Chromatism |

Greek xromatismos - coloring, kubva xroma - ruvara rweganda, ruvara, pendi; xromatikon - chromatic, zvinoreva genos - genus

Halftone system (maererano naA. Webern, chromatism ndiyo "kufamba muhalftones"). Chromatisms inosanganisira marudzi maviri emasisitimu epakati - yekare Greek "chroma" uye European chromatism.

1) "Chrome" - imwe yematatu makuru. “marudzi” etetrachord (kana kuti “marudzi enziyo”) pamwe chete na“diatone” uye “enarmony” (ona mimhanzi yechiGiriki). Pamwe chete ne enharmony (uye mukupesana ne diatone) yechromium, inoratidzirwa nenyaya yekuti nhamba yezvikamu zviviri zviduku zvishoma kudarika kukosha kwechitatu. "Cluster" yakadaro yenguva dzakatetepa inonzi. pykn (Greek pyknon, mavara - akazara, kazhinji). Kusiyana ne enharmonics, madiki echroma intervals ari semitones, semuenzaniso: e1 - des1 - c1 - h. Kubva pakuona kwemimhanzi yemazuva ano dzidziso dzechiGiriki. chroma inonyanya kuenderana nezvikero neSW. chechipiri (mu octave frets - nemasekonzi maviri ekuwedzera, semu aria yeMambokadzi weShemakhan kubva pachiitiko chechipiri che opera The Golden Cockerel naRimsky-Korsakov) uye iri pedyo ne diatonic kupfuura chromatic. Nyanzvi dzedzidziso dzechiGiriki dzinosiyaniswawo mu”kuzvarwa” “mavara” (xroai), te interval akasiyana e tetrachords yerudzi rwakapihwa. Maererano naAristoxenus, chrome ine "mavara" matatu (mhando): inzwi (mumasendi: 300 + 100 + 100), imwe nehafu (350 + 75 + 75) uye yakapfava (366 + 67 + 67).

Melodica chromatic. genus yaionekwa seine mavara (sezviri pachena, saka zita racho). Panguva imwecheteyo, akaonekwa seanonatswa, "coddled". Nekutanga kwenguva yechiKristu, chromatic. nziyo dzaishorwa sedzisingagutsi tsika. zvinodiwa (Clement weAlexandria). MuNar. mimhanzi yekuMabvazuva inoshushikana neuv. masekonzi (hemiolic) akachengeta kukosha kwawo muzana ramakore rechi20. (Akadaro Mohammed Awad Khawas, 1970). MuEuropean melodic itsva X. ine mavambo akasiyana uye, maererano naizvozvo, yakasiyana.

2) Pfungwa itsva ye X. inofungidzira kuvapo kwe diatonicism sehwaro, iyo X. "mavara" (pfungwa dzechroma, ruvara muna Marchetto wePadua; ona Gerbert M., t. 3, 1963, p. 74B) . X inodudzirwa sechidzitiro chepamusoro-soro chimiro, inomera kubva pamudzi diatonic (musimboti wekuchinja; enzanisa nepfungwa yeG. Schenker's structural levels). Kusiyana nechiGiriki, pfungwa itsva ye X. inobatanidzwa nepfungwa ye6 inonzwika (nhanho dzemelodic) mu tetrachord (maGiriki aigara aine mana awo; Pfungwa yaAristoxenus yetetrachord yakafanana yesemitone. chimiro chakaramba chiri che theoretical abstraction) uye 12 inonzwika mukati meoctave yega yega. "Nordic" diatonicism mimhanzi inoratidzwa mukududzirwa kwe X. se "kumanikidza" kwe diatonic. zvinhu, "kupinza" mumudzi diatonic. mutsara wechipiri (diatonic mukati mawo) akaturikidzana se X. Nokudaro musimboti wechromatic systematics. zviitiko, zvakarongwa maererano nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwazvo, kubva pachromaticity isingawaniki kusvika kune yakanyanya kukora (A. Webern's hemitonics). X yakakamurwa kuita mutinhimira. uye chord (somuenzaniso, chords inogona kungova diatonic chete, uye rwiyo runogona kuva chromatic, sepaChopin's etude a-moll op. 10 No 2), centripetal (inonangana kumanzwi e tonic. ., pakutanga kwekusiyana kwekutanga. ye1nd chikamu che2nd sonata naL. Beethoven yepiyano.). Iyo systematics yezvikuru zviitiko X.:

Modulation X inoumbwa nekuda kwekupfupikiswa kweaviri diatonic, akadimburwa nekuagovera kuzvikamu zvakasiyana zvekuumbwa (L. Beethoven, yekupedzisira ye9th piano sonata, dingindira guru uye shanduko; N. Ya. Myaskovsky, "Yellowed Mapeji” epiyano, Nhamba 7, akasanganiswawo nemamwe marudzi eX.); chromatic manzwi ari mumasisitimu akasiyana uye anogona kunge ari kure. Subsystem X. (mukutsauka; ona Subsystem) inomiririra ruzha rwechromatic. hukama mukati meiyo yakafanana sisitimu (JS Bach, dingindira reh-moll fugue kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeWell-Tempered Clavier), iyo inokora X.

Lead-tone X. inobva pakusuma toni dzekuvhura kune chero ruzha kana chord, pasina nguva yekushandurwa sekufamba kuenda kuuv. Ini ndichabvuma (harmonic minor; Chopin, mazurka C-dur 67, No 3, PI Tchaikovsky, 1st chikamu chechitanhatu symphony, kutanga kwechipiri dingindira; iyo inonzi "Prokofiev's dominant"). Alteration X. inobatanidzwa nehunhu. Iyo nguva ndeyekugadziriswa kweiyo diatonic. chinhu (ruzha, chord) nenzira yechromatic nhanho. semitone - uv. Ndichagamuchira, zvakajeka kuratidzwa (L. Beethoven, 6th symphony, 5th kufamba, mbariro 4-56) kana kureva (AN Scriabin, Nhetembo yepiyano op. 57 No 32, mbariro 2-1).

Yakasanganiswa X. inosanganisira inoteedzana kana panguva imwe chete musanganiswa we modal element, imwe neimwe iri yeakasiyana diatonic characters (AP Borodin, 2nd symphony, 1st movement, bar 2; F. Liszt, symphony "Faust", 1 -th kufamba, mabara 1 -2; SS Prokofiev, sonata No 6 ye pianoforte, 1st movement, bar 1; DD Shostakovich, 7th symphony, 1st movement, nhamba 35-36; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "The Golden Cockerel", orchestral sumo yeChiito II; symmetrical frets inogona kusvika padhuze neyakasikwa X.). Natural X. ("organic chromaticity" maererano naA. Pusseru) haina diatonic. nheyo dzepasi (O. Messiaen, "20 maonero ... " epiyano, Nhamba 3; EV Denisov, piano trio, 1st movement; A. Webern, Bagatelli yepiyano, op. 9).

Dzidziso X. muchiGiriki. vanofunga yaive tsananguro yenguva dzechromatic. ronga necalculus mathematic. hukama pakati pemanzwi etetrachord (Aristoxenus, Ptolemy). Express. chimiro ("ethos") chechroma semhando yehunyoro, yakanatswa, yakatsanangurwa naAristoxen, Ptolemy, Philodem, Pachymer. Generalization yekare. X. dzidziso uye pekutangira kweMiddle Ages. theorists yaive mharidzo yeruzivo nezve X., yaBoethius (kutanga kwezana ramakore rechitanhatu AD). Chiitiko chetsva (yekutanga toni, transpositional) X., iyo yakasimuka approx. Muzana remakore rechi6, pakutanga aiita seasina kujairika zvokuti akanzi mimhanzi “isina kururama” (musica ficta), “ngano”, “nhema” nziyo (musica falsa). Kupfupisa mitsindo mitsva yechromatic (kubva kumativi akatsetseka uye akapinza), Prosdocimus de Beldemandis akauya nepfungwa ye13-nhanho toni chiyero:

Iyo "artificial" yekutanga semitone yediki chiyero yakaramba yakagadzikana nhaka ye "ficta music".

Panzira yekusiyaniswa kweanharmonic. toni kukosha mu con. 16th century kubva padzidziso yeX. branched microchromatics. Kubva muzana remakore rechi17 dzidziso X. inokura maererano nedzidziso dzekubatana (zvakare mabhesi makuru). Modulation uye subsystem X. inobatwa zvakanyanya. se transpositional kutamiswa kwehukama pakati. masero e ladotonality kupinda pasi uye peripheral.

References: 1) Asingazivikanwi, Nhanganyaya yeHarmonics, Philological Review, 1894, vol. 7, bhuku. 1-2; Petr VI, Pazvinyorwa, zvimiro uye modhi mumimhanzi yekare yeGreek, Kyiv, 1901; El Said Mohamed Awad Khawas, Modern Arabic Folk Song, M., 1970; Paul O., Boetius und die griechische Harmonik, Lpz., 1872; Westphal R., Aristoxenus von Tarent. Melik und Rhythmik des classischen Hellenenthums, Lpz., 1883; Jan K. von (comp.), Musici scriptores graeci, Lpz., 1895; D'ring I. (ed.), Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios, Göteborg, 1930.

2) Yavorsky BL, Chimiro chekutaura kwemimhanzi, zvikamu 1-3, M., 1908; Glinsky M., Chromatic zviratidzo mumimhanzi yeramangwana, "RMG", 1915, No 49; Catuar G., Dzidziso yekosi yetsinhirano, zvikamu 1-2, M., 1924-25; Kotlyarevsky I., Diatonics uye Chromatics seChikamu cheMusical Myslennia, Kipv, 1971; Kholopova V., Pane imwe musimboti wechromaticism mumimhanzi yezana ramakore rechipiri, mu: Matambudziko eMumhanzi Sayenzi, vol. 2, M., 1973; Katz Yu., Pamisimboti yekugadzika kwe diatonic uye chromatic, mu: Mibvunzo yedzidziso uye aesthetics yemimhanzi, vol. 14, L., 1975; Marcheti de Padua Lucidarium in arte musicae planae, muGerbert M., Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum, t. 3, St. Blasien, 1784, reprografischer Nachdruck Hildesheim, 1963; Riemann H., Das chromatische Tonsystem, mubhuku rake: Präludien und Studien, Bd 1, Lpz., 1895; his, Geschichte der Musiktheorie, Lpz., 1898; Kroyer Th., Die Anfänge der Chromatik, Lpz., 1902 (Publikationen der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft. Beihefte. IV); Schenker H., Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien, Bd 1, Stuttg.-B., 1906; Schönberg A., Harmonielehre, Lpz.-W., 1911; W., 1949; Picker R. von, Beiträge zur Chromatik des 14. bis 16. Jahrhunderts, “Studien zur Musikwissenschaft”, 1914, H. 2; Kurth E., Romantische Harmonik, Bern – Lpz., 1920, B., 1923 (shanduro yechiRussian – Kurt E., Romantic kuwirirana uye dambudziko rayo muWagner's Tristan, M., 1975); Lowinsky EE, Chakavanzika chromatic art muNetherlands motet, NY, 1946; Besseler H., Bourdon und Fauxbourdon, Lpz., 1950; Brockt J., Diatonik-Chromatik-Pantonalität, “OMz”, 1950, Jahrg. 5, H. 10/11; Reaney G., kuwirirana kwezana ramakore regumi nemana, Musica Disciplina, 1953, ndima. 7; Hoppin RH, Kusaina kusaina uye musica ficta mune mamwe manyuko ekutanga ezana ramakore rechi 15, JAMS, 1953, v. 6, no 3; Dahlhaus C., D. Belli und der chromatische Kontrapunkt um 1600, "Mf", 1962, Jahrg. 15, no 4; Mitchell WL, Chidzidzo chechromaticism, "Journal of music theory", 1962, v. 6, no 1; Bullivant R., Chimiro chechromaticism, Music Review, 1963, v. 24, No 2; Firca Ch., Bazele modal ale cromatismului diatonic, Buc, 1966; Vieru A., Diatonie si cromatism, "Muzica", 1978, v. 28, no 1.

Yu. H. Kholopov