinei, izvi hazvina kukosha. Sezvo nzira dzeharmonic dzakagadziridzwa uye dzakanatswa, mamwe mazita matsva edhijitari (masaini) akaunzwa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Saka, mubhuku rekutanga reID masaini 1711 chete, mubasa rake rekupedzisira (12) vatove ne1728 yavo, uye I. Mattheson (32) anounza nhamba yavo ku1735.

Sezvo dzidziso yokutsinhirana yakakudziridzwa, dzimwe nzira dzakanyatsojeka dzokusarudza chords dzakawanwa. Muses. dzidzira ku ser. 18th century yakasiya fungidziro yekuchinjisa kune inoperekedza chinangwa chemunyori uye nekuderedza basa rekuita kuvandudza. G.-b. akarega kushandiswa, kunyange kwenguva yakareba akachengetwa mukudzidzisa. dzidzira sechirango chedzidzo chinosimbisa hunyanzvi hwekuita mimhanzi yebaroque, uye sechiitwa mukuwirirana. Nhungamiro kuna G. – b. akaumbwa naFE Bach (1752), FV Marpurg (1755), IF Kirnberger (1781), DG Türk (1791), AE Koron (1801), F. Zh. Fetis (1824), Z. Dehn (1840), E. Richter (1860), S. Jadasson (1883), X. Riemann (1889) nevamwe. MuchiRussian. mutauro wakashandurwa kuti “Bhuku Ripfupi reChidzidzo cheG.-B.” O. Kolbe (1864).

Parizvino Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakasara zvedzidziso yeG.-B., yakatorwa nedzidziso yekubatana, inowanikwa mumitoo yedhijitari chords inoshandiswa mumabhuku akawanda. Rudzi rwerumutsiridzo rwakakwana rwemaitiro eG.-b. inoonekwa mujazz uye light estra padyo nayo. music. Izvo zvinodikanwa zveizvi kuvandudzwa kwekuita, kushamwaridzana kweboka rinoperekedza (gitare, piyano) ine zviridzwa zvekuridza, chiyero chemavara eanoperekedza. Kazhinji kurekodha kwerwiyo kuratidzwa kwemutinhimira, harmonica. bass ine dijitari uye yakakosha. counterpoints; magadzirirwo emazwi epakati anonyorwa nenzira yakapfava, murongi nemuiti vanopihwa mukana wekuasiyanisa pakuda kwavo. Machords anotaridzwa zvakasiyana.

K. Velebny. Kubva mubhuku rinonzi Jazz Practice.

Nzira yakajairika yekunyora ndeyekudoma main. chord tones (C - ruzha C, C — sis, E - es, zvichingodaro), rudzi rwevatatu (G - triad G-dur, Gm - g-moll, G + - yakawedzera katatu), mukududzirwa kwedhijitari yemanzwi akawedzerwa kune matatu (

- c-es-gad chord,

- face-es-gis-hd, nezvimwewo); pfungwa. yechinomwe chord - E dim, etc. Chords muchikamu chepiyano. yakanyorwa mune imwe yesarudzo dzedigitization: B maj7 (major seventh chord) – bdfa chord, Emi7 (min. seventh chord) – eghd, E 7 – es-gb-des, G+ – gh-es (cf. manhamba ane trombone chords). Mazita aya anoburitsa hunhu hweG.-b.; hazviratidze kuti gh-es chord inofanirwa kucherechedzwa seyakapindurwa yeuv. matatu kubva es, kwete SW. vatatu kubva g. G.-b. yaibatsira uye ichiri kubatsira. zvinoreva kumuiti, “mimhanzi. shorthand” panzvimbo pedzidziso yesayenzi.

References: Kelner D., Murairo Wechokwadi mukuumbwa kwebass general…, M., 1791; Czerny K., Tsamba ... kana Nhungamiro yezvidzidzo zvekuridza piyano …, St. Petersburg, 1842; Ivanov-Boretsky M., Mumhanzi uye nhoroondo muverengi vol. 1-3, M., 1928, yakadzokororwa. e., kwete. 1-2, M., 1933-1936.

Yu. N. Kholopov