Canon |

kubva muchiGiriki kanon - tsika, kutonga

1) MuDr. Greece, mudziyo wekufunda nekuratidza reshiyo yematoni yakaumbwa naDec. zvikamu zvetambo inodedera; kubva muzana remakore rechipiri akagamuchira zita rokuti monochord. K. yakanziwo iyo chaiyo nhamba yehuwandu hwezvikamu zvepakati zvakasimbiswa nerubatsiro rwe monochord, munguva dzinotevera - mamwe muses. zvishandiso, ch. arr. inoenderana neiyo monochord maererano nemudziyo (semuenzaniso, iyo psalterium), zvikamu zvemidziyo.

2) MuByzantium. hymnografia polystrophic chigadzirwa. complex lit. designs. K. akaonekwa pauriri hwekutanga. 1th c. Pakati pevanyori vekutanga k. ndiAndrei wokuKrete, Johani weDhamasiko, uye Kosmas weJerusarema (Mayumu), vaSyria. Kune vasina kukwana K., vanonzi. nziyo-mbiri, nhatu-nziyo uye ina-nziyo. Yakazara K. yaiva nenziyo 8, asi yechipiri yakabva yarega kushandiswa. Cosmas weJerusarema (Mayumsky) haana kuzorishandisa, kunyange zvazvo akachengeta nomenclature yepfumbamwe odes.

Mune chimiro ichi, K. iripo nanhasi. Iyo 1st stanza yeimwe neimwe K. rwiyo irmos, inotevera (kazhinji 4-6) inodanwa. troparia. Mavara ekutanga e stanzas akaumba acrostic, zvichiratidza zita remunyori uye pfungwa yebasa racho. Machechi akamuka mumamiriro ezvinhu okurwisana kwoumambo nokunamatwa kwemifananidzo uye aimiririra “nziyo dzakaipa uye dzine simba” ( J. Pitra ) dzemhemberero. hunhu, hwakanangana nehudzvanyiriri hwevatongi ve iconoclast. K. yaiitirwa kuimba nevanhu, uye izvi zvakasarudza magadzirirwo echinyorwa chake uye chimiro chemimhanzi. Nedingindira Nyaya yeirmos dzaiva nziyo dzechiHebheru. nhetembo uye kashoma chaizvo zvechiKristu, umo kutsigira kwaMwari kuvanhu mukurwisa kwake vadzvinyiriri kwakakudzwa. The troparia yakarumbidza ushingi uye kutambura kwevarwi vekurwisana nehudzvinyiriri.

Muimbi (uyo aivewo munyori wechinyorwa) aifanira kushingirira syllabic irmos muzvikamu zvese zverwiyo, kuitira kuti muses. mataurirwo emashoko kwose kwose aienderana nechirevo chendima yacho. Mutinhimira wacho pachawo waifanira kuva usina kuoma uye unobudisa pfungwa. Paiva nemutemo wekunyora K.: “Kana munhu achida kunyora K., ipapo anofanira kutanga ataura irmos, obva anyora troparia ine syllabic yakafanana uye inopindirana neinoti irmos, ichichengetedza pfungwa” (8th century). Kubva muzana ramakore rechi 9 vazhinji venziyo dzenziyo vakanyora K., vachishandisa irmoses yaJohn weDhamasiko naCosmas weMayum semuenzaniso. K.'s tunes aive pasi pehurongwa hweosmosis.

Muchechi yeRussia, kubatanidzwa kwevhawero kwaK. kwakachengetedzwa, asi nekuda kwekutyorwa mukubwinya. kushandurwa kwemasyllabics echiGiriki. Irmoses chete ndiyo yaigona kuimba yekutanga, nepo troparia yaifanira kuverengwa. Kunze kwePaschal K. - mumabhuku ekuimba mune masampuli ayo, akacherechedzwa kubva pakutanga kusvika kumagumo.

Mu 2nd floor. 15th c. imwe itsva yakaonekwa, rus. chimiro K. Muvambi wayo aive mumongi kubva kuAthos Pachomius Logofet (kana Pachomius Serb), akanyora approx. 20 K., yakatsaurirwa kuRussia. mazororo nevatsvene. Mutauro wemakanoni ePachomius waisiyaniswa neyakashongedza, inoshamisira maitiro. Manyorero aPachomius akateedzerwa naMarkell Beardless, Hermogenes, akazova tateguru, uye vamwe vanyori venziyo dzezana ramakore rechi 16.

3) Kubva kuMiddle Ages, chimiro chemumhanzi wepolyphonic wakavakirwa pakuteedzera kwakasimba, akabata zvikamu zvese zveproposta mune rispost kana risposts. Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi17 nerechi18 raiva nezita rokuti fugue. Izvo zvinotsanangudza zve K. nhamba yemavhoti, chinhambwe nepakati pakati pemasumo avo, chiyero cheproposta uye risposta. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye 2- uye 3-izwi K., zvisinei, kunewo K. ye4-5 manzwi. K. inozivikanwa kubva munhoroondo yemimhanzi ine nhamba huru yemanzwi inomiririra musanganiswa we akati wandei ari nyore K.

Nguva inonyanyozivikanwa yekupinda ndiyo prima kana octave (iyi nguva inoshandiswa mumienzaniso yekutanga yeK.). Izvi zvinoteverwa necheshanu nechechina; mamwe mapindiro anoshandiswa zvishoma kazhinji, nekuti paanenge achichengetedza tonality, anokonzera shanduko yenguva mudingindira (shanduko yemasekonzi makuru kuita masekonzi madiki mairi uye zvinopesana). MuK. yemazwi matatu kana kudarika, nguva dzekupinda kwemanzwi dzinogona kusiyana.

Chiyero chakareruka chemavhoti muK. ndiko kunyatsobata kweproposta mune rispost kana risposts. Imwe yemhando dzeK. inoumbwa "mukufamba kwakananga" (Latin canon per motum rectum). K. inogonawo kuverengerwa kurudzi urwu mukuwedzera (canon per augmentationem), mukuderera (canon per diminutionem), ine decomp. metric kunyoreswa kwemavhoti ("mensural", kana "proportional", K.). Mumaviri ekutanga emhando idzi, K. risposta kana risposta inonyatsoenderana neproposta mumashoko emimhanzi. pateni uye reshiyo yenguva, zvisinei, iyo yakakwana nguva yeimwe neimwe yematoni mavari inoteedzana yakawedzera kana kuderedzwa mune akati wandei. nguva (kaviri, katatu kuwedzera, nezvimwewo). "Mensural", kana "proportional", K. inobatanidzwa nekwakabva ne mensural notation, umo zvikamu zviviri-zvisina kukwana (zvisina kukwana) uye zvitatu-zvikamu (zvakakwana) kupwanya kwenguva imwechete zvakabvumirwa.

Kare, kunyanya munguva yehutongi hwepolyphony, K. ine chiyero chakaoma kunzwisisa chemazwi chakashandiswa zvakare - mukutenderera (canon per motum contrarium, all 'inverse), mu countermovement (canon cancrisans), uye mirror- gakanje. K. mukutenderera inoratidzirwa nekuti proposta inoitwa mu risposta kana rispostas mune inverted fomu, ndiko kuti, imwe neimwe inokwira nguva yeproposta inopindirana neiyo imwechete yekudzika nguva muhuwandu hwenhanho mu risposta uye vice. versa (ona Inversion yeDingindira). Muchinyakare K., dingindira riri murispost rinopfuura mu "reverse motion" zvichienzaniswa neproposta, kubva pakurira kwekupedzisira kusvika kune yekutanga. Mirror-crustaceous K. inobatanidza zviratidzo zve K. mukutenderera uye crustacean.

Zvinoenderana nechimiro, pane maviri ekutanga. mhando K. - K., inopera panguva imwe chete mumanzwi ose, uye K. nekusapedzwa kusiri panguva imwe chete kwekunzwika kwemanzwi. Muchiitiko chekutanga, ichagumisa. cadence, iyo yekutevedzera warehouse yakaputsika, mune yechipiri inochengeterwa kusvika kumagumo, uye manzwi anonyarara mukutevedzana kwakafanana kwavakapinda. Mhosva inogoneka apo, mukufambiswa kwayo, manzwi a K. anounzwa kumavambo ayo, kuitira kuti agogona kudzokororwa nhamba dzisiri dzenguva, achiumba izvo zvinonzi. kusingaperi kanoni.

Kune zvakare akati wandei emhando dzakasiyana dze canon. K. ane manzwi akasununguka, kana asina kukwana, akavhenganiswa K., musanganiswa waK. mu2, 3, zvichingodaro. manzwi ane rusununguko, rusingatevedzeri budiriro mune mamwe manzwi. K. pamisoro miviri, mitatu kana kupfuura (kaviri, katatu, nezvimwewo) inotanga nekupinda panguva imwe chete yezvinyorwa zviviri, zvitatu kana kupfuura, zvichiteverwa nekupinda kwenhamba inoenderana yerisposts. Kunewo K., inofamba ichitevedzana (canonical sequence), denderedzwa, kana spiral, K. (canon per tonos), umo dingindira rinoshandura, kuti zvishoma nezvishoma richipfuura nemakiyi ese edenderedzwa rechishanu.

Munguva yakapfuura, proposta chete yakanyorwa muK., pakutanga kwayo, ine mavara anokosha kana anokosha. tsananguro yairatidza kuti mavhoti anofanira kupinda rini, munhevedzano ipi, panguva dzipi uye muchimiro chipi. Semuenzaniso, muDufay's Mass "Se la ay pole" makanyorwa kuti: "Cresut in triplo et in duplo et pu jacet", zvinoreva kuti: "Inokura katatu uye kaviri uye sezvainonyepa." Izwi rokuti "K". uye inoratidza chiratidzo chakafanana; chete mukufamba kwenguva rakazova zita rechimiro pachacho. Mune dhipatimendi nyaya dzeproposta dzakasunungurwa pasina c.-l. zviratidzo zvemamiriro ekupinda murispost - vaifanira kugadziriswa, "kufungidzira" nemuiti. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, izvo zvinonzi. enigmatic canon, iyo yakabvumira akati wandei akasiyana. misiyano yekupinda kwerisposta, naz. polymorphic.

Dzimwe dzakaoma uye dzakananga dzakashandiswa zvakare. mhando dzeK. - K., umo chete Dec. zvikamu zveproposta, K. pamwe nekuvakwa kwerisposta kubva kune manzwi eproposta, yakarongedzwa mukudzika kurongeka kwenguva, nezvimwewo.

Mienzaniso yekutanga ye2-voice chimes inodzokera kuzana ramakore rechigumi nembiri, uye 12-manzwi akadzokera kuzana ramakore rechigumi nematatu. Iyo "Summer Canon" kubva Kuverenga Abbey muEngland yakatanga kubva munenge muna 3, zvichiratidza tsika yepamusoro yekutevedzera polyphony. Pakazosvika 13 (pakupera kwe ars nova era) K. akapinda mumhanzi yechitendero. Pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 1300 kune vokutanga K. vane manzwi akasununguka, K. mukuwedzera.

VeDutch J. Ciconia naG. Dufay vanoshandisa kanoni mumamotets, canzones, uye dzimwe nguva mumizhinji. Mubasa raJ. Okegem, J. Obrecht, Josquin Despres nevamwe vakararama panguva imwe chete navo, vakavimbika. tekinoroji inosvika padanho repamusoro.

X. de Lantins. Rwiyo muzana remakore rechi15

Canonical tekinoroji yaive chinhu chakakosha chemuse. kusika 2nd floor. 15th c. uye zvakabatsira zvikuru mukugadzirwa kwezvinobuda kunze kwenyika. unyanzvi. Creative. mimhanzi kunzwisisa. mikana yakasiyana. mafomu emakanoni akatungamira, kunyanya, pakugadzira seti ye canons. mass dec. vanyori (vane zita rekuti Missa ad fugam). Panguva ino, iyo yakazoda kunyangarika fomu yeinonzi yaiwanzoshandiswa. proportional canon, apo dingindira riri murisposta rinoshanduka kana richienzaniswa nerisposta.

Kushandiswa kwe k. mumhando huru muzana remakore rechi15. inopupurira kuziva kuzere kwekugona kwayo - nerubatsiro rwaK., kubatana kwekutaura kwemazwi ese kwakawanikwa. Gare gare, iyo canonical nzira yeDutch haina kuwana imwe budiriro. To. kashoma yaishandiswa seyakazvimirira. fomu, zvimwe kazhinji - sechikamu chekutevedzera fomu (Palestrina, O. Lasso, TL de Victoria). Zvakadaro, K. akabatsira kune ladotonal centralization, kusimbisa kukosha kwechina-quint chaiyo uye tonal mhinduro mukutevedzera mahara. Tsanangudzo yekutanga inozivikanwa yeK. inoreva con. 15th c. (R. de Pareja, "Musica practica", 1482).

Josquin Despress. Agnus Dei secundum kubva muzhinji "L'Homme arme super voces".

Muzana remakore rechi16 hunyanzvi hwekunyora hunotanga kuvharwa mumabhuku ekuverenga (G. Zarlino). Zvisinei, k. inoratidzwawo nezwi rokuti fuga uye rinopikisa pfungwa yekutevedzera, iyo yairatidza kusapindirana kwekushandiswa kwekutevedzera, ndiko kuti, kutevedzera mahara. Kusiyanisa kwemafungiro efugue uye canon kunotanga chete muhafu yepiri. 2th century Munguva yeBaroque, kufarira muK. kunowedzera; K. inopinda mukati. mimhanzi, inova (kunyanya muGermany) chiratidzo cheunyanzvi hwemunyori, asvika panhongonya huru mubasa raJS Bach (canonical processing of cantus firmus, zvikamu zve sonatas nemasa, Goldberg kusiyana, "Musical offering"). Mune mahombe mafomu, semafugue mazhinji enguva yeBach uye nguva dzinotevera, canonical. iyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa mukutambanudza; K. inobata pano seratidziro yakadzama yedingindira-mufananidzo, isina mamwe mapoinzi mune zvakajairika.

А. Кальдара. "Handei kucaocia." 18 p.

Kuenzaniswa neJS Bach, maViennese classics anoshandisa K. zvishoma kazhinji. Vanyori vezana ramakore rechi 19 R. Schumann naI. Brahms vakadzokerazve kuchimiro che k. Kumwe kufarira muK. kunoratidzwa kwezana ramakore rechi20 kusvika pamwero wakatokura. (M. Reger, G. Mahler). P. Hindemith naB. Bartok vanoshandisa mafomu emagwaro eBhaibheri ane chokuita nechishuvo chokutonga kwenheyo ine mufungo, kazhinji kazhinji ine chokuita nemifungo inovaka.

Rus. vanyori vekare havana kuratidza kufarira zvakanyanya k. sechimiro chakazvimirira. inoshanda, asi inowanzo shandiswa marudzi ecanonical. kutevedzera mune zvakatambanudzwa zvefugues kana polyphonic. misiyano (MI Glinka - fugue kubva musumo ye "Ivan Susanin"; PI Tchaikovsky - 3rd chikamu che2nd quartet). K., kusanganisira. isingagumi, inowanzo shandiswa senzira yekugadzira mabhureki, ichisimbisa danho rekunetsana rasvika (Glinka - iyo quartet "Inguva inoshamisa sei" kubva pamufananidzo wekutanga we 1st chiitiko che "Ruslan naLyudmila"; Tchaikovsky - iyo duet "Vavengi" kubva pamufananidzo wechipiri 1- chiito che "Eugene Onegin"; Mussorgsky - chorus "Guide" kubva ku "Boris Godunov"), kana kuratidza kugadzikana uye "nyika yose" yemafungiro (AP Borodin - Nocturne kubva ku2nd quartet; AK Glazunov - 2 -I uye 2nd zvikamu zve 1th symphony; SV Rachmaninov - inononoka chikamu che 2st symphony), kana muchimiro checanonical. kutevedzana, uyewo muK. neshanduko yeimwe mhando yeK. kune imwe, senzira yekuchinja. kuwedzera (AK Glazunov - 5rd chikamu chechina symphony; SI Taneev - 1rd chikamu che cantata "John weDhamasiko"). Mienzaniso kubva ku3nd quartet yeBorodin uye yekutanga symphony yeRachmaninov inoratidzawo k. inoshandiswa nevanyori ava nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekutevedzera. Tsika dzechiRussia. classics akaenderera mberi mumabasa emazizi. vanyori.

N. Ya. Myaskovsky naDD Shostakovich vane kanoni. mafomu akawana kushandiswa kwakakura kwazvo (Myaskovsky - chikamu chekutanga che1 uye kuguma kwe24 symphonies, chikamu chechipiri che quartet No. op. 27, 2- I chikamu chechishanu chesymphony, nezvimwewo).

N. Ya. Myaskovsky 3rd quartet, chikamu 2, 3rd kusiyana.

Mafomu eCanonical haangoratidzi kushanduka kukuru, achivabvumira kushandiswa mumimhanzi yemhando dzakasiyana siyana, asi zvakare akapfuma zvakanyanya mumhando. Rus. nemazizi. Vatsvagiri (SI Taneev, SS Bogatyrev) vakapa mabasa makuru padzidziso yek.

References: 1) Yablonsky V., Pachomius muSerb uye zvinyorwa zvake zvehagiographic, SPB, 1908, M. Skaballanovich, Tolkovy typikon, vol. 2, K., 1913; Ritra JV, Analecta sacra spicilegio Solesmensi, parata, t. 1, Paris, 1876; Wellesz E., Nhoroondo yemimhanzi yeByzantine uye hymnografia, Oxf., 1949, 1961.

2) Taneev S., Dzidziso yeCanon, M., 1929; Bogatyrev S., Double canon, M. – L., 1947; Skrebkov S., Zvinyorwa zvepolyphony, M., 1951, 1965, Protopopov V., Nhoroondo yepolyphony. Nziyo dzechiRussian dzeclassical neSoviet, M., 1962; yake, Nhoroondo yepolyphony mune yayo inonyanya kukosha zviitiko. Western European classics, M., 1965; Klauwell, OA, Die historische Entwicklung des musikalischen Kanons, Lpz., 1875 (Diss); Jöde Fr., Der Kanon, Bd 1-3, Wolfenbüttel, 1926; yake pachake, Vom Geist und Gesicht des Kanons in der Kunst Bachs?, Wolfenbüttel, 1926; Mies R., Der Kanon im mehrstzigen klassischen Werk, “ZfMw”, Jahrg. VIII, 1925/26; Feininger LK, Die Frühgeschichte des Kanons bis Josquin des Prez (um 1500), Emsdetten muW., 1937; Robbins RH, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Kontrapunkts von Zarlino bis Schütz, B., 1938 (Diss); Blankenburg W., Die Bedeutung des Kanons in Bachs Werk, “Bericht über die wissenschaftliche Bachtagung Leipzig, 1950”, Lpz., 1951; Walt JJ van der, Die Kanongestaltung im Werk Palestrinas, Köln, 1956 (Diss.).

HD Uspensky, TP Muller