Choral processing |

нем. Choralbearbeitung, англ. kurongeka kwekwaya, chorale setting, франц. composition sur choral, итал. Kududzirwa kwekwaya, kuumbwa pakwaya

Basa rinoshandiswa, rezwi kana rezviridzwa umo rwiyo rwakaitwa tsvene rwechechi yeChristian Christian (ona rwiyo rweGregorian, rwiyo rwePurotesitendi, Choral) rinogashira dhizaini yepolyphonic.

Izwi rokuti X nezve." inowanzo shandiswa kune polygonal nziyo pachoral cantus firmus (semuenzaniso, antiphon, rwiyo, responsory). Dzimwe nguva pasi pe X. pamusoro. mimhanzi yose inosanganisirwa. op., imwe nzira kana imwe yakabatana nekwaya, kusanganisira idzo painongoshandiswa sechinhu chinobva. Muchiitiko ichi, kugadzirisa kunobva kwave kugadzirisa, uye izwi rinotora zvinoreva zvisina kujeka. Maari. musicology mazita. X pamusoro." rinonyanya kushandiswa nenzira iri pedyo kureva nzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzirisa chorale yechiPurotesitendi. Chikamu X. pamusoro. yakafara kwazvo. Mhando dzinotungamira dzeProf. mimhanzi yeMiddle Ages uye Renaissance. Mukutanga polyphonic mafomu (parallel organum, foburdon) chorale inoitwa zvizere. Riri izwi rezasi, rinodzokororwa nemamwe manzwi, rinoumba hwaro hwezvakaumbwa mupfungwa chaiyoiyo. Ne polyphonic amplification. Kuzvimiririra kwemanzwi, chorale yakaremara: iyo inonzwika inonzwika kureba uye yakadzika kunze (mu melismatic organum ivo vanochengetwa kudzamara kushongedza kwakawanda kwemanzwi anopokana kuchinzwika), chorale inorasikirwa nekuvimbika kwayo (kunonoka kwemharidzo nekuda kwe rhythmic kuwedzera kunomanikidza kuti ingogumira pakuitisa zvishoma - mune dzimwe nguva isingapfuuri 4-5 manzwi ekutanga). Iyi tsika yakagadzirwa mumienzaniso yekutanga yemotet (zana ramakore rechi 13), apo cantus firmus yaiwanzovawo chidimbu chengoma yaGregory (ona muenzaniso uri pazasi). Panguva imwecheteyo, chorale yakashandiswa zvakanyanya seyo ostinato hwaro hwepolyphonic. kusiyanisa chimiro (ona Polyphony, column 351).

Gregorian chant. Hareruya Vidimus Stellam.

Motet. Chikoro cheParisian (zana remakore rechi13). Chidimbu chechorale chinoitika mutenor.

Nhanho inotevera munhoroondo yeX. - kuwedzera kune chorale yemusimboti weisorhythm (ona Motet), iyo yakashandiswa kubva muzana ramakore re14. Mafomu X. o. kukwidziridzwa nevatenzi vezvibodzwa zvakawanda. mass. Nzira huru dzekushandisa chorale (dzimwe dzadzo dzinogona kusanganiswa mune imwe op.): chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine 1-2 ndima dzemuimbi wekwaya, iyo yakakamurwa kuita mitsara inopatsanurwa nekumira (iyo misa yese, saka, inomiririra kutenderera kwe kusiyana); chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine chimedu chechorale, chinoparadzirwa muhuwandu; chorale - zvinopesana netsika yekutaura mutenora (2) - inofamba kubva kuzwi kuenda kune izwi (inonzi migrating cantus firmus); chorale inoitwa pano neapo, kwete muzvikamu zvese. Panguva imwecheteyo, chorale hairambi isingachinji; mukuita kwekugadzirisa kwayo, 4 huru yakatemwa. mafomu ezvidzidzo. shanduko - kuwedzera, kuderera, kutenderera, kufamba. Mumienzaniso yapfuura, chorale, yakanyatsorondedzerwa kana kusiana (kuzadzwa kwemimhanzi yekusvetuka, kushongedzwa, kurongeka kwakasiyana-siyana), yakasiyaniswa neyemahara, isina hukama.

G. Dufay. Nziyo “Aures ad nostras deitatis”. Rudzi rwekutanga rwiyo rwekwaya rwemonophonic, chikamu chechipiri igadziriro yemazwi matatu (yakasiyana-siyana choral melody musoprano).

Nekuvandudzwa kwekutevedzera, kufukidza manzwi ese, mafomu ari pa cantus firmus anopa nzira kune matsva, uye chorale inoramba ichingova sosi yenyaya. kugadzira zvinhu. (cf. muenzaniso uri pazasi uye muenzaniso uri muchikamu. 48).

Гимн “Pange lingua”

Matekinoroji uye mafomu ekugadzirisa kwaya, akagadziridzwa munguva yemaitiro akaomarara, akagadzirwa mumimhanzi yechechi yePurotesitendi, uye pamwe nekushandiswa kwekutevedzera. mafomu akamutsidzirwa mafomu pane cantus firmus. Mhando dzakanyanya kukosha - cantata, "passions", concerto yemweya, motet - inowanzobatanidzwa nechorale (izvi zvinoratidzwa mushoko rekuti: Choralkonzert, semuenzaniso "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Kristu" naI. Schein; Choralmotette, semuenzaniso. "Komm, heiliger Geist" A. von Brook; Choralkantate). Rega. Kushandiswa kwe cantus firmus mu cantatas yeJS Bach inosiyaniswa nekusiyana kwayo. Chorale inowanzopihwa mune nyore 4-chinangwa. harmonization. Rumbo rwekwaya runoimbwa neizwi kana chiridzwa runokwidziridzwa pakwaya yakatambanudzwa. kuumbwa (eg BWV 80, No 1; BWV 97, No 1), wok. kana instr. a duet (BWV 6, No 3), an aria (BWV 31, No 8) uye kunyange recitative (BWV 5, No 4); dzimwe nguva ariose kwaya mitsara uye recitative isiri-kwaya mitsetse alternate (BWV 94, No 5). Mukuwedzera, chorale inogona kushanda semusoro. hwaro hwezvikamu zvese, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro cantata inoshanduka kuita rudzi rwekutenderera kutenderera (semuenzaniso, BWV 4; pakupedzisira, chorale inoitwa muchimiro chikuru muzvikamu zvekwaya uye orchestra).

Nhoroondo X. nezve. nokuti keyboard zviridzwa (kunyanya nokuti organ) inotanga muzana remakore rechi15, apo anonzi. imwe nheyo yekuita (lat. alternatim - alternately). Mavhesi erwiyo, akaitwa nekwaya (vhesi), iyo yaimbochinjana nemitsara yega (semuenzaniso, muantiphons), yakatanga kuchinjika ne org. kugadzirisa (versett), kunyanya muMisa uye Magnificat. Saka, Kyrie eleison (muKrom, maererano netsika, chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvitatu zveKyrie - Christe - Kyrie zvakadzokororwa katatu) zvinogona kuitwa:

Josquin Despress. Mecca "Pange lingua". Kutanga kwe "Kyrie eleison", "Christe eleison" uye yechipiri "Kyrie". Iwo madingindira ezvinyorwa zvekuteedzera ndiwo mazwi akasiyana echorale.

Kyrie (nhengo) – Kyrie (kwaya) – Kyrie (nhengo) – Christe (kwaya) – Christe (nhengo) – Christe (kwaya) – Kyrie (nhengo) – Kyrie (kwaya) – Kyrie (nhengo). Sat org. zvakabudiswa. zvinyorwa zveGregorian Magnificats uye zvikamu zveMisa (zvakaunganidzwa pamwechete, zvakazozivikanwa seOrgelmesse - org. mass): "Magnificat en la tabulature des orgues", rakabudiswa naP. Attenyan (1531), "Intavolatura coi Recercari Canzoni Himni Magnificat …” uye “Intavolatura d'organo cio Misse Himni Magnificat. Libro secondo” naG. Cavazzoni (1543), “Messe d'intavolatura d'organo” naC. Merulo (1568), “Obras de musica” naA. Cabeson (1578), “Fiori musicali” naG. Frescobaldi ( 1635) uye nezvimwe.

"Sanctus" kubva kunhengo yemuviri "Cimctipotens" nemunyori asingazivikanwi, akabudiswa naP. Attenyan mu "Tabulatura pour le ieu Dorgucs" (1531). Cantus firmus inoitwa mu tenor, ipapo mu soprano.

Rimbo reLiturgical (cf. the cantus firmus kubva pamuenzaniso uri pamusoro).

Org. kuchinjwa kwekwaya yePurotesitendi yezana remakore rechi17-18. akatora ruzivo rwevatenzi venguva yapfuura; ivo vanounzwa mune yakasimbiswa fomu tekinoroji. uye kutaura. kubudirira kwemimhanzi yenguva yake. Pakati pevanyori ve X. o. - mugadziri wezvinyorwa zvinoshamisa JP Sweelinck, uyo akakwevera kune yakaoma polyphonic. masanganiswa aD. Buxtehude, achipenya zvine mutsindo rwiyo rwekwaya G. Böhm, achishandisa dzinenge mafomu ese ekugadziridzwa naJG Walter, achishingairira kushanda mundima yekusiyana kwekwaya S. Scheidt, J. Pachelbel nevamwe (kuvandudza kwaya rakanga riri basa rechimwe nechimwe muimbi wechechi) . JS Bach akakunda tsika. generalized kutaura kwe X. o. (mufaro, kusuwa, rugare) ndokuripfumisa nemithunzi yose inosvikika kundangariro yomunhu. Kutarisira rudo rwekunaka. zvidiki, akapa chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chimiro chakasiyana uye akawedzera zvisingayereki kutaura kwemazwi anosungirwa.

Chimiro chechinyorwa X. o. (kunze kwemhando shoma, semuenzaniso, fugue pane dingindira rekwaya) ndeye "maviri-matatu hunhu", ndiko kuti, kuwedzera kweakazvimiririra akaturikidzana - rwiyo rwechorale uye zvakarikomberedza (chaiyo kugadzirisa. ) Chimiro uye chimiro che X. o. zvinoenderana nesangano ravo uye chimiro chekudyidzana. Muses. zvimiro zvenziyo dzekwaya dzechiPurotesitendi zvakati dzikamei: hadzina simba, dzine caesuras dzakajeka, uye kuzviisa pasi kusina simba kwezvirevo. Chimiro (maererano nenhamba yemitsara uye chiyero chavo) inokopa chimiro chezvinyorwa, izvo zvinowanzova quatrain nekuwedzera kwenhamba isingaverengeki yemitsara. Zvichisimuka saizvozvo. sextines, seventh, etc. mumutinhimira zvinoenderana nekuvaka kwekutanga senguva uye kuenderera mberi kwepolyphrased (dzimwe nguva kugadzira bhawa pamwe chete, semuenzaniso BWV 38, No 6). Zvinhu zvekudzorera zvinogadzira mafomu aya ane hukama kune maviri-chikamu, matatu-chikamu, asi kushaikwa kwekuvimba ne squareness kunovasiyanisa zvakanyanya kubva kune echinyakare. Kuwanda kwemaitiro anovaka uye nzira dzekutaura dzinoshandiswa mumimhanzi. jira rakakomberedza chorale rakafara zvikuru; iye ch. arr. uye inosarudza kutaridzika kweOp. (cf. marongero akasiyana ekwaya imwe). Kurongeka kunobva pa X. o. iyo nzira yekugadzirisa inoiswa (rwiyo rwechorale runosiyana kana kuti runoramba rusina kuchinjwa, hazvina basa nekuronga). Kune 4 mhando huru X. o.:

1) marongero eimba yekuchengetera zvinhu (muzvinyorwa zvesangano, zvisinganyanyi kuzivikanwa, semuenzaniso, Bach's "Allein Gott in der Hoh sei Ehr", BWV 715).

2) Polyphonic processing. warehouse. Mazwi anotevera anowanzoenderana nekwaya (ona muenzaniso uri muchikamu 51, pamusoro), kazhinji anozvimiririra kubva pairi (“Der Tag, der ist so freudenreich”, BWV 605). Ivo vakasununguka vanopesana nekwaya uye mumwe nemumwe ("Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stund", BWV 621), kazhinji vachigadzira yekutevedzera ("Wir Christenleut", BWV 612), dzimwe nguva kanoni ("Canonical Variations on a Christmas Song", BWV 769 )

3) Fugue (fughetta, ricercar) sechimiro che X. o .:

a) padingindira rekwaya, apo dingindira iri mutsara waro wekuvhura (“Fuga super: Jesus Christus, unser Heiland”, BWV 689) kana – mune inodanwa. strophic fugue - mitsara yese yekwaya inoteedzana, ichigadzira nhevedzano yezviratidziro (“Aus tiefer Not schrei'ich zu dir”, BWV 686, ona muenzaniso muArt. Fugue, column 989);

b) kune chorale, uko fugue yakazvimirira ine musoro inoshanda semuperekedzi kwairi (“Fantasia sopra: Jesu meine Freude”, BWV 713).

4) Canon - chimiro apo chorale inoitwa canonically ("Gott, durch deine Güte", BWV 600), dzimwe nguva nekutevedzera ("Erschienen ist der herrliche Tag", BWV 629) kana canonical. kuperekedza (ona muenzaniso muchikamu 51, pazasi). Diff. mhando dzegadziriro dzinogona kubatanidzwa mukusiyana kwekwaya (ona Bach's org. partitas).

Maitiro akajairwa mukushanduka kweX. o. ndiko kusimbaradzwa kwekuzvimirira kwemanzwi anopesana nekwaya. Iyo stratification yekwaya uye yekuperekedza inosvika padanho, apo "kupikisa kwemafomu" kunomuka - kusawirirana pakati pemiganhu yekorera uye kuperekedza ("Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g'mein", BWV 734). Kuzvimiririra kwekugadzirisa kunoratidzwawo mukubatanidzwa kwechorale nedzimwe, dzimwe nguva kure nazvo, marudzi - aria, recitative, fantasy (iyo ine zvikamu zvakawanda zvinopesana nemasikirwo uye nzira yekugadzirisa, semuenzaniso, "Ich ruf. zu dir, Herr Jesus Christ” rakanyorwa naV. Lübeck), kunyange nokutamba (somuenzaniso, mupartita “Auf meinen lieben Gott” rakanyorwa naBuxtehude, uko mutsauko wechipiri unonzi sarabande, wechitatu uri chime, uye wechina gigue).

JS Bach. Kurongeka kwenhengo yekwaya “Ach Gott und Herr”, BWV 693. Kuperekedzwa kwacho kunobva pane zvese zvekwaya. Kunyanya kuteedzerwa (mukudzoreredza kaviri uye neina) yekutanga neyechipiri (girazi rinoratidzira rekutanga)

JS Bach. "In dulci Jubilo", BWV 608, kubva kuOrgan Book. Kanoni kaviri.

Kubva kuSer. 18th century nezvikonzero zvenhoroondo uye aesthetic order X. o. anenge anyangarika kubva pakuita kudzidzira. Pakati pemienzaniso mishoma yanonoka pane Choral Mass, org. kufungidzira uye fugue pamakwaya naF. Liszt, org. mavambo ekwaya naI. Brahms, choral cantatas, org. kwaya fungidziro nenhanganyaya naM. Reger. Dzimwe nguva X. o. inova chinhu chekugadzirisa, uye ipapo maitiro emhando yacho anogadzirwazve pasina kushandisa rwiyo rwechokwadi (somuenzaniso, E. Krenek's toccata uye chaconne).

References: Livanova T., Nhoroondo yemimhanzi yeWestern Europe kusvika muna 1789, M.-L., 1940; Skrebkov SS, Polyphonic analysis, M.-L., 1940; Sposobin IV, Mumhanzi fomu, M.-L., 1947; Protopopov Vl., Nhoroondo yepolyphony mune yayo yakakosha zviitiko. Western European classics yeXVIII-XIX mazana emakore, M., 1965; Lukyanova N., Pane imwe musimboti wekuumba muzvirongwa zvekwaya kubva kumacantatas eJS Bach, mu: Matambudziko eMuzikiology, vol. 2, M., 1975; Druskin M., Passions uye masasi eJS Bach, L., 1976; Evdokimova Yu., Thematic process in the mass of Palestrina, in: Theoretical observations on the history of music, M., 1978; Simakova N., Melody “L'homme arm” uye kudzokororwa kwayo muruzhinji rweRenaissance, ibid.; Etinger M., Early classical harmony, M., 1979; Schweitzer A, JJ Bach. Le musicien-poite, P.-Lpz., 1905, yakawedzera chiGerman. ed. pasi pezita: JS Bach, Lpz., 1908 (shanduro yechiRussian - Schweitzer A., ​​Johann Sebastian Bach, M., 1965); Terry CS, Bach: the cantatas and oratorios, v. 1-2, L., 1925; Dietrich P., JS Bach's Orgelchoral und seine geschichtlichen Wurzeln, “Bach-Jahrbuch”, Jahrg. 26, 1929; Kittler G., Geschichte des protestantischen Orgelchorals, Bckermünde, 1931; Klotz H., Lber die Orgelkunst der Gotik, der Renaissance und des Barock, Kassel, 1934, 1975; Frotscher G., Geschichte des Orgelspiels und der Orgelkomposition, Bd 1-2, B., 1935-36, 1959; Schrade L., Iyo nhengo muhuwandu hwezana remakore rechi15, "MQ", 1942, v. 28, No 3, 4; Lowinsky EE, Chirungu chemumhanzi weRenaissance, ibid., 1953, v. 39, No 3, 4; Fischer K. von, Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Orgelchoralvariation, in Festschrift Fr. Blume, Kassel (ua), 1963; Krummacher F., Die Choralbearbeitung in der protestantischen Figuralmusik zwischen Praetorius und Bach, Kassel, 1978.

TS Kyuregyan