Harmony |

Greek armonia - kubatana, kuwirirana, kuenzana

Nzira dzinoratidza mimhanzi yakavakirwa pakubatanidza toni kuita makonzonenzi nenhevedzano yemakonzonenzi. Consonances inorehwa maererano nemaitiro uye tonality. G. inozviratidza kwete mu polyphony chete, asiwo mune monophony - melody. Iwo akakosha pfungwa dze rhythm chord, modal, basa (ona Modal Mabasa), izwi rinotungamira. Iyo tertian musimboti wekuumbwa kwechord inotonga kwemakore mazhinji. mazana emakore muna Prof. uye Nar. music diff. peoples. Fret mabasa anomuka mune harmonic. kufamba (kushanduka kunotevedzana kwechords) semugumisiro wekuchinjana kwemamusi. kugadzikana uye kusagadzikana; mabasa muG. anoratidzirwa nechinzvimbo chinogarwa nemakodhi anowirirana. Iyo yepakati chord yemuoti inopa fungidziro yekudzikama (tonic), iyo yakasara chords haina kugadzikana (akasimba uye akadzika mapoka). Kutungamira kwezwi kunogona zvakare kutariswa semhedzisiro yeharmonics. kufamba. Manzwi anoumba chirevo chakapiwa anoenda kune ruzha rwechinotevera, zvichingodaro; mafambiro emanzwi echord anoumbwa, kana zvisina kudaro izwi rinotungamira, zvichienderana nemimwe mitemo yakagadziridzwa mukuita kwemumhanzi wekugadzira uye kugadziridzwa zvishoma.

Pane zvirevo zvitatu zvezwi rokuti "G.": G. senzira yeunyanzvi yeunyanzvi hwemimhanzi (I), sechinhu chinodzidzwa (II), uye sechidzidzo chekudzidzisa (III).

I. Kunzwisisa hunyanzvi. Unhu hwaG., ndiko kuti, basa rake mumimhanzi. basa, zvakakosha kufunga nezvayo zvinogoneka (1), harmonic. ruvara (2), kutora chikamu kwaG. mafomu (3), hukama hwaG. nezvimwe zvinoumba mimhanzi. mutauro (4), mafungiro aG. kumimhanzi. manyorerwo (5), nhanho dzinokosha zvikuru dzebudiriro yenhoroondo yeG. (6).

1) Matauriro aG. mikana yemimhanzi. Harmonic kutaura kwakananga, kunyangwe zvinoenderana nematemu emuses. mutauro, kunyanya kubva murwiyo. Kumwe kutaura kunogona kunge kuri mumakonzonenzi ega ega. Pakutanga kweR. Wagner's opera "Tristan naIsolde" kurira kunonzwika, izvo zvinonyanya kutarisisa mhando yemimhanzi yebasa rose:

Iyi chord, inonzi "Tristan", inopinda mukugadzirwa kwese, inoonekwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ekupedzisira uye inova leitharmony. Hunhu hwemumhanzi wekupedzisira weTchaikovsky's 6th symphony inofanotemerwa mune yekutanga chord:

Iko kutaura kwehuwandu hwemakodhi kwakanyatsojeka uye nhoroondo yakagadzikana. Somuenzaniso, kuderedzwa kwechinomwe chord kwakashandiswa kutaura zvinoshamisa zvikuru. zviitiko (sumo kuBeethoven's sonatas Nha. 8 uye Nha. 32 yepiyano). Matauriro ndiwo hunhu hwemakoreti akareruka. Semuenzaniso, pamagumo ekutanga kweRachmaninoff, op. 23 Kwete 1 (fis-moll) kudzokorora kwakawanda kwetonic diki. triads inodzamisa hunhu huri mubasa iri.

2) Mukutaura kweG., modal-inoshanda uye hunhu hwemanzwi zvinosanganiswa. harmonic ruvara runoratidzwa mumanzwi seakadaro uye mureshiyo yemanzwi (somuenzaniso, maviri makuru matatu ari chinhambwe chetatu chikuru). G.'s coloring inowanzoshanda semhinduro kune chirongwa-kuratidza. mabasa. Mukuvandudzwa kwechikamu chekutanga cheBeethoven's 1th ("Pastoral") symphony, kune vakamira kwenguva refu maj. katatu; kuchinja kwavo nguva dzose, vachasarudza. iyo predominance yemakiyi, tonics to-rykh inogona kuwanikwa pane ese diatonic ruzha. ruzha rwemhando huru matani eiyo symphony (F-dur) mavara asina kujairika enguva yaBeethoven. nzira dzinoshandiswa kuratidza mifananidzo yezvisikwa. Mufananidzo wemambakwedza muchiitiko chechipiri che opera yaTchaikovsky "Eugene Onegin" yakashongedzwa neine tonic yakajeka. katatu C-dur. Pakutanga kwekutamba kwaGrieg "Mangwanani" (kubva kuPeer Gynt suite), fungidziro yekuvhenekerwa inowanikwa nekukwira kumusoro kwemakiyi makuru, tonics ayo akapatsanurwa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe kutanga nechetatu chikuru, ipapo nediki. imwe (E-dur, Gis-dur, H- dur). Nepfungwa yekunzwanana. ruvara dzimwe nguva rwakasanganiswa mimhanzi-ruvara inomiririra (ona Ruvara kunzwa).

3) G. anotora chikamu mukusikwa kwemuses. mafomu. G.'s fomu-kuvaka zvinoreva: a) chord, leitharmony, harmonic. coloring, organ point; b) harmonic. pulsation (rhythm yekuchinja kwekubatana), harmonic. variation; c) cadences, sequences, modulations, deviations, tonal zvirongwa; d) kuwirirana, kushanda (kugadzikana uye kusagadzikana). Nzira idzi dzinoshandiswa mumhanzi wehomophonic uye polyphonic. warehouse.

Inherent in modal harmonics. mabasa kugadzikana uye kusagadzikana kunobatanidzwa mukusikwa kwezvose muses. zvimiro - kubva panguva kusvika kusonata fomu, kubva padiki diki kusvika kune yakakura fugue, kubva kurudo kuenda kune opera uye oratorio. Mune mafomu matatu anowanikwa mumabasa mazhinji, kusagadzikana kunowanzo hunhu hwechikamu chepakati chechimiro chekukura, asi chine chekuita. kugadzikana - kune zvikamu zvakanyanyisa. Kuvandudzwa kwemafomu e sonata kunosiyaniswa nekusagadzikana kunoshanda. Kuchinjana kwekugadzikana uye kusagadzikana ndiko kunobva kwete kwete chete kufamba, kukura, asiwo kuvimbika kunovaka kwema muses. mafomu. Iyo cadences inonyanya kubatanidzwa zvakajeka mukuvakwa kwechimiro chenguva. chaiyo harmonica. hukama hwemagumo emutsara, semuenzaniso, hukama pakati peanotonga uye tonic hwakava hutsika hwakagadzikana hwenguva - hwaro hwemamuses mazhinji. mafomu. Cadenzas inotarisa kushanda, kuwirirana. mimhanzi yakabatana.

Iyo tonal plan, kureva, inoshanda uye ine ruvara inoteedzana inoteedzana yematoni, ndiyo inodiwa mamiriro ekuvapo kwemuses. mafomu. Kune tonal connections dzinosarudzwa nekuita, izvo zvakagamuchira kukosha kwechinyakare mu fugue, rondo, yakaoma-chikamu chetatu chimiro, etc. Kufananidzirwa kwezvirongwa zvetoni, kunyanya mafomu makuru, kunobva pakukwanisa kwemuvambi kushandisa nekugadzira tonal. hukama pakati pe "kure" kubva kune mumwe nemumwe muses. kuvaka. Kuita kuti tonal plan imhanzi. chokwadi, mutambi uye muteereri anofanira kukwanisa kuenzanisa mimhanzi pa "kure" kukuru. Pasi pane dhayagiramu ye tonal plan ye 1st chikamu che 6th symphony naTchaikovsky. Kunzwa, kuona kuwirirana kwetoni mubasa rakareba-rinonzwika (354 zviyero) bvumira, kutanga kune zvose, kudzokorora kwemuses. misoro. Chap inobuda. kiyi (h-moll), mamwe makiyi akakosha (semuenzaniso D-dur), func. kudyidzana uye kuzviisa pasi kwemakiyi semabasa ehurongwa hwepamusoro (nekuenzanisa nemabasa mukutevedzana kwechord). Tonal movement on otd. zvikamu zvakarongwa nehukama hwepasi-thermal; akasanganiswa kana akavharwa matenderedzwa anooneka min. tonality, kudzokorora kunobatsira pakuonekwa kwese.

Tonal chirongwa chekutanga kufamba kweTchaikovsky's 6th symphony

Kuvharidzirwa kwehurongwa hwematoni yose kunobatsirwawo zvakarongeka. mashandisirwo enhevedzano, kugaro siyanisa kuchinjika kwe toni-yakagadzika, isina-modulating uye toni-isina kugadzikana, modulating zvikamu, zvimwe zvakafanana zve climaxes. Chirongwa chetoni chechikamu chekutanga cheTchaikovsky's 1th symphony inoratidza "kubatana mukusiyana" uye, nezvose zvayo, inosiyanisa. maitiro, anosangana nemhando yepamusoro. tsika. Zvinoenderana nechimwe chezvimiro izvi, kutevedzana kwemabasa asina kugadzikana epamusoro-soro anopesana neanowanzo, cadence (S - D). Functional. iyo fomula yekufamba tonal yezvikamu zvitatu (zvakareruka) mafomu uye sonata fomu inotora fomu T - D - S - T, mukupesana neyakajairwa cadence formula T - S - D - T (zvakadai, semuenzaniso, ndiyo tonal. zvirongwa zvezvikamu zvekutanga zvekutanga symphonies yeBeethoven). Tonal movement dzimwe nguva inomanikidzwa kuita chord kana kutevedzana kwemakoriti - harmonic. turnover. Imwe yemagumo echikamu chekutanga cheTchaikovsky's 6th symphony (ona mabhawa 1-6) yakavakirwa pane yakarebesa yakaderedzwa yechinomwe chord, ichiwedzera kukwira kwekare kwediki tertz.

Kana imwe kana imwe chord ichinyanya kuoneka muchidimbu, semuenzaniso. nekuda kwekubatana nekuguma kana nekuda kwebasa rinokosha mumhanzi. dingindira, anonyanya kuita kana kushomeka mukusimudzira nekuvakwa kwemamuses. mafomu. Kupinda, kana "kuburikidza", chiito chechord mukati mebasa rose chiitiko chinofambidzana uye chinotangira monothematism; inogona kutsanangurwa se "monoharmonism" inotungamira kune leitharmony. Monoharmonic basa rinoitwa, semuenzaniso, nechords yechipiri yakaderera degree muBeethoven's sonatas NoNo 14 ("Moonlight"), 17 uye 23 ("Appassionata"). Kuongorora chiyero cheG. uye muses. fomu, munhu anofanirwa kufunga nezve nzvimbo yeimwe nzira yekuumba ye geography (kuratidzwa, kana kudzokorora, nezvimwewo), pamwe nekuita kwayo mukuitwa kwemisimboti yakakosha yekuumba sekudzokorora, kusiyanisa, kusimudzira, kutumirwa, uye musiyano.

4) G. iri mudenderedzwa rezvimwe zvikamu zvemimhanzi. mutauro uye kudyidzana navo. Dzimwe stereotypes yekudyidzana kwakadaro inotangwa. Semuenzaniso, shanduko mumabhiti akasimba metrically, mataurirwo anowanzoenderana nekuchinja kwechord; panguva yekutsanya tempo, kuwirirana kunoshanduka zvishoma nezvishoma pane zvishoma nezvishoma; iyo timbre yezviridzwa mune yakaderera rejista (kutanga kweTchaikovsky's 6th symphony) inosimbisa rima, uye mune yakakwirira rejista harmonic chiedza. coloring (kutanga kweiyo orchestral sumo kune opera Lohengrin naWagner). Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekubatana pakati pemimhanzi uye mutinhimira, iyo inoita basa rinotungamira mumimhanzi. prod. G. anova “muturikiri” anonzwisisa zvikuru wezvakapfuma zviri murwiyo. Maererano nekutaura kwakadzama kwaMI Glinka, G. anopedzisa melodic. pfungwa inoburitsa zvinoita seyakarara mumutinhimira uye iyo isingakwanise kuburitsa ne "izwi rizere". G. zvakavigwa murumbo zvinoburitswa nekuwirirana - semuenzaniso, apo vanyori vanogadzira nar. nziyo. Kutenda kune nziyo dzakasiyana, kuwirirana kwakafanana. kutendeuka kunoburitsa maonero akasiyana. Hupfumi hunoenderana. sarudzo dziri murwiyo dzinoratidza harmonic. kusiyanisa, kucheka kunoitika nekudzokorora kwe melodic. zvidimbu zvehukuru kana hudiki, huri "padyo ne" kana "kure" (mukati memhando yekusiyana kana mune chero imwe nzira yemimhanzi). Great art. harmonic kukosha. kusiyana-siyana (pamwe chete nekusiyana kwese) kunotsanangurwa nekuti inova chinhu chekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi. Panguva imwecheteyo, harmonic kusiyana ndeimwe yezvinonyanya kukosha. nzira dze self-harmonic. development. Mu "Turkish" kubva kune opera "Ruslan naLyudmila" naGlinka, pakati pevamwe, sarudzo dzinotevera dzekubatanidza rwiyo dzinowanikwa:

Kusiyanisa kwakadaro kunoumba kuratidzwa kwakakosha kwekusiyana kweGlinka-mhando. Invariable diatonic. rwiyo runogona kuwiriraniswa nenzira dzakasiyana: chete nediatonic (ona Diatonic) kana chete chromatic (ona Chromatism) chords, kana musanganiswa wezvose; kuwirirana kwezwi rimwe chete kana nekuchinja kwemakiyi, modulating, nekuchengetedza kana shanduko yemodhiyo (yakakura kana diki) inogoneka; zvinogoneka zvakasiyana. funkt. kusanganiswa kwekugadzikana uye kusagadzikana (tonics, dominants uye subdominants); Harmonization sarudzo dzinosanganisira shanduko mukukwidza, melodic. zvinzvimbo uye marongero echords, sarudzo ye preim. mitsara mitatu, chord yechinomwe kana kuti isiri-chord, kushandiswa kwezviridzwa zvemanzwi nemanzwi asiri echord, nezvimwe zvakawanda. Mukuita kweharmonic. misiyano inoratidzwa hupfumi hucharatidza. zvinogoneka zveG., pesvedzero yayo parwiyo, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvemimhanzi. yakazara.

5) G. pamwe chete nemamwe mamiziro. zvikamu zvinobatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwemimhanzi. style. Iwe unogona zvakare kutsanangura zviratidzo zveharmonic yakakodzera. style. Stylistically peculiar harmonica. kutendeuka, chords, nzira dzekuvandudza tonal dzinozivikanwa chete mumamiriro ezvinhu echigadzirwa, maererano nechinangwa chayo. Uchifunga nezvemaitiro enhoroondo yenguva, iwe unogona, semuenzaniso, kupenda mufananidzo werudo. G. pamwe chete; zvinokwanisika kuratidza G. kubva pamufananidzo uyu. romantics, saka, semuenzaniso, R. Wagner, ipapo - G. yenguva dzakasiyana dzebasa raWagner, kusvika kune harmonic. maitiro eimwe yemabasa ake, semuenzaniso. "Tristan uye Isolde". Hazvina mhosva kuti kupenya kwakadii, kwekutanga vaive nat. kuratidzwa kweG. (somuenzaniso, mumutauro weRussian classics, mumhanzi weNorway - muGrieg), chero ipi zvayo, zvayo zvepasi rose, maitiro uye nheyo dziripowo (mumunda wemaitiro, kushanda, chord structure, nezvimwewo). pasina izvo G. pachake haafungidziki. Munyori (munyori) stylistic. Kunyatsojeka kwaG. kwakaratidzwa mumashoko akati: "Tristan chord", "Prometheus chord" (leitharmony yenhetembo yaScriabin "Prometheus"), "Prokofiev's dominant", etc. Nhoroondo yemimhanzi inoratidza kwete shanduko chete, asiwo kuvapo panguva imwe chete yekuora. harmonic styles.

6) Inoda yakakosha. kudzidza kwekushanduka kwemimhanzi, sezvo yagara iri nzvimbo yakakosha yemimhanzi uye musicology. Diff. Mativi eG. anokura pamitengo yakasiyana, ane hukama. kugadzikana kwakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, evolution muchord inononoka pane mumodal-functional and tonal spheres. G. inopfumiswa zvishoma nezvishoma, asi kufambira mberi kwayo hakuratidzwi nguva dzose mukukanganisika. Mune dzimwe nguva (chikamu zvakare muzana remakore rechi20), kufambira mberi kwehydrogeography kunoda, kutanga kune zvose, kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro akareruka. KwaG. (pamwe ne chero art zvakajairika) Fungidziro inobereka michero iri mubasa revanyori vekare. tsika uye kuvandudzwa kwechokwadi.

Mabviro aG. ari muNar. music. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune vanhu vaisaziva polyphony: chero rwiyo, chero monophony mune potency ine G.; mutsanangudzo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, mikana yakavanzika iyi inoshandurirwa muchokwadi. Nar. mavambo eG. anonyanya kuoneka murwiyo rwepolyphonic, semuenzaniso. kuvanhu veRussia. Muvanhu vakadai Nziyo dzine zvikamu zvakakosha zvechord - chords, kuchinja kunoratidza modal mabasa, inzwi rinotungamirira. MuchiRussian nar. rwiyo rune makuru, madiki uye mamwe maitiro echisikigo ari padyo navo.

Kufambira mberi kwaG. hakuparadzaniswe kubva kune homophonic harmonic. imba yekuchengetera mimhanzi (ona. Homophony), mukutaura ku-rogo muEurope. mimhanzi inoti-ve basa rakakosha nderenguva kubva pa2nd floor. 16 kusvika 1st floor. 17th century Kusimudzirwa kweiyi imba yekuchengetera kwakagadzirwa panguva yeRenaissance, apo nzvimbo yakawanda uye yakawanda yakapihwa kumamusie enyika. mhando uye akavhura mikana yakakura yekuratidza nyika yemweya wemunhu. G. akawana zvinokurudzira zvitsva zvebudiriro mu instr. mimhanzi, yakabatanidzwa instr. uye wok. presentation. Maererano nehomophonic harmonic. warehouse inodiwa inoreva. kuwirirana kuzvitonga. kuperekedza uye kudyidzana kwayo neinotungamira rwiyo. Marudzi matsva e-self-harmonics akamuka. maumbirwo, nzira itsva dzekuwirirana. uye melodic. figurations. G.'s hupfumi hwaive mhedzisiro yekufarira kwakawanda kwevaimbi mumimhanzi yakasiyana. Acoustic data, kugoverwa kwemanzwi mukwaya, uye zvimwe zvinodikanwa zvakatungamira mukuzivikanwa kwemanzwi mana seyakajairwa yekorasi. Muitiro wemabhesi makuru (basso continuo) wakaita basa rinobereka zvibereko mukudzamisa pfungwa yetsinhirano. Zvizvarwa zvevaimbi zvinowanikwa mune iyi tsika uye dzidziso yayo. mutemo ndiwo musimboti weG.; dzidziso ye general bass yaive dzidziso yemabhesi. Nekufamba kwenguva, vafungidziri vane mukurumbira uye nyanzvi dzemimhanzi vakatanga kutora chinzvimbo maererano nemabhesi aive akazvimirira padzidziso yemukuru webhesi (JF Rameau nevateveri vake munzvimbo iyi).

Kubudirira kweEurope. mumhanzi 2nd floor. 16th-17th mazana emakore munharaunda yeG. (tisingarevi zvisizvo izvo zvisati zvapinda mukuita kwakakura) zvakapfupikiswa mune chikuru. kune inotevera: huru huru uye harmonic. diki yakawanikwa panguva ino kutonga. position; melodic yakaita basa rinokosha. zvidiki, zvidiki, asi zvinorema - harmonic. zvikuru. Prežnie diatonic. frets (Dorian, Mixolydian, zvichingodaro) aive nechirevo chinopindirana. Musiyano wematoni wakagadzirwa mukati memiganho yematanho ehukama hwepedyo, uye dzimwe nguva, kure kure. Kuramba kuwirirana kwetoni kwakatsanangurwa muhuwandu hwemafomu nemhando, semuenzaniso. kufamba munzira inotungamira mukutanga kwezvigadzirwa, zvichibatsira mukusimbaradza tonic; kusimuka kwechinguvana kuenda kune subdominant muzvikamu zvekupedzisira. Modulations dzakazvarwa. Kutevedzana kwakazviratidza mukubatanidza makiyi, kukosha kwekutonga uko kwaiwanzo kukosha mukusimudzira G. Chinzvimbo chekutonga chaive chediatonic. Kushanda kwayo, e. chiyero che tonic, chinotonga uye chiri pasi, chakanzwika kwete chete pane yakamanikana, asiwo pamwero wakafara. Zviratidzo zvekusiyana kwebasa zvakaonekwa (ona Fig. mabasa akasiyana). Mabasa akaumbwa. mapoka, kunyanya munharaunda ye subdominant. Zviratidzo zvekusingaperi zveharmonics zvakasimbiswa uye zvakagadziriswa. marevolutions uye cadences: chokwadi, plagal, kukanganisa. Pakati pemakodhi, matatu (makuru nemadiki) aidzora, uye pakanga painewo manzwi echitanhatu. Quartz-sext chords, kunyanya cadence chords, yakatanga kupinda mukuita. Mukati medenderedzwa repedyo remakodhi echinomwe, chord yechinomwe yedhigirii yechishanu (dominant chord yechinomwe) yakamira, makorodhi echinomwe echipiri nerechinomwe madhigirii akanga asina kunyanya kuwanda. Zvakawanda, zvinogara zvichiita zvinhu mukuumbwa kwemakonzonenzi matsva - melodic. chiitiko chepolyphonic manzwi, asiri-chord ruzha, polyphony. Chromatics yakapinda mu diatonic, yakaitwa ichipesana nemashure ayo. Chromatic. manzwi aiwanzova anorira; harmonic Ch. yakashanda sekusimudzira kwekuonekwa kwechromaticity. arr. modulation. maitiro, kutsauka mu tonality yedhigirii rechiXNUMX, dhigirii rechiXNUMX, parallel (huru kana diki - ona. toni dzinoenderana). Main chromatic chords 2nd floor. 16th-17th mazana emakore - iwo prototypes eaviri anotonga, iyo Neapolitan yechitanhatu chord (iyo, inopesana nezita rinowanzogamuchirwa, yakaonekwa kare pamberi pekubuda kwechikoro cheNeapolitan) yakaumbwa zvakare ine chekuita nemodulation. Chromatic. kutevedzana kwemazwi dzimwe nguva kwaimuka nekuda kwe "kutsvedza" kwemanzwi, semuenzaniso. kuchinja kwevatatu vatatu nedikidiki rezita rimwechete. Mhedziso yezvinyorwa zvidiki kana zvikamu zvadzo mune imwe. chikuru vakanga vatojaira mazuva iwayo. T. o., zvinhu zveiyo huru-diki modhi (ona. Major-madiki) akaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Kunzwa kwekunzwana kwakamutswa. ruvara, zvinodiwa zvepolyphony, inertia yekutevedzana, mamiriro ekutaura anotsanangura kutaridzika kusingawanzo, asi zvese zvinonyanya kuoneka zvakaderera-terts uye bol-terts musanganiswa we diatonically unrelated triads. Mumimhanzi, pasi pechipiri. 16th-17th mazana emakore mataurirwo echords seakadaro atotanga kunzwika. Humwe hukama hunogadziriswa uye hunova hwechigarire. uye mafomu: izvo zvinonyanya kutaurwa zvinonyanya kukosha zvezvirongwa zve tonal zvinogadzirwa (modulation mukiyi yeinotonga, yakakura parallel), nzvimbo yavo yakajairika inogarwa nemukuru. marudzi emakedhenzi, zviratidzo zvekutsanangura, kusimukira, mharidzo yekupedzisira yeG. Kuyeuka melodic harmonica. kutevedzana kunodzokororwa, nekudaro kuvaka fomu, uye G. inogamuchira kusvika kumwero wakati dingindira. kukosha. Mumhanzi. theme, iyo yakaumbwa panguva iyi, G. ine nzvimbo inokosha. Harmonics inoumbwa uye inokudzwa. zvinoreva uye matekiniki anofukidza zvikamu zvakakura zvebasa kana kugadzirwa. seyakazara. Pamusoro pekutevedzana (incl. h "golden sequence"), kushandiswa kwanga kuchiri kushoma, zvinosanganisira org. mapoinzi e tonic uye ane simba, ostinato mumabhasi (ona. Bass ostinato) uye др. manzwi, kuwirirana kusiyana. Iyi nhoroondo yemigumisiro yekuvandudza g. panguva yekuumbwa uye kubvumidzwa kwehomophonic harmonic. warehouse zvakanyanya kushamisa izvo kune akati wandei. mazana emakore zvisati zvaitika muna Prof. mimhanzi, polyphony yakanga ichiri mudiki, uye makonzonenzi aive akaganhurirwa kune quarts uye yechishanu. Gare gare, nguva yechitatu yakawanikwa uye vatatu vakaonekwa, iyo yaiva nheyo yechokwadi yezvinyorwa uye, naizvozvo, G. Pamusoro pemigumisiro yekuvandudzwa kweG. muchirevo. nguva inogona kutongwa, semuenzaniso, nemabasa aYa. AP Sweelinka, K. Monteverdi, J.

Ya. P. Sweelinck. "Cromatic Fantasy". exposition

Ikoko, kodhi.

Nhanho yakakosha mukuenderera mberi kwekushanduka kwemimhanzi raive basa raJS Bach nevamwe vanyori venguva yake. Kubudirira kweG., yakanyatsoenderana nehomophonic harmonic. dura remimhanzi, zvakare zvakanyanya nekuda kwepolyphonic. warehouse (ona Polyphony) nekurukana kwayo nehomophony. Mimhanzi yeViennese classics yakaunza kukwira kwakasimba. Kutsva, kwakatonyanya kupenya kukura kwegypsum kwakaonekwa muzana remakore rechi19. munziyo dzevanyori verudo. Nguva iyi yakaratidzwawo nezvakabudirira zvakaitwa nenyika. zvikoro zvemimhanzi, semuenzaniso. Russian classics. Chimwe chezvitsauko zvinopenya kwazvo munhoroondo yaG. mimhanzi. impressionism (mukupera 19 uye kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20). Vanyori venguva ino vanotova negiravhiti kune yemazuva ano. harmonic stage. evolution. Chikamu chayo chekupedzisira (kubva kumakore gumi kusvika makumi maviri ezana remakore rechi10) chinoratidzwa nekubudirira kwayo, kunyanya muSov. music.

Ya. P. Sweelinck. Kusiyana kwe "Mein Junges Leben hat ein End". 6th musiyano.

Kuvandudza kuwirirana ne ser. 17th century kusvika ser. 20th century yaive yakanyanya.

Mumunda wemodhi yose, kushanduka kwakakosha zvikuru kweiyo diatonic huru uye duku yakaitika: zvose zvinomwe zvigaro zvakatanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya, zvisizvo uye zvinyorwa zvezvivako zvepamusoro zvakatanga kushandiswa, mabasa akasiyana-siyana akawedzera kushanda. Zviwanikwa zvesainzi yediatonic hazvina kupera kunyange nhasi. Iyo modal hupfumi hwemimhanzi, kunyanya pakati pevanodanana, yakawedzera nekuda kwekubatana kwevakuru nevadiki mune eponymous uye parallel makuru-madiki uye madiki-mukuru; zvinokwanisika zvezvidiki-zvikuru zvave zvishoma zvakashandiswa kusvika zvino. Muzana ramakore rechi 19 pahwaro hutsva, mavara ekare ediatonic akamutsidzirwa. frets. Vakaunza zvinhu zvakawanda zvitsva kuna Prof. mimhanzi, yakawedzera mikana yevakuru nevadiki. Kubudirira kwavo kwakafambiswa nepesvedzero dzemodal dzinobva kunyama. nar. tsika (somuenzaniso, Russian, Ukrainian uye vamwe vanhu Russia; Polish, Norwegian, etc.). Kubva pa2nd floor. 19th century yakaoma uye inopenya muruvara chromatic modal formations yakatanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya, musimboti wayo yaive mitsara yetertian yemakuru kana madiki matriad uye yakazara-toni kutevedzana.

Iyo isina kugadzikana nharaunda ye tonality yakakudziridzwa zvakanyanya. Iwo akanyanya kureba chords akatanga kutorwa sezvinhu zve tonal system, pasi pe tonic. Tonic yakawana kutonga pamusoro pekutsauka kwete chete muhukama hwepedyo, asiwo mumakiyi ari kure.

Chinjo huru dzakaitikawo muukama hwemanzwi. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa mumuenzaniso wezvirongwa zve tonal zvemafomu anokosha zvikuru. Pamwe chete nequarto-quint uye terts, yechipiri uye tritone tonal ratios zvakare yakauya pamberi. Mukufamba kwetonal kune kuchinjika kwetonal tsigiro uye isiri-tsigiro, yakatarwa uye isingaverengeki matanho. Nhoroondo yeG., kusvika ikozvino, inosimbisa kuti yakanakisa, mitsva uye yakasimba mienzaniso yekugadzira haiputsi nekunzwanana uye tonality, iyo inovhura tarisiro isingaperi yekudzidzira.

Kufambira mberi kukuru kwakaitwa mumunda wemodulation, muhunyanzvi, kubatanidza matauriro ari pedyo uye kure - zvishoma nezvishoma uye nekukurumidza (kamwe kamwe). Modulations inobatanidza zvikamu zvefomu, muses. Topics; panguva imwecheteyo, modulations uye kutsauka kwakatanga kupinda zvakadzika uye zvakadzika mukati mezvikamu, mukuumbwa uye kutumirwa kwemamuse. Topics. Dep. Modulation matekiniki akasangana nekushanduka-shanduka kwakapfuma. Kubva pane enharmonic modulations (ona. Anharmonism), iyo yakave inogoneka mushure mekugadzwa kwechimiro chechimiro, pakutanga pfungwa yakavakirwa pane anharmonism yakashandiswa. chord yechinomwe (Bach). Zvino modulations dzakapararira kuburikidza neanharmonically yakadudzirwa inotonga yechinomwe chord, kureva, yakaoma enharmonics yakapinda mukuita. kuenzana kwechords, ipapo enharmonic yakaonekwa. modulation kuburikidza isingawanzowanikwi SW. katatu, pamwe chete nerubatsiro rwemamwe makori. Mhando imwe neimwe yakadanwa inonzi enharmonic. modulation ine mutsara unokosha wekushanduka. Kupenya, kujeka, kupenya, kusiyanisa-yakakosha basa reiyo modulations mukugadzira. ratidza, semuenzaniso, Bach's Organ Fantasy mu g-moll (chikamu chisati chaitika), Confutatis kubva kuMozart's Requiem, Beethoven's Pathetique Sonata (chikamu 1, kudzokororwa kweGuva pakutanga kwebudiriro), sumo kuna Wagner's Tristan naIsolde ( pamberi pe coda), Rwiyo rwaGlinka rwaMargarita (kusati kwatangazve), Tchaikovsky's Romeo naJuliet Overture (pamberi pechikamu chedivi). Kune nziyo dzakapfuma kwazvo ne enharmonics. modulations:

R. Schuman. "Husiku", op. 12, n5.

Ibid.

Shanduko yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kune ese machords eiyo subdominant, inotonga uye yakapetwa kaviri, pamwe nechords yeakasara echipiri anotonga. Kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 nhanho yechina yakaderedzwa yediki yakatanga kushandiswa. Yakatanga kushandiswa panguva imwe chete. kuchinjwa kweinzwi rimwe munzira dzakasiyana (kaviri akachinjwa chords), uyewo panguva imwe chete. kuchinjwa kwemanzwi maviri akasiyana (kaviri akachinjwa chords):

AN Scriabin. 3rd symphony.

NA Rimsky-Korsakov. "Snow Maiden". Chiito 3.

N. Ya. Myaskovsky. 5th symphony. Chikamu II.

In decomp. chords, kukosha kwemazwi eparutivi (nemamwe manzwi, manzwi akaiswa kana kutsiviwa) zvishoma nezvishoma anowedzera. Mune matatu uye inversions yavo, yechitanhatu inotsiva yechishanu kana inosanganiswa nayo. Zvadaro, muzvikamu zvechinomwe, makota anotsiva zvikamu zvitatu. Sepakutanga, kwakabva kuumbwa kwechord kwaive kusinganzwisisike, kunyanya kunonoka. Semuenzaniso, iyo inotonga nonchord inoramba ichishandiswa maererano nekuvharirwa, asi kutanga kubva kuBeethoven, kunyanya muhafu yechipiri. 2th century uye gare gare, chord iyi yakashandiswawo seyakazvimirira. Kuumbwa kwemachords kunoramba kuchikonzerwa ne org. pfungwa - nekuda kwe funkts. kusawirirana kwebass nemamwe mazwi. Iwo makorodhi akaoma, akazara nekukakavadzana, umo kushandura uye kutsiva manzwi anosanganiswa, semuenzaniso, "Prometheus chord" a (consonance yechina chimiro).

AN Scriabin. "Prometheus".

Kushanduka kweharmonica. nzira uye maitiro anoratidzwa maererano ne enharmonic. modulation, inowanikwawo mukushandiswa kwetonic huru yakapfava. triad, pamwe chete nechero chord. Chinokosha kushanduka kweshanduko, org. chinhu, etc.

PaRussia classics ye modal mabasa. G.'s mikana inoshandurwa kuita Ch. arr. mumweya wenziyo dzechinyakare (inoshanduka modhi, plagality, ona Medieval modes). Rus. chikoro chakaunza zvinhu zvitsva mukushandiswa kwediatonic side chords, mukubatana kwavo kwechipiri. Kubudirira kweRussia kukuru. vanyori uye mumunda wechromatics; semuenzaniso, kuronga kwakakurudzira kubuda kwemhando dzakaoma modal. Pesvedzero yepakutanga G. rus. classics yakakura: yakapararira kune tsika yepasirese yekugadzira, inoratidzwa zvakajeka mumimhanzi yeSoviet.

Mamwe maitiro emazuva ano. G. zvinoratidzirwa mukuchinja kunotaurwa kweimwe tonal mharidzo neinoti isingazivikanwi, mu "kusvibiswa" kwekoridhi ine ruzha rusinganzwisisike, mukuwedzera kwebasa re ostinato, uye kushandiswa kwezvinoenderana. izwi rinotungamira, zvichingodaro, kuverengerwa kwezvimiro hakuna kukwana mhedziso dzakakwana. Mufananidzo G. yemazuva ano. mimhanzi yechokwadi haigoni kuumbwa nenhamba dzemaokisheni dzezvinocherechedzwa maererano nekufamba kwenguva asi chokwadi chakasiyana. Mumazuva ano Hapana maitiro akadaro eG. angadai asina kugadzirirwa nhoroondo. Mumabasa akatanhamara matsva, semuenzaniso. SS Prokofiev naDD Shostakovich, akachengetedzwa uye akagadzira modal-basa. hwaro hweG., kubatana kwayo neNar. song; G. inoramba ichitaura, uye basa guru richiri remurwiyo. Iyi ndiyo nzira yekusimudzira modal mumhanzi weShostakovich nevamwe vanyori, kana maitiro ekuwedzera miganhu ye tonality nekure, kutsauka kwakadzika mumhanzi waProkofiev. Iyo tonality yekutsauka, kunyanya iyo huru. tonality, muzvizhinji zviitiko zvinoratidzwa naProkofiev zvakajeka, zvinoruramiswa mumusoro uye mukukura kwayo. Nhoroondo ine mukurumbira. update muenzaniso. dudziro ye tonality yakagadzirwa naProkofiev muGavotte yeClassical Symphony.

SS Prokofiev. "Classical Symphony". Gavotte.

Mumazizi. vanyori inoratidzwa hunhu hwezizi. culture cross-fertilization music dec. marudzi. Russian inoramba ichiita basa rinokosha zvikuru. zizi. mimhanzi ine tsika dzayo dzechinyakare dzinokosha zvikuru.

II. Kutariswa kwaG. sechinhu chesainzi kunobata zvazvino. dzidziso yaG. (1), dzidziso yemodal-functional (2), kushanduka kwedzidziso dzaG. (3).

1) Mazuva ano. dzidziso yaG. ine hurongwa uye nhoroondo. zvikamu. Yakarongeka chikamu chakavakirwa pane izvo zvenhoroondo zvakakosha uye inosanganisira data pakuvandudzwa kweotd. harmonic mari. Kumafungiro akajairwa eG., kuwedzera kune atsanangurwa pamusoro (consonance-chord, modal function, voice lead), zvakare ndeepfungwa dzechikero chechisikigo, nezvemimhanzi. masisitimu (ona Sisitimu) uye hukasha hwakabatana nemuviri uye acoustic. preconditions for harmonic phenomena. Mune pfungwa dzakakosha dze dissonance consonances, kune mativi maviri - acoustic uye modal. Iyo modal maitiro kune essence uye maonero e consonance uye dissonance inoshanduka, inoshanduka pamwe nemimhanzi pachayo. Kazhinji, pane tsika yekunyorovesa maonero e dissonance ye consonances nekuwedzera kwekukakavadzana kwavo uye kusiyana. Maonero e-dissonances nguva dzose anoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ebasa: mushure mekusagadzikana kwakanyanya, zvishoma zvakanyanya zvinogona kurasikirwa nemamwe simba kune muteereri. Pane musimboti pakati consonance uye kugadzikana, dissonance uye kusagadzikana. kubatana. Nokudaro, pasinei nekuchinja kwekuongorora kwedissonances chaiyo uye consonances, zvinhu izvi zvinofanira kuchengetedzwa, nokuti kana zvisina kudaro kuwirirana kwekugadzikana uye kusagadzikana kuchaguma - mamiriro anodiwa ekuvapo kwekubatana uye kushanda. Chekupedzisira, giravhiti uye kugadzirisa ndezvepfungwa dzakakosha dzesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi. Vaimbi vanonzwa zvakajeka kukweshera kwemanzwi asina kugadzikana emutinhimira, manzwi ezviridzwa, zvese zvinonzwika uye kugadzirisa kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu mumanzwi akatsiga. Kunyange zvazvo tsananguro yesainzi inokwana, yakajairika yemaitirwo aya chaiwo haisati yapihwa, tsananguro nedudziro ine chikamu (semuenzaniso, simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi uye kugadzirisa kwezwi rinotungamira) zvinogutsa. Mudzidziso pamusoro peG. diatonic inoferefetwa. frets (yakasikwa huru uye diki, nezvimwewo), diatonic. chords nemakomponi awo, modal maficha echromatic uye chromatic. chords sezvinobva kune diatonic. Kutsauka uye kuchinja kunodzidzwa zvakanyanya. Nzvimbo hombe mudzidziso yeG. inopihwa kumodulation, to-rye inorongwa maererano na dec. maficha: chiyero chekiyi, modulation nzira (zvishoma nezvishoma uye kamwe kamwe shanduko), modulation matekiniki. Muchikamu chakarongeka chedzidziso yeG., hukama hwakasiyana-siyana hwataurwa pamusoro apa pakati peG. uye miziyamu hunoongororwa. mafomu. Panguva imwecheteyo, nzira dze harmonic dzinosiyaniswa nehupamhi hwekuita, kusvika pakuvhara kwebasa rose, semuenzaniso, nhengo yenhengo uye harmonic kusiyana. Nyaya dzakambotaurwa dzinoratidzwa muzvikamu zvine hurongwa uye zvenhoroondo zvedzidziso yaG.

2) Mazuva ano. lado-func. dzidziso, iyo ine tsika yakareba uye yakadzika, inoramba ichikura pamwe chete nemimhanzi. unyanzvi. Kugara kweiyi dzidziso inotsanangurwa nekuvimbika kwayo, tsananguro yakarurama yezvinhu zvakakosha zvechinyakare. nenziyo dzemazuva ano. Rinoshanda. dzidziso, inobva muukama hwe modal kugadzikana uye kusagadzikana, inoratidza kuwirirana, kurongeka kwezvakasiyana-siyana harmonics. zvinoreva, pfungwa yeharmonics. kufamba. Harmonic. kuratidzwa kwe modal kugadzikana uye kusagadzikana maererano nehukuru uye huduku hunoisa zvakanyanya kutenderedza tonic, inotonga uye iri pasi. Shanduko mukugadzikana uye kusagadzikana kunowanikwawo mukutsinhana kwekusina-modulation (kugara kwenguva refu mukiyi yakapihwa pasina c.-l. kutsauka kubva pairi) uye modulation; mukutsinhanisa toni-chaiyo uye toni-isingagumi mharidzo. Kududzirwa kwakadaro kwakawedzerwa kwekushanda mumimhanzi hunhu hwemimhanzi yemazuva ano. dzidziso yaG. Izvi zvinosanganisirawo kujekeswa kwakajeka nezve funkts. mapoka echords uye mukana we func. zvinotsiva, nezvemabasa epamusoro-soro, nezvezvinhu zvakakosha uye zvakasiyana. Rinoshanda. mapoka anoumbwa chete mukati memabasa maviri asina kugadzikana. Izvi zvinotevera kubva pachinhu cheiyo mode uye inosimbiswa nehuwandu hwekucherechedza: mukutevedzana kwekuparara. chords yebasa iri. mapoka (somuenzaniso, VI-IV-II matanho), kunzwa kweimwe (munyaya iyi, subdompant) basa rinochengetwa; apo, mushure me tonic, kureva e. Danho I, chero imwe inooneka. chord, kusanganisira. h VI kana III matanho, pane kuchinja kwemabasa; kuchinjika kwechinhanho cheV kuenda kuVI mune yakakanganiswa cadence zvinoreva kunonoka kwemvumo, uye kwete kutsiviwa kwayo; nharaunda ine ruzha pachayo haigadziri funkt. mapoka: manzwi maviri akajairika imwe neimwe ine I uye VI, I uye III nhanho, asiwo VII uye II nhanho - "zvakanyanya" vamiririri vaDecember. mabasa asina kugadzikana. mapoka. Mabasa epamusoro-soro anofanirwa kunzwisiswa se funkt. hukama pakati pematoni. Kune subdominant, dominant uye tonic. tonality. Ivo vanotsiviwa semugumisiro wemodulations uye inorongwa mune imwe kurongeka mune tonal zvirongwa. Basa re modal ye chord, nzvimbo yaro mukuwirirana - tonicity kana kuti kwete-tonicity inowanikwa kubva mumisungo yayo. “zvakatipoteredza”, mukutsinhana kwemazita anoumba wirirano. inotendeuka, iyo inonyanya kurongeka iyo maererano ne tonic uye inotonga ndeyotevera: kugadzikana - kusagadzikana (T - D); kusagadzikana - kugadzikana (D - T); kugadzikana - kugadzikana (T - D - T); kusagadzikana - kusagadzikana (D - T - D). Iyo pfungwa yekutevedzana kwemidzi yemabasa T - S - D - T, iyo inosimbisa tonality, inosimbiswa zvakanyanya neX. Riemann: somuenzaniso, mukutevedzana kweC guru uye F matriads makuru, maitiro avo e modal uye tonality haasati anyatsojeka, asi kuonekwa kwechitatu, G guru triad pakarepo inojekesa zvinoreva tonal yegumbo rimwe nerimwe; kuunganidza kusagadzikana kunotungamirira kugadzikana - C huru triad, iyo inonzwisiswa se tonic. Dzimwe nguva mubasa rinoongorora G. kutarisisa kwakakodzera hakuna kubhadharwa kune modal coloring, mavambo eruzha, chimiro chechord, kutenderera kwayo, nzvimbo, nezvimwe. nezvimwewo, pamwe chete nenziyo. maitiro anomuka mukufamba kwaG. Izvi zvikanganiso, zvisinei, zvinotarirwa nenhete, isiri yesainzi kushandiswa kwe modal function. dzidziso, kwete musimboti wayo. Mukufamba kwe modal mabasa, kugadzikana uye kusagadzikana kunomutsa mumwe nemumwe. Nekunyanyisa kusimuka kwekugadzikana, kusagadzikana kunowedzerawo simba. Yayo hypertrophy pahwaro hwekunyanyisa, kusingagumi complication G. inotungamirira mukurasikirwa kwekushanda uye, panguva imwechete, kuwirirana uye tonality. Kubuda kwekusagadzikana - atonalism (atonality) zvinoreva kuumbwa kwekusawirirana (antiharmony). Rimsky-Korsakov akanyora kuti: "Kuwirirana uye counterpoint, inomiririra kwakasiyana-siyana kusanganiswa kwekusiyana kukuru uye kuoma, pasina mubvunzo vane miganhu, kuyambuka kwatinozviwana tiri munzvimbo yekusawirirana uye cacophony, munzvimbo yetsaona, zvose panguva imwe chete uye zvichitevedzana” (N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, Pamusoro pekunyepedzera kwekunzwa, Poln. Sobr. op., vol.

3) Kubuda kwedzidziso yaG. kwakatangira kureba. nguva yekushanduka kwedzidziso yemimhanzi, yakagadzirwa munyika yekare. Dzidziso yaG. muchidimbu yakatanga kuumbwa panguva imwe chete nekuzadzikiswa kwebasa raG. mukugadzira nziyo. Mumwe wevakatanga dzidziso iyi aiva J. Tsarlino. Mubasa rake rakakosha "Nheyo dzeHarmony" ("Istituzioni harmoniche", 1558), anotaura pamusoro pezvinorehwa nematatu makuru uye maduku, toni dzavo dzepamusoro. Ose maviri chords anogamuchira natural science kururamiswa. Murangariro wakadzika wakaitwa nemirangariro yaTsarlino inoratidzirwa negakava rakavapo kumativi avo ( V. Galilei ) uye chishuvo chevatakuri venguva imwe cheteyo kuvakudziridza nokuvapa mukurumbira.

Nokuda kwedzidziso yeG. mumazuva ano. Kunzwisisa kukosha kwakasimba kwakawana mabasa aRameau, kunyanya kaputeni wake. "Batsira paHarmony" (1722). Nechekare mumusoro webhuku panoratidzwa kuti dzidziso iyi inotsamira pamisimboti yomusikirwo. Panotangira dzidziso yaRameau muviri unorira. Muchiyero chechisikigo, chakapihwa nemasikirwo pachacho uye chine mazh. vatatu, Rameau anoona zvisikwa. base G. Maj. matatu matatu anoshanda semucherechedzo weiyo tertian chimiro chechords. Mukuchinja kwechords, Rameau akatanga kuona mabasa avo, achisimbisa harmonic. iyo yepakati nemakonzonenzi ayo ari pasi (tonic, dominant, subdominant). Rameau anosimbisa pfungwa yemakiyi makuru uye madiki. Achinongedzera kune akanyanya kukosha cadences (D - T, VI nhanho, nezvimwewo), akafunga nezve mukana wekuavaka nekuenzanisa zvakare kubva kune mamwe diatonic. matanho. Izvi zvine chinangwa zvakatosanganisira nzira yakafara uye inoshanduka-shanduka yekushanda, kusvika pakufunga kwemabasa akasiyana. Izvi zvinotevera kubva mukufunga kwaRameau kuti iyo inotonga inogadzirwa ne tonic uye kuti mucadenza VI iyo inotonga inodzokera kwairi kubva. Pfungwa yenheyo yakagadzirwa naRamo. bass yaisanganiswa nekuziva kwekuwirirana. kushanda uye, zvakare, zvakapesvedzera kudzamisa pfungwa pamusoro pazvo. Foundation. mabhesi ari, kutanga kune zvese, mabhesi e tonic, dominants uye subdominants; kana iri inversion of chords (pfungwa zvakare yakatanga kuunzwa naRameau), hwaro. bass inosanganisirwa. Pfungwa yehuremu inversions inogona kuoneka nekuda kwechinzvimbo chakagadzwa naRameau pakuzivikanwa kwemanzwi ezita rimwe chete dec. octaves Pakati pemachords, Rameau akasiyanisa pakati pe consonances uye dissonances uye akanongedza kune hukuru hwekutanga. Akabatsira pakujekeswa kwemazano nezve shanduko mumakiyi, nezve modulation mukududzirwa kunoshanda (shanduko mukukosha kwetonic), yakasimudzira yunifomu yehunhu, inopfumisa modulation. kugona. Kazhinji, Rameau akagadzira preim. harmonic maonero pa polyphony. Dzidziso yaClassic Rameau, iyo yakaratidza kubudirira kwemumhanzi kwemazana emakore, yairatidza zvakananga misisi. kusika 1st floor. Muzana remakore rechi18 - muenzaniso wezvinyorwa. pfungwa, iyo yakazopesvedzera zvine muchero muse. tsika.

Kukura kwekukurumidza muhuwandu hwemabasa pagypsum muzana ramakore rechi19. yakakonzerwa zvakanyanya nezvido zvekudzidziswa: zvinoreva. kuwedzera kwenhamba yemamusi. masangano edzidzo, kusimudzira kwaProf. dzidzo yemimhanzi uye kuwedzera kwemabasa ayo. Treatise SS Katel (1802), yakagamuchirwa neParis Conservatory seyo huru. hutungamiriri, kwemakore mazhinji hwakasarudza chimiro cheiyo general theoretical. maonero uye nzira dzekudzidzisa G. Imwe yepakutanga. Hutsva hwaKatel hwaive pfungwa yehombe uye diki inotonga isiri-chords semakonzonenzi ane akati wandei mamwe makonzonenzi (mahombe uye madiki matatu matatu, pfungwa triad, inotonga yechinomwe chord, nezvimwewo). Izvi zvinonyanya kushamisa nekuti manonchords makuru aive achiri mashoma panguva iyoyo uye, chero zvakadaro, aionekwa sechinomwe chords nekunonoka. Kukosha kwakakosha kwechinyorwa chaKatel cheRussia. mimhanzi BV Asafiev anoona hupenyu hwake mukuti kuburikidza neZ. Den akafurira Glinka. Mune dzimwe nyika Muzvinyorwa zvemimhanzi ine rhythmic, zvakakosha kuti uwedzere kusimbisa basa raFJ Fetis (1844), iro rakadzamisa kunzwisisa kwemaitiro uye tonality; Izwi rokuti "tonality" rakatanga kuiswa mairi. Fetis aive mudzidzisi weFO Gevart. Maonero ekupedzisira pamusoro peG. akagamuchirwa zvakadzama uye akagadzirwa naGL Catoire. Bhuku rakanyorwa naFE Richter (1853) rakawana mukurumbira mukuru. Kudhindwazve kwaro kunoonekawo muzana ramakore rechi20; rakashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda, kusanganisira Russian (1868). Tchaikovsky akapa kuongororwa kwepamusoro kwebhuku raRichter uye akarishandisa mukugadzirira kwegwaro rake regiramufoni. Iri bhuku rakafukidza huwandu hwakakura hwema diatonic uye chromatic nzira dzegiramufoni, nzira dzekutungamira izwi, uye kurongeka tsika yekunyora-Harmonic.

Nhanho hurusa mukukudziridzwa kwedzidziso yeG. yakaitwa nenyanzvi dzedzidziso dzepasi rose dzekupera kwe19th - kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20. 19th century X. Riemann. Kwaari kune zvakakosha zvikuru mukugadzirwa kwefunkts. dzidziso G. Akaunza izwi rekuti "basa" mune zvemimhanzi. Mune zvakabudirira zvemazuva ano funkt. pfungwa, iyo yakagamuchira mumhanzi mutsva uye kugadzira. kurudziro, yakawana kuvandudzwa kwezvakanyanya zvibereko zveRiemann. Pakati pavo pane: pfungwa ye funkt. mapoka echords uye kutsiva kwavo mukati memapoka; basa musimboti. hukama hwemakiyi uye kunzwisisa kwe modulations kubva pakuona kwemabasa e tonic, anotonga uye ari pasi; kutarisa kune rhythm muhuwandu uye pakugadzirisa modulation kunyanya sezvinhu zvakadzika zvekuumba; harmonic logic analysis. kukura mu cadence. Riemann akaita zvakawanda mumunda weacoustic uye ruzivo rwemumhanzi rwakafanira rwemukuru (akatadza kuwana budiriro yakafanana mukusimbisa mudiki). Akaita mupiro unokosha pakudzidza dambudziko re consonance uye dissonance, achipa nzira yakafara uye inoshanduka pakudzidza kwayo. Muchidimbu, tsvagiridzo yaRiemann mundima ye geology yakanangana nekugadzira pfungwa dzakadzama dzaRameau, uye yakaratidza budiriro yevanoverengeka vedzidziso dze90th century. Kukwezva kutarisa kwemuverengi weRussia kumabasa aRiemann kwakabatsira pakuonekwa mukupera kwema19s. 1889th century shanduro (yakabva yatsikiswazve), kunyanya mabhuku ake ekumodhudzira sehwaro hwechimiro chemimhanzi uye anoshanda mukuwirirana (pamatonal mabasa echords). Bhuku rakakurumbira rakanyorwa naE. Prout (XNUMX) uye nhevedzano yemamwe mabhuku ezvidzidzo nemunyori uyu akaratidzira danho idzva mumhanzi dzidziso, yakaratidzwa nekuvandudzwa uye kurongeka kwemaitiro generalizations pamusoro peG. Izvi zvinoita kuti Prout ienderane naRiemann.

Pakati pezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 dzidziso yekubatana naR. Louis naL. Thuil (1907) inomira pachena - bhuku riri pedyo nemaitiro emazuva ano esayenzi uye pedagogical: vanyori vanoisa mberi maonero akawedzerwa pamusoro pekutaura, kuongorora. mumatambudziko akaoma kudaro ekuwirirana, akadai seanharmonism, uye kumutsa mibvunzo nezve akakosha diatonic frets, zvichingodaro, zvichipfuura mwero wemabasa echinyakare pamisoro yeG. Louis naTuile vanotora pamienzaniso yakaoma yemimhanzi yaWagner, R. Strauss, uye vamwe vanyori vemazuva ano kuti vaenzanisire.

Nzvimbo yakakosha mukushanduka kwezivo pamusoro peG. inogarwa naE. Kurt kudzidza kuwirirana kweRomantics (1920). Kurt anotarisa kuwirirana kwaR. Wagner, kureva "Tristan naIsolde", iyo inoonekwa seyakakosha. mapoinzi mukureba kwekuvandudzwa kwemodhi uye tonality. Mafungiro aKurt, akatsigirwa zvakadzama, ari pedyo nemazuva ano. G.'s theories: semuenzaniso, pfungwa nezve melodic. G.'s stimuli, kukosha kwekutanga kwenzwi, hukama pakati pekushanda uye ruvara, dudziro yakatambanudzwa yematoniti, pamwe nekushandurwa, kutevedzana, nezvimwewo. Pasinei nekunyengedzera kwekuona kwemimhanzi yaKurt, bhuku rake rairatidza huzivi uye maonero. zvikanganiso uye kupesana kwemaonero enziyo nezvakaitika kare .

Kuma20s. mabasa aG. Sh. Köklen akaoneka, aisanganisira nhoroondo. sketch ye geology kubva pakutanga kwayo mukutanga Middle Ages kusvika ikozvino. Koeklen akanyatsopindura kudiwa kwenhoroondo. ruzivo rweG. Iyi tsika, iyo yakabata Kurt, yakaratidzwawo mune imwe nhamba yezvidzidzo zvega, semuenzaniso. mumabasa ekuumbwa uye kushanduka kwezvinyorwa - mumabhuku eG. Haydon pane cadence quarter-sextakcord (1933) uye P. Hamburger pane otd. subdominant and double dominant chords (1955), pamwe nemuverengi akataurwa naA. Casella, achiratidza nhoroondo. kukura kwe cadence (1919). Kunyanya kukoshesa kunofanira kubhadharwa kune zvitsva zvitsva zvidzidzo zvebhuku raY. Khominsky pamusoro penhoroondo yeH. uye counterpoint (1958-62).

A. Schoenberg, akamira mubasa rake pachake pamusoro pezvinzvimbo zveatonality, mune zvake zvesayenzi uye zvekudzidzisa. inoshanda, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakati (semuenzaniso, kuzvidzora mune zvedzidzo) zvakanamatira kune tonal musimboti. Dzidziso yake pamusoro peiyo geology (1911) uye gare gare inoshanda munzvimbo ino (40-50s) inovandudza huwandu hwezvinetso zve geology mumweya wetsika dzakagadziridzwa asi dzakagadzikana. Mabhuku esainzi uye edzidzo aP. Hindemith, akatsaurirwa kuna G. (30-40s), anoendererawo kubva kune pfungwa yezwi. zvinokosha zvemimhanzi, kunyange zvazvo pfungwa ye tonality ichidudzirwa mavari zvakanyanya uye nenzira yakasiyana. Mashandiro edzidziso emazuva ano anoramba maitiro uye matauriro haagone, muchokwadi, kushandira ruzivo rweG., yeG., sechiitiko chekare, haiparadzaniswe kubva muchimiro chenzwi. Izvi, semuenzaniso, mabasa pane dodecaphony, serial, nezvimwe.

Kubudirira kwemimhanzi-theoretical. pfungwa muRussia yakanga yakanyatsobatana nekugadzira. uye tsika yekudzidzisa. Vanyori vekutanga vanoreva. Russian mabasa pagypsum aiva PI Tchaikovsky uye NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Mumazizi AN Alexandrov, MR Gnesin, uye vamwe vakateerera zvikuru geology.

Nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwesayenzi uye theoretical. Zvinyorwa zvevanyori zvirimo, semuenzaniso, muRimsky-Korsakov's Chronicle of My Musical Life, uye mune autobiographies uye zvinyorwa zveN. Ya. Myaskovsky, SS Prokofiev, uye DD Shostakovich, vane zvibereko. Vanotaura nezvekubatana kwaG. nemimhanzi. chimiro, nezve kuratidzwa muG. yehunyanzvi. iyo pfungwa yezvinyorwa, nezve simba rehunyanzvi. realistic. nheyo, nezvevanhu, nat. midzi yemutauro wemimhanzi, nezvimwewo mibvunzo yaG. inobatwa mu epistolary heritage yeRussia. vanyori (somuenzaniso, mutsamba yePI Tchaikovsky uye HA Rimsky-Korsakov pamusoro pebhuku reG. rekupedzisira). Kubva kumabasa epre-revolutionary. Zvinyorwa zveRussia Zvinokosha naGA Laroche (60-70s yezana remakore rechi19) zvinosarudzwa nevatsoropodzi maererano nehurukuro. Akadzivirira kudiwa kwekudzidza mimhanzi yekutanga yenguva ye-pre-Bach, akatsigira nhoroondo. kusvika kuna G. Mumabasa eLaroche zvinoramba (zvisinei neimwe-sidedly) pfungwa ye melodic. mavambo eG. Izvi zvinounza Laroche pedyo neTchaikovsky uye kune vamwe vanyori vemazuva ano. G.'s science concepts, semuenzaniso. pamwe naKurt naAsafiev. AN Serov ane mabasa akanangana nekubatana, semuenzaniso. chinyorwa chinodzidzisa nezvenyaya yemachords. VV Stasov (1858) akaratidza basa rakakurumbira rakaitwa mumhanzi wezana remakore rechi19. special diatonic (chechi.) modes inopira kuhupfumi hwayo hwehunyanzvi. Yakakosha padzidziso yaG. yakaratidzwa naye (mune biography yeMI Glinka) pfungwa inoshamisa. zvirongwa zvinobatsira munhoroondo. Kufambira mberi G. MuchiRussia cheve classics. Vatsoropodzi vemimhanzi - Serov, Stasov uye Laroche anoongorora mamuses. inoshanda, kunyanya L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, MI Glinka naPI Tchaikovsky, pane zvakawanda zvakakosha zvakaonekwa paG.

Nguva yaProf. kudzidza G. muchiRussian. masangano edzidzo muRussia. mabhuku anovhura nemabhuku ezvinyorwa naTchaikovsky (1872) uye Rimsky-Korsakov. Bhuku rinonyatsozivikanwa rakanyorwa naRimsky-Korsakov ("Practical Course of Harmony", 1886) rakatangira shanduro yaro yepakutanga ("Textbook of Harmony", yakabudiswa ne-lithographic method muna 1884-85 uye yakadhindwazve mumabasa akaunganidzwa). MuRussia, aya mabhuku akaratidzira mavambo edzidziso yaG. mupfungwa chaiyoiyo yeshoko racho. Mabhuku ose ari maviri akabvuma zvikumbiro zvaRus. conservatories.

Tchaikovsky's textbook inotarisa kune izwi rinotungamirira. G.'s runako, maererano naTchaikovsky, zvinoenderana nemimhanzi. kunaka kwemanzwi anofamba. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, mhedzisiro yakakosha yehunyanzvi inogona kuwanikwa ne nyore harmonics. zvinoreva. Zvakakosha kuti mukudzidza kwemodulation, Tchaikovsky anopa basa rekutanga kune izwi rinotungamirira. Panguva imwecheteyo, Tchaikovsky anobuda zvakajeka kubva kune modal-functional concepts, kunyange iye (pamwe naRimsky-Korsakov) haashandisi izwi rokuti "basa". Tchaikovsky, kutaura zvazviri, akaswedera kune pfungwa yemabasa epamusoro-soro: anotora basa. chord kutsamira kwe tonic, inotonga uye inodzika kubva kune yakabatana yeinoenderana. makiyi ari muchikamu chequarto-fifth.

Bhuku reRimsky-Korsakov rekubatana rakawana kuparadzirwa kwakakura muRussia uye kukurumbira kune dzimwe nyika. Dzinoramba dzichishandiswa mumasangano eU.SR. Mubhuku raRimsky-Korsakov, zvakabudirira zvesainzi zvakasanganiswa nemuenzaniso kutevedzana kwemharidzo, kukosha kwayo kwakasimba, kusarudzwa pakati peharmonics. nzira yezvakanyanya, zvinodikanwa. Rondedzero yakagadzwa naRimsky-Korsakov yekuziva zvakakosha zvegirama, iyo inonyanya kuumba chimiro chemaonero esainzi pamusoro penyika yeharmonics. mari, yakagamuchirwa zvikuru uye yakachengeta kukosha kwayo zvakanyanya. Kubudirira kukuru kwesainzi kwebhuku racho yaive dzidziso yehukama (hukama) hwekiyi: "Kuvhara tunings, kana kuve mu1st degree yehukama kune yakapihwa tuning, inoonekwa se6 tunings, ayo ane tonic triad ari mukugadzirisa uku" (HA. Rimsky-Korsakov, Practical Harmony Textbook, Muunganidzwa wakakwana wemabasa, vol. IV, M., 1960, p. 309). Izvi zvakajairika, zvinoshanda zvakanyanya, zvakakanganisa mimhanzi yenyika. sainzi.

Vanhu vane pfungwa dzakafanana uye vateveri vaTchaikovsky naRimsky-Korsakov mumhanzi-theoretical. nharaunda, mukudzidziswa kweG. vaive vaimbi vakadai sa AS Arensky, J. Vitol, RM Glier, NA Hubert, VA Zolotarev, AA Ilyinsky, MM Ippolitov-Ivanov, PP Keneman, PD Krylov, NM Ladukhin, AK Lyadov, NS Morozov , AI Puzyrevsky, LM Rudolf, NF Solovyov, NA Sokolov, HH Sokolovsky , MO Steinberg, PF Yuon nevamwe.

SI Taneev akasvikawo pane zvakakosha generalizations nezve mavara anochengeta kukosha kwawo kwakazara musumo yekudzidza kwake kweiyo counterpoint yekunyora kwakasimba (1909). Anotaura kuti mazh.-min. iyo tonal system "... mapoka mitsara yezvikepe zvakapoteredza imwe yepakati tonic chord, inobvumira mutsara wepakati weimwe kuchinja panguva yechidimbu (kutsauka uye modulation) uye mapoka ose makiyi maduku kumativi makuru, uye kiyi yeimwe dhipatimendi inokanganisa kiyi yeimwe, kutanga kwechidimbu kunokanganisa mhedziso yayo "(S. Taneev, Mobile counterpoint yekunyora zvakasimba. 1959, p. Iyo trace inonongedzera kushanduko yemodhi, mashandiro. S. Taneyev chinzvimbo: "Tonal system yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma uye yakadzika nekuparadzira denderedzwa rematoni ekubatana, kusanganisira misanganiswa mitsva yakawanda mukati mayo uye nekutanga kuwirirana kwetoni pakati pekubatana kwemaitiro ari kure" (ibid., p. 8). Aya mazwi ane pfungwa pamusoro pekuvandudzwa kwaG. iyo yakatangira Taneyev nevenguva yake, uye nzira dzekufambira mberi kwayo dzinotsanangurwa. Asi Taneyev anotarisawo kune maitiro anoparadza, achitaura kuti "... kuparadzwa kwe tonality kunotungamirira pakuparara kwechimiro chemimhanzi" (ibid.).

Means. nhanho munhoroondo yesainzi yeG., yakazara naSov. nguva, ndiwo mabasa aGL Catoire (1924-25). Catuar akasika yekutanga muSov. Union of theoretical course G., muchidimbu Russian. uye yesainzi yepasirese chiitiko. Yakabatana nedzidziso dzeGevaart, kosi yaCatoire inozivikanwa nekunakidza uye kwakakura kukura kwezvinetso zvakakosha. Kuva nemimhanzi. inonzwika nechishanu, Catoire, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwenhanho dzechishanu, inogamuchira masisitimu matatu: diatonic, huru-diki, chromatic. Imwe neimwe sisitimu inovhara huwandu hwechords inherent mairi, mukuumbwa kwayo iyo musimboti we melodic inosimbiswa. kubatana. Catoire anotora maonero anofambira mberi e tonality, sezvinoratidzwa, semuenzaniso, nekurapa kwake kwekutsauka ("mid-tonal deviations"). Nenzira itsva, yakawedzera zvakadzama dzidziso yemodulation, iyo Catoire anopatsanura zvakanyanya kuita modulation kuburikidza neyakajairwa chord uye nerubatsiro rweanharmonism. Mukuedza kunzwisisa zvakawanda zvakaoma harmonics. zvinoreva, Catoire anonongedza, kunyanya, basa rematoni echipiri mukubuda kwemamwe makonzoni. Nyaya yekutevedzana, kubatana kwavo ne org. ndima.

Kushanda kuwirirana kosi muzvikamu zviviri zvechikwata chevadzidzisi Mosk. Conservatory II Dubovsky, SV Evseev, VV Sokolov uye IV Sposobina (1934-1935) inotora nzvimbo yakakurumbira muSoviet. music-theoretical. sainzi nedzidziso; muchimiro chakadzokororwa nevanyori, inozivikanwa se "Textbook of Harmony", yakadhindwa kakawanda. Zvese zvinzvimbo zvinotsigirwa nehunyanzvi. mienzaniso, ch. arr. kubva mumhanzi wekirasi. Kubatana nemaitiro ekugadzira pachikero chakadaro kwakanga kusati kwamboonekwa mumabhuku edzidzo epamba kana ekunze. Mibvunzo pamusoro pemanzwi asiri e-chord, shanduko, kupindirana kwezvikuru nezvidiki, diatonic zvakafukidzwa zvakadzama uye nenzira dzakawanda nenzira itsva. anofarira mumhanzi weRussia. Kwenguva yekutanga, mibvunzo yeharmonics yakarongwa. mharidzo (chimiro). Mumabasa ese ari maviri, iyo moscow brigade. Conservatory kuenderera mberi kwesainzi netsika dzemabhuku echiRussia ekare uye akanakisa mabasa ekunze ari pachena. Mumwe wevanyori ve "brigade" basa - IV Sposobin akagadzira yakakosha. kosi yeyunivhesiti yaG. (1933-54), yakaratidzirwa muzizi rokutanga rakaunganidzwa ndokubudiswa naye. chirongwa (1946); Chinokosha zvikuru uye chitsva kwaiva kutangwa kwechikamu chenhoroondo yeGeorgia—kubva pamavambo ayo kusvikira nhasi. Pakati pedhipatimendi zvakabudirira zveSposobin mundima yegirama zvinosiyaniswa zvakare: dzidziso nyowani yehukama hwekiyi, yakavakirwa pane fret-basa. misimboti, kuvandudzwa kweiyo pfungwa yemabasa eiyo yepamusoro hurongwa, hutsva hwakasiyana-siyana mundima yeanharmonism, kururamiswa kweboka rakasiyana remamodhi ("dominant modes"), kuvandudzwa kwakadzama kwenyaya yeakakosha diatonic. . (kare) frets.

Yu.N. Tyulin (1937) akava munyori wepfungwa itsva inopindirana yegypsum. Yakavandudzwa uye yakawedzerwa, kunyanya, mubasa re theoretical. nheyo dzeG., dzakaitwa naye pamwe chete naNG Privano (1956). Pfungwa yaTyulin, yakavakirwa pane zvakanakisa kubudirira kwemadzibaba. uye sainzi yepasirese, inoratidza kufukidzwa kwakazara kweharmonics. problematics, kuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yaG. nemafungiro matsva nemashoko (somuenzaniso, pfungwa dzechord phonism, melodic-harmonic modulation, etc.), rwiyo rwakafara rwemumhanzi. base. Tyulin's hombe yesainzi generalizations inosanganisira dzidziso yezvinoshanduka mabasa; padyo netsika dzechinyakare dzemumhanzi, dzidziso iyi inogona kushandiswa kumimhanzi. fomu zvachose. Maererano nedzidziso iyi, chord mabasa anowanikwa zvakananga. hukama hwavo ne tonic. chord. Mukuumbwa kwemabasa akasiyana-siyana, c.-l. isina kugadzikana katatu yeladotonality (yakakura kana diki) inogamuchira yakavanzika, yemuno tonic. zvinoreva, kuumba nzvimbo itsva yefret yegiravhiti. Mufananidzo wezvakasiyana (maererano nemamwe mazwi - emunharaunda) mabasa anogona kunge achifunga zvakare hukama hweVI-II-III nhanho dzechisikigo chikuru:

Dzidziso yemabasa akasiyana-siyana anotsanangura kuumbwa kwechigadzirwa. ndima mune akakosha diatonic frets uye diatonic kutsauka, inogadzirisa kutarisisa pane kusajeka kwechords. Dzidziso iyi inotaridza kudyidzana kwezvikamu zvemumusisi. mutauro - mita, rhythm uye G.: kudhirowa kwete-tonic. (kubva pakuona kwemabasa makuru) yegumbo rine kurova kwakasimba kwechiyero, nguva yakakura inofarira maonero ayo se tonic yemunharaunda. Sposobin naTyulin ndevamwe vevanhu vakatanhamara vakatungamira zvikoro zvezizi. vanyori.

Imwe yeakakurumbira muses weSoviet. masayendisiti BL Yavorsky, achiedza kunzwisisa mabasa a AN Skryabin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, F. Liszt, K. Debussy, ayo akaoma maererano neG., akadzidza kuoma kweharmonics nenzira yepakutanga. matambudziko. Theoretical Yavorsky's system inovhara, mupfungwa yakafara, kwete chete mibvunzo yeG., asiwo matambudziko emimhanzi. chimiro, rhythm, mita. Mafungiro aYavorsky akaiswa mumabasa ake, ayo akaonekwa mu10-40s, akaonekwawo mumabasa evadzidzi vake, somuenzaniso. SV Protopopova (1930). Munharaunda yeG. Yavorsky kutarisa kwakakweverwa naCh. arr. fret; zita rakakurumbira repfungwa yake idzidziso yemodal rhythm. Yavorsky akaisa pamberi dzidziso pfungwa dzehuwandu hwemodhi (kunyanya, modal formations) inoshandiswa mumabasa evanyori vataurwa, semuenzaniso. kuderedzwa kwemaitiro, kuwedzera maitiro, chain mode, nezvimwewo. Kubatana kwedzidziso yaYavorsky kunotevera kubva kune modal primary element yakagamuchirwa naye - tritone. Kutenda kumabasa eYavorsky, mamwe mabasa anokosha emimhanzi-edzidziso akapararira. pfungwa nemashoko (kunyangwe Yavorsky kazhinji aidudzira kwete nenzira inogamuchirwa kazhinji), semuenzaniso, pfungwa yekugadzikana uye kusagadzikana mumimhanzi. Maonero aYavorsky akadzokorodza akakonzera kupesana kwemaonero, zvakanyanya kuoma muma20s. Pasinei nekupokana, dzidziso yaYavorsky yakave nemhedzisiro uye yakadzama pasainzi yemimhanzi yeSoviet neyekunze.

BV Asafiev, mukurusa wezvemumhanzi weSoviet, akapfumisa sainzi yemimhanzi ine mutinhimira zvakanyanya nedzidziso yake yeinzwi. Pfungwa dzaAsafiev pamusoro peG. dzakanangidzirwa muzvidzidzo zvake zvakakosha zvemumhanzi. fomu, chikamu chechipiri icho chakatsaurirwa kune preim. mibvunzo yeinzwi (2-1930). Kusikwa kweG., pamwe chete nezvimwe zvikamu zvemuses. mutauro, maererano Asafiev, zvinoda okugadzira zvinhu kubva vanyori. sensitivity kune intonation. zvakatipoteredza, matauriro akabudirira. Asafiev akadzidza mavambo uye kushanduka kwemimhanzi ine mutinhimira mune yayo pachayo harmonic (yakatwasuka, ona yakatwasuka) uye melodic (yakatwasuka, ona yakachinjika) maficha. Kwaari, G. inzira ye "resonators - amplifiers ematoni eiyo modhi" uye "inotonhora lava yeGothic polyphony" (B. Asafiev, Musical Form as a process, bhuku 47, Intonation, M.-L., 2, peji 1947 ne147). Asafiev akanyanya kusimbisa melodic. midzi uye zvimiro zveG., kunyanya munziyo G. Rus. classics. Mukutaura kwaAsafiev nezve dzidziso inoshanda, kushoropodzwa kwechirongwa chayo, chedivi rekushandisa chinomira pachena. Asafiev pachake akasiya mienzaniso yakawanda yekuongorora kwakanaka kwekushanda naG.

Acoustic mumiririri. mirayiridzo muchidzidzo cheG. yaiva NA Garbuzov. Mumukuru wake. basa (1928-1932) yakagadzira pfungwa yeacoustic. kutorwa kwe modal consonances kubva kune akati wandei. grounds; overtones anogadzirwa kwete nemumwe, asi nevanoverengeka. manzwi epakutanga, anoumba makonzonenzi. Dzidziso yaGarbuzov inodzokera kune pfungwa yakaratidzwa kumashure munguva yeRameau, uye nenzira yepakutanga inoenderera mberi imwe yetsika dzemimhanzi. Mumakore 40-50. akati wandei emabasa naGarbuzov nezve zonal hunhu hwemuses anoburitswa. kunzwa, kureva maonerwo enzwi, tempo uye rhythm, ruzha, timbre uye inzwi. reshiyo mukati mehumwe huwandu. range; iyi ruzha rwemhando inochengeterwa kuti ionekwe munzvimbo yese inoenderana. Izvi zvigadziro, izvo zvine hukuru hwekuziva pamwe nekuita. kufarira, zvakaratidzwa kuedza naGarbuzov.

Tsvagiridzo yeAcoustic yakakurudzira kutsvagisa mumunda wezvikero zvemimhanzi, hukasha, uye zvakare yakakurudzira kutsvaga mumunda wekugadzira chiridzwa. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mumabasa eAS Ogolevets. Mabasa ake makuru emimhanzi uye edzidziso akakonzera hurukuro yesainzi yakakwana (1947); chiverengero chezvinyorwa zvemunyori zvakatsoropodzwa zvakasiyana-siyana.

Kumazizi ane mukurumbira. masayendisiti uye vadzidzisi zvizvarwa - nyanzvi mune gynecology zvakare ndeye Sh. S. Aslanishvili, FI Aerova, SS Grigoriev, II Dubovsky, SV Evseev, VN Zelinsky, Yu. G. Kon, SE Maksimov, AF Mutli, TF Muller, NG Privano, VN Rukavishnikov, PB Ryazanov, VV Sokolov, AA Stepanov, VA Taranushchenko, MD Tits, IA Tyutmanov, Yu. N. Kholopov, VM Tsendrovsky, NS Chumakov, MA Etinger nevamwe. mazita uye mamwe manhamba anoenderera mberi nekubudirira kugadzira tsika dzakanaka, dzinofambira mberi dzekudzidza kwaG.

Paunenge uchidzidza G. yemazuva ano maererano nenheyo yezvakaitika kare, zvakakosha kufunga nezvezvakaitika kare. kufambira mberi mumimhanzi uye nhoroondo yedzidziso pamusoro peG. Zvinofanira kusiyanisa zvakasiyana-siyana maererano nekufamba kwemazuva ano. masitayera emimhanzi. Zvinodiwa kudzidza kwete chete akasiyana siyana Prof. marudzi emimhanzi, asiwo Nar. kusika. Kunyanya kudikanwa kushamwaridzana nemadhipatimendi ese e theoretical. uye nhoroondo musicology uye kufananidzwa kwezvakanakisa kubudirira kunze kwenyika. musicology. Pamusoro pekubudirira kwekudzidza mutauro wemazuva ano muUSSR. mimhanzi inoratidzwa nemabasa akazvipira kune zvenhoroondo zvinodikanwa zvemazuva ano G. (somuenzaniso, chinyorwa chaTyulin, 1963), modal uye tonal features (somuenzaniso, nhamba yezvinyorwa naAN Dolzhansky pamimhanzi yeShostakovich, 40-50s. ), zvidzidzo zve monographic. mhando (bhuku raYu. N. Kholopov pamusoro peSS Prokofiev, 1967). Monographic genre mukudzidza kwe geology, kukura muSov. Union kubva ku40s, inoratidzwa mumatambudziko ehuwandu hwekuunganidza pamhando yeSS Prokofiev naDD Shostakovich (1962-63), pamimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20. mune zvakawanda (1967). Mune rimwe bhuku nezve kuwirirana kwemazuva ano SS Skrebkov (1965) akasimbisa dambudziko remusoro. G.'s kukosha maererano ne tonality, otd. consonances, mutinhimira (zvichienderana nebasa rayo rinotungamirira), manyorerwo; Iyi mibvunzo yakawanda iri kudzidzwa mukupedzisira Scriabin, Debussy, Prokofiev, Shostakovich. Hurukuro dzeruzhinji dzaive dzichiratidza kukura kwesainzi muUSSR dzakaratidza kuti dzakabatsira dzidziso yeG. Pamapeji emagazini Sov. mumhanzi” pakanga pane kurukurirano dzepolytonality (1956-58) uye zvinetso zvakawanda zvemazuva ano. G. (1962-64).

Nokuti ruzivo rweG. rwakakosha zvikuru uye dzidziso. mabasa akazvipira kwete chete kune harmonica. matambudziko, kusanganisira mabasa emakirasi eRussia. musicology, akawanda mabasa naBV Asafiev, zvinyorwa uye uch. mvumo yemimhanzi-theoretical. zvinhu uye kuumbwa, semuenzaniso. LA Mazel naVA Zuckerman - maererano nekuongorora kwemimhanzi. anoshanda (1967), I. Ya. Ryzhkin uye LA Mazel - pane nhoroondo yemimhanzi-theoretical. dzidziso (1934-39), SS Skrebkova - mu polyphony (1956), SV Evseeva - muchiRussia. polyphony (1960), Vl. V. Protopopova - panhoroondo yepolyphony (1962-65), MR Gnessin - pane zvinoshanda. nziyo (kugadzira mimhanzi, 1962); inoshanda pamutinhimira, semuenzaniso. Kudzidza kwayo kwakawanda ne LA Mazel (1952), kudzidza kweRimsky-Korsakov rwiyo na SS Grigoriev (1961); monographs pamabasa, semuenzaniso. nezve fantasy f-moll Chopin - LA Mazel (1937), nezve "Kamarinskaya" Glinka - VA Zukkerman (1957), nezve "Ivan Susanin" Glinka - Vl. V. Protopopov (1961), pamusoro pemitambo yekupedzisira naRimsky-Korsakov - MR Gnesin (1945-1956), LV Danilevich (1958), DB Kabalevsky (1953).

III. Pfungwa yeG. seakaundi. nyaya yacho inosanganisira zvinotevera. mibvunzo: dzidzo yemimhanzi G. uye nzvimbo mukudzidziswa kwevaimbi (1), mafomu uye nzira dzekudzidzisa kwaG (2).

1) Muhurongwa hwemazizi. Prof. mumhanzi Kukoshesa kukuru kunobhadharwa kudzidzo yaG. pazvikamu zvose zvedzidzo: mumimhanzi yevana. zvikoro zvemakore gumi nerimwe, mumhanzi. zvikoro nemayunivhesiti. Kune marudzi maviri ekudzidziswa kwaG - spec. uye general courses. Yekutanga inoitirwa kudzidziswa kwevanyori, theorists uye vanyori vemimhanzi (musicologists), iyo yekupedzisira yekudzidziswa kwevaimbi. Kuenderera mberi kwakatangwa mudzidzo yaG. kubva padanho repasi redzidzo kusvika kune vakuru. Nekudaro, dzidzo yeyunivhesiti inopa, mukuwedzera pakudzidza kwemisoro mitsva, uye kudzika kwezivo yakawanikwa kare, iyo inovimbisa kuunganidzwa kweprof. unyanzvi. Kutevedzana kwekudzidzisa G. sese kunoratidzwa munhoroondo. zvirongwa, zvirongwa uye zvinodiwa zvekubvumidzwa kuti ubvumidzwe kuaccount. zvivako zvakabvumirwa nehurumende. miviri. Pamuenzaniso wedzidziso yaG., hunhu hukuru hunoonekwa. uye uwandu. kubudirira kunowanikwa nevaimbi. dzidzo muUSSR. Dzidziso yaG. zvinongozivikanwa zvemimhanzi zizi. peoples. Chikamu chikuru cheakaundi nguva inoshanda inopedzwa. zvidzidzo. Kubva kuma30s. paG. hurukuro dzinopiwa, iyo inonyanya kumiririrwa muchikoro chesekondari chakakosha. zvidzidzo. Mudzidziso yeG., misimboti yekudzidzisa mimhanzi muUSSR inoratidzwa: kutungamira kune kusika. tsika, hukama uch. zvidzidzo mukuita kudzidza. Kurongeka kwekudzidziswa kwaG, semuenzaniso, nekudzidziswa kwesolfeggio kunoitwa mumakosi ese ari maviri muzvikoro zvese. establishments. Kubudirira mukudzidzisa mimhanzi basa rekudzidzisa. kunzwa (ona. Nzeve yemimhanzi) uye mukudzidzisa G. inowanikwa mukudyidzana kune zvibereko.

2) Kuburikidza nekuedza kwemazizi. vadzidzisi vakagadzira nzira yakapfuma, inochinjika yekudzidzisa G., ichienda kumarudzi matatu anowanzo gamuchirwa ezvinoshanda. anoshanda:

a) Mumabasa akanyorwa, mhinduro yeharmonics inosanganiswa. mabasa nemhando dzose dzekugadzira. kuedza: kugadzira mavambo, misiyano (yega uye dingindira rakatarwa nemudzidzisi), etc. Mabasa akadaro, anopiwa kunyanya kune nyanzvi dzemimhanzi (theorists uye vanyori vezvakaitika kare), zvinobatsira pakusangana kwemimhanzi-yedzidziso. kudzidza nekusika kudzidzira. Iwo maitiro akafanana anogona kuteverwa mubasa pamabasa maererano naG.

b) Harmonic. Ongororo yemimhanzi (kusanganisira zvakanyorwa) inofanirwa kuzvijairira kukururama kwezvimiro, kukwevera pfungwa kune zvakadzama zvekuumbwa kwemimhanzi uye, panguva imwecheteyo, kuongorora kuumbwa kwemimhanzi seunyanzvi. zvinoreva kuona basa rayo pakati pemamwe mamisi. mari. Harmonic analysis inoshandiswawo mune mamwe makosi, theoretical. uye nhoroondo, somuenzaniso. munguva yekuongorora mimhanzi. inoshanda (ona Musical Analysis).

c) Mukuparara. kurovedza maekisesaizi maererano naG. pafp. muzvidzidzo zvemazuva ano, zvakare, kune nzira yemaitiro inokodzera yekudzidzira. Zvakadai, semuenzaniso, ndiwo mabasa ekuitwa kwefp. modulations in defined. tempo, saizi uye chimiro (kazhinji muchimiro chenguva).

References: Serov A. N., Maonero akasiyana pane imwechete chord, "Musical and Theatrical Bulletin", 1856, No 28, yakafanana, Critical Articles, chikamu XNUMX. 1 St. Petersburg, 1892; Stasov V. V., Pane dzimwe mhando dzemimhanzi yemazuva ano, "Neue Zeitschrift für Musik", Jg XLIX, 1882, No 1-4 (pairi. mutauro), zvakafanana, Sobr. op., vol. 3 St. Petersburg, 1894; Larosh G., Pfungwa padzidzo yemimhanzi muRussia, "Russian Bulletin", 1869; yake pachake, Mifungo pamusoro pehurongwa hwekubatana uye kushandiswa kwayo kune zvemimhanzi pedagogy, "Musical Season", 1871, No 18; yake, Historical Method of Teaching Music Theory, Musical Leaflet, 1872-73, p. 17, 33, 49, 65; yake, Pakurongeka mumimhanzi, "Musical sheet", 1873-74, No 23, 24, zvese zvinyorwa zvina zvakare muSobr. music-critical articles, vol. 1, M., 1913; Tchaikovsky P., Nhungamiro yezvidzidzo zvinoshanda zvekubatana. Textbook, M., 1872, zvakafanana, mukudhindwa: Tchaikovsky P., Poln. Sobr. op., vol. IIIa, M., 1957; Rimsky-Korsakov N., Harmony bhuku, chikamu. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1884-85; rake pachake, Rinoshanda bhuku rekubatana, St. Petersburg, 1886, zvimwe chetezvo, muchinyorwa: N. Rimsky-Korsakov, Poln. Sobr. op., vol. IV, M., 1960; yake pachake, Mimhanzi zvinyorwa uye manotsi, St. Petersburg, 1911, zvakafanana, Poln. Sobr. cit., vols. IV-V, M., 1960-63; Arensky A., Pfupi nhungamiro yezvidzidzo zvinoshanda zvekubatana, M., 1891; yake pachake, Kuunganidzwa kwematambudziko (1000) yekudzidza kunoshanda kwekuwirirana, M., 1897, yekupedzisira. ed. – M., 1960; Ippolitov-Ivanov M., Kudzidzisa nezve chords, kuvaka kwavo uye kugadzirisa, St. Petersburg, 1897; Taneev S., Mobile counterpoint yekunyora zvakasimba, Leipzig, (1909), M., 1959; Solovyov N., Complete kosi yekubatana, chikamu. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1911; Sokolovsky N., Nhungamiro yekudzidza kunoshanda kwekuwirirana, chikamu. 1-2, yakaruramiswa, M., 1914, p. 3, (M.), (b. G.); Kastalsky A., Zvimiro zverudzi rwechiRussia mimhanzi system, M.-P., 1923; M., 1961; Catoire G., Theoretical course yekubatana, chikamu. 1-2, M., 1924-25; Belyaev V., "Ongororo yemodulation muBeethoven's sonatas" - S. Uye. Taneeva, mu: bhuku rechiRussian raBeethoven, M., 1927; Tyulin Yu., Nhungamiro inoshanda yesumo yehurmonic ongororo yakavakirwa paBach's chorales, (L.), 1927; yake pachake, The Doctrine of Harmony, vol. 1, Dambudziko rekutanga rekuwirirana, (L.), 1937, rakagadziriswa. uye wedzera., M., 1966; yake, Parallelisms in musical theory and practice, L., 1938; rake pachake, Textbook of Harmony, ch. 2, M., 1959. uye wedzera., M., 1964; yake pachake, Short theory course of harmony, M., 1960; yake, Kuwirirana Kwemazuva ano nemavambo ayo enhau, muna Sat.: Mibvunzo yemimhanzi yemazuva ano, L., 1963; yake pachake, Natural and alteration modes, M., 1971; Garbuzov N., Dzidziso ye-multi-basic modes uye consonances, chikamu 1 2-1928, M., 32-XNUMX; Protopopov S., Zvimiro zvechimiro chekutaura kwemimhanzi, chikamu. 1-2, M., 1930; Kremlev Yu., Pamusoro peImpressionism yaClaude Debussy, "SM", 1934, Nha 8; Sposobin I. V., Evseev S. V., Dubovsky, I. I., Sokolov V. V., Inoshanda kosi yekuwirirana, chikamu. 1, M., 1934; Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Inoshanda kosi yekubatana, chikamu 2, M., 1935; Dubovsky I. I., Evseev S. V., Sokolov V. V., Sposobin I., Textbook of harmony, chikamu 1, M., 1937; Dubovsky I., Evseev S. V., Sopin I. V., Bhuku reKuwirirana, chikamu. 2, M., 1938, M., 1965 (mativi ose ari maviri mubhuku rimwe); Rudolf L., Harmony. Kosi inoshanda, Baku, 1938; Ogolevets A., Tchaikovsky - munyori webhuku rekubatana, "SM", 1940, No 5-6; yake pachake, Zvinokosha zveMutauro weHarmonic, M.-L., 1941; yake pachake, Panzira dzinoratidza kuwirirana maererano nemutambo wemimhanzi yezwi, mu: Mibvunzo yeMimhanzi, vol. 3, M., 1960; Ryzhkin I., Essay pamusoro pekubatana, "SM", 1940, No 3; Zukkerman V., Pamusoro peKuratidzira kweRimsky-Korsakov's Harmony, "SM", 1956, No 10-11; ake, Zvinyorwa pamutauro wemimhanzi weChopin, muSat: P Chopin, M., 1960; zvakafanana, mubhuku: Zukkerman V., Musical-theoretical essays uye etudes, M., 1970; yake, Expressive nzira yemazwi aTchaikovsky, M., 1971; Dolzhansky A., Pamusoro peiyo modal hwaro hweD. Shostakovich, "SM", 1947, Nhamba 4; yake pachake, Kubva Kuona paShostakovich's Style, mu: Zvimiro zveD. Shostakovich, M., 1962; yake, pentachord yeAlexandria mumhanzi waD. Shostakovich, muna: Dmitri Shostakovich, M., 1967; Verkov V., Glinka's Harmony, M.-L., 1948; yake, On Prokofiev's Harmony, “SM”, 1958, No 8; yake pachake, kuwirirana kwaRachmaninov, “SM”, 1960, No 8; yake pachake, A Handbook on Harmonic Analysis. Mienzaniso yemimhanzi yeSoviet mune zvimwe zvikamu zvekosi yekubatana, M., 1960, yakagadziriswa. uye wedzera., M., 1966; yake pachake, Kuwirirana uye chimiro chenziyo, M., 1962, 1971; wake, Harmony. Bhuku rekushandisa, p. 1-3, M., 1962-66, M., 1970; yake pachake, Pamusoro pekutaura kwe tonal indeterminacy, muna Sat: Music and Modernity, vol. 5, Moscow, 1967; yake pachake, On the Harmony of Beethoven, muna Sat: Beethoven, vol. 1, M., 1971; yake pachake, Chromatic Fantasy Ya. Svelinka. Kubva munhau yokuwirirana, M., 1972; Mutli A., Kuunganidzwa kwezvinetso mukuwirirana, M.-L., 1948; wake mumwe chete, On modulation. Kumubvunzo wekuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yaH. A. Rimsky-Korsakov pamusoro pehukama hwekiyi, M.-L., 1948; Skrebkova O. uye Skrebkov S., Reader on harmonic analysis, M., 1948, wedzera., M., 1967; iwo, Kushanda kosi yetsinhirano, M., 1952, Maksimov M., Kudzidzira mutsinhirano papiyano, chikamu 1-3, M., 1951-61; Trambitsky V. N., Plagality nekubatana kwayo kwakabatana murwiyo rwechiRussia, mu: Mibvunzo yeMimhanziology, (vol. 1), kwete. 2, 1953-1954, Moscow, 1955; Tyulin Yu. uye Privano N., Theoretical Nheyo dzeHarmony. Bhuku, L., 1956, M., 1965; iwo, Textbook of Harmony, chikamu 1, M., 1957; Mazel L., Pamusoro pekuwedzera kwechirevo che tonality yezita rimwechete, "SM", 1957 No 2; yake pachake, Matambudziko ekubatana kwekirasi, M., 1972; Tyutmanov I., Zvimwe zveRimsky-Korsakov's modal-harmonic style, mu: Scientific uye methodological manotsi (Saratov musangano), vol. 1, (Saratov, 1957); ake, Zvinodiwa zvekuumbwa kwechidiki-chikuru mumabhuku emimhanzi uye maitiro ayo edzidziso, muunganidzwa: Sainzi uye methodological manotsi (Saratov musangano), (vol. 2), Saratov, (1959); yake pachake, Gamma toni-semitone semhando yemhando yakaderedzwa inoshandiswa mubasa reH. A. Rimsky-Korsakov muna Sat.: Sainzi uye methodological manotsi (Saratov cons.), vol. 3-4, (Saratov), ​​1959-1961; Protopopov Vl., Pamusoro pebhuku rekubatana kweRimsky-Korsakov, "SM", 1958, No 6; yake pachake, Variational Method of Thematic Development muChopin's Music, muSat: Fryderyk Chopin, M., 1960; Dubovsky I., Modulation, M., 1959, 1965; Ryazanov P., Pakuwirirana kwemaonero edzidziso uye zvekunyora uye zvehunyanzvi zviwanikwa H. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, mu: N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov uye dzidzo yemimhanzi, L., 1959; Taube r., Pahurongwa hwehukama hwematoni, muSat.: Sainzi uye methodological manotsi (Saratov conference), vol. 3, (Saratov), ​​1959; Budrin B., Mimwe mibvunzo yeRimsky-Korsakov's harmonic mutauro muma opera muhafu yekutanga ye90s, mune Proceedings yeDhipatimendi reMumhanzi Theory (Moscow. cons.), kwete. 1, Moscow, 1960; Zaporozhets N., Zvimwe zvikamu zve tonal-chord chimiro cheS. Prokofiev, mu: Zvimiro zveS. Prokofieva, M., 1962; Skrebkova O., Pane dzimwe nzira dzekusiyana kweharmonic mumabasa eRimsky-Korsakov, mu: Mibvunzo yeMusicology, vol. 3, M., 1960; Evseev S., Vanhu uye midzi yenyika yemutauro wemimhanzi weS. Uye. Taneeva, M., 1963; iye, nziyo dzechiRussia mukugadzirisa kweA. Lyadova, M., 1965; Tarakanov M., Melodic zviitiko mukuwirirana kweS. Prokofiev muSat: Matambudziko emimhanzi-anoretical emimhanzi yeSoviet, M., 1963; Etinger M., Harmoniya I. C. Bach, M., 1963; Sherman H., Kuumbwa kweuniform temperament system, M., 1964; Zhitomirsky D., Kukakavadzana pamusoro pekuwirirana, mu: Mimhanzi uye Mazuva Ano, vol. 3, M., 1965; Sakhaltueva O., Pakuwirirana kweScriabin, M., 1965; Skrebkov S., Harmony mumimhanzi yemazuva ano, M., 1965; Kholopov Yu., Pane matatu ekunze masisitimu ekubatana, mu: Mimhanzi uye Mazuva Ano, vol. 4, M., 1966; yake, Prokofiev's Modern Features of Harmony, M., 1967; yake, Pfungwa yemodulation ine chekuita nedambudziko rehukama pakati pekugadzirisa uye kuumbwa muBeethoven, muunganidzwa: Beethoven, vol. 1, M., 1971; UYE. AT. Sposobin, Muimbi. Mudzidzisi. Musayendisiti. akagara. Art., M., 1967, Theoretical matambudziko emimhanzi yezana ramakore reXX, Sat. st., nyaya. 1, M., 1967, Dernova V., Harmony Scriabin, L., 1968; Mibvunzo yedzidziso yemimhanzi, Sat. st., nyaya. (1)-2, M., 1968-70; Sposobin I., Hurukuro pakufamba kwekuwirirana mukunyorwa kwekunyora Yu. Kholopova, M., 1969; Karklin L., Harmoniya H. Ya Myaskovsky, M., 1971; Zelinsky V., Nzira yekubatana mumabasa. Diatonic, M., 1971; Stepanov A., Harmony, M., 1971; Matambudziko esainzi yemimhanzi, Sat. st., nyaya.

VO Berkov