Myron Polyakin (Miron Polyakin) |

Miron Polyakin

Miron Polyakin naJascha Heifetz ndivo vaviri vevamiririri vakakurumbira vechikoro chepasi rose cheviolin chaLeopold Auer uye, nenzira dzakawanda, maviri emapodhi ayo. Kuomarara, kuomarara kunyangwe mumapathos, mutambo wehushingi uye wepamusoro weHeifetz wakasiyana zvakanyanya nekutamba kwePoliakin kunonakidza, kunokurudzira rudo. Uye zvinoita sezvinoshamisa kuti vose vari vaviri vakavezwa nounyanzvi noruoko rwatenzi mumwe.

Miron Borisovich Polyakin akaberekwa February 12, 1895 muguta Cherkasy, Vinnitsa mudunhu, mumhuri vaimbi. Baba, ane chipo conductor, violinist uye mudzidzisi, akatanga kudzidzisa mwanakomana wake mimhanzi kare kare. Amai vakasikwa vaine mano anoshamisa ekuimba. Iye akazvimiririra, pasina rubatsiro rwevadzidzisi, akadzidza kuridza violin uye, anenge asingazivi manotsi, akatamba makonzati kumba nenzeve, achidzokorora repertoire yemurume wake. Mukomana kubva paudiki akakurira mumhanzi mamiriro.

Baba vake vaiwanzoenda naye kuimba yeopera vonomuisa muchikwata chevaimbi pedyo naye. Kazhinji mucheche, aneta nezvose zvaakaona nokunzwa, akabva angobatwa nehope, uye iye, akarara, akaendeswa kumba. Zvaisagona kuita pasina curiosities, imwe yacho, ichipupurira yakasarudzika tarenda mumhanzi mukomana, Polyakin pachake akazoda kutaura. Vaimbi vevaimbi vakacherechedza kuti ainyatsogona sei mumhanzi wemitambo iyoyo yeopera, yaakanga ashanyira kakawanda. Zvino rimwe zuva mutambi wetimpani, chidhakwa chakaipisisa, akakurirwa nenyota yekunwa, akaisa Polyakin patimpani panzvimbo pake ndokumukumbira kuti atambe chikamu chake. Muimbi wechidiki akaita basa rakanaka. Akanga ari mudiki zvokuti chiso chake chakanga chisingaoneki shure kwekoni, uye baba vake vakawana "muiti" mushure mekuita. Polyakin panguva iyoyo aiva nemakore anopfuura 5 okuberekwa. Nokudaro, chiitiko chekutanga mumunda wemimhanzi muupenyu hwake chakaitika.

Mhuri yePolyakin yaisiyaniswa nehuwandu hwetsika hwepamusoro kune vaimbi vepurovhinzi. Amai vake vaiva neukama nemunyori akakurumbira wechiJudha Sholom Aleichem, uyo aigara achishanyira Polyakins kumba. Sholom Aleichem aiziva uye aida mhuri yavo zvakanaka. Mune hunhu hwaMiron pakanga paine kunyange maficha ekufanana nehama yakakurumbira - penchant yekuseka, kunyatsotarisisa, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuona maitiro akajairika muhunhu hwevanhu vaakasangana naye. Hama yepedyo yababa vake yaiva yakakurumbira operatic bass Medvedev.

Miron airidza violin achizengurira pakutanga, uye amai vake vakashungurudzika zvikuru pamusoro peizvi. Asi kubva mugore rechipiri rekudzidza, akadanana neviolin, akapindwa muropa nemakirasi, aitamba achidhakwa zuva rose. Violin yakava chido chake, chakakundwa kwehupenyu hwose.

Apo Miron aiva nemakore 7, amai vake vakafa. Baba vakasarudza kutumira mukomana kuKiev. Mhuri yacho yaive yakawanda, uye Miron akasiiwa asina munhu. Mukuwedzera, baba vainetseka pamusoro pezvidzidzo zvemimhanzi zvemwanakomana wavo. Akanga asingachagoni kutungamirira zvidzidzo zvake nomutoro waidiwa nechipo chomwana. Myron akaendeswa kuKyiv uye akaendeswa kuchikoro chemimhanzi, mutungamiriri wacho aive munyori akatanhamara, kirasi yemimhanzi yeUkraine NV Lysenko.

Tarenda inoshamisa yemwana yakaita ruzivo rwakadzika paLysenko. Akapa Polyakin kutarisira kwaElena Nikolaevna Vonsovskaya, mudzidzisi anozivikanwa muKyiv mumakore iwayo, aitungamirira kirasi yeviolin. Vonsovskaya aiva nechipo chinoshamisa chekudzidzisa. Chero zvazvingava, Auer akataura nezvake neruremekedzo rukuru. Maererano neuchapupu hwemwanakomana waVonsovskaya, purofesa weLeningrad Conservatory AK Butsky, panguva yekushanya kuKyiv, Auer aigara achitaura kuonga kwake kwaari, achimuvimbisa kuti mudzidzi wake Polyakin akauya kwaari mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka uye aisafanira kugadzirisa chero chinhu. mutambo wake.

Vonsovskaya akadzidza kuMoscow Conservatory naFerdinand Laub, uyo akaisa nheyo dzechikoro cheMoscow chevaviolinists. Sezvineiwo, rufu rwakavhiringidza basa rake rokudzidzisa kare, zvisinei, vadzidzi vaya vaakakwanisa kudzidzisa vakapupurira unhu hwake hunoshamisa somudzidzisi.

Maonero ekutanga akajeka kwazvo, kunyanya kana zvasvika kune hunhu hwakadai uye hunobatika senge Polyakin's. Saka, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti wechidiki Polyakin kune imwe dhigirii kana imwe akadzidza nheyo dzechikoro cheLaubov. Uye kugara kwake mukirasi yeVonsovskaya hakuna kumbove kwenguva pfupi: akadzidza naye kwemakore anenge 4 uye akapfuura nepamusoro uye yakaoma repertoire, kusvika kumakonti eMendelssohn, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky. Mwanakomana Vonsovskaya Butskaya aiwanzovapo pazvidzidzo. Anovimbisa kuti, kudzidza naAuer, Polyakin, mukududzira kwake kweMendelssohn's Concerto, akachengeta zvakawanda kubva kubhuku raLaub. Kusvika pamwero wakati, saka, Polyakin akabatanidza mune yake art zvinhu zvechikoro cheLaub neAuer chikoro, hongu, nekunyanya kwekupedzisira.

Mushure memakore mana ekudzidza naVonsovskaya, pakusimbirira kwaNV Lysenko, Polyakin akaenda kuSt. Petersburg kuitira kuti apedze dzidzo yake mukirasi yeAuer, kwaakapinda muna 4.

Mumakore ekuma1900, Auer akanga ari pamusoro pemukurumbira wake wekudzidzisa. Vadzidzi vaidirana kwaari chaizvoizvo vachibva kumativi ose enyika, uye kirasi yake paSt. Petersburg Conservatory yakanga iri boka renyeredzi ramatarenda akajeka. Polyakin akawanawo Ephraim Zimbalist naKathleen Parlow panzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu; Panguva iyoyo, Mikhail Piastre, Richard Burgin, Cecilia Ganzen, naJascha Heifetz vakadzidza vachitungamirirwa naAuer. Uye kunyange pakati vakajeka violinists akadaro Polyakin akatora imwe yenzvimbo dzokutanga.

Munzvimbo yakachengetedzwa yeSt. Petersburg Conservatory, mabhuku ebvunzo ane manotsi aAuer naGlazunov pamusoro pebudiriro yevadzidzi akachengetedzwa. Achiyemurwa nemutambo wemudzidzi wake, mushure mebvunzo dza1910, Auer akaita kanoti kapfupi asi kainyatsoratidza kupikisa zita rake – zvidavado zvitatu (!!!), asina kuwedzera shoko kwavari. Glazunov akapa tsananguro inotevera: "Kuuraya kwacho kwakanyatso hunyanzvi. Excellent technique. Inzwi rinoyevedza. Mashoko akajeka. Temperament uye mood mukutapurirana. Ready Artist.

Pabasa rake rose rekudzidzisa paSt. Petersburg Conservatory, Auer akaita mucherechedzo mumwechete zvakapetwa kaviri - zvidavado zvitatu: muna 1910 pedyo nezita raCecilia Hansen uye muna 1914 - pedyo nezita raJascha Heifetz.

Pashure pebvunzo ya1911, Auer anonyora kuti: “Yakatanhamara!” MuGlazunov, tinoverenga kuti: “Chikwata chekutanga, tarenda rakanaka. Zvinoshamisa tekinoroji kugona. Inokwezva manzwi echisikigo. Show izere nekurudziro. Maonero acho anoshamisa.”

Petersburg, Polyakin aigara ari oga, kure nemhuri yake, uye baba vake vakakumbira hama yavo David Vladimirovich Yampolsky (sekuru vaV. Yampolsky, muperekedzi wenguva refu D. Oistrakh) kuti amutarisire. Auer pachake akatora chikamu chikuru mune ramangwana remukomana. Polyakin anokurumidza kuva mumwe wevadzidzi vake vaanofarira, uye kazhinji akatsiga kuvadzidzi vake, Auer anomuchengeta nepaanogona napo. Rimwe zuva Yampolsky paakanyunyuta kuna Auer kuti, semugumisiro wekudzidza kwakasimba, Miron akatanga kushanda zvakapfurikidza, Auer akamuendesa kuna chiremba uye akarayira kuti Yampolsky anyatsoteerera chirongwa chakapiwa murwere: "Iwe ndipindure ini nokuda kwake nemusoro wako. !”

Mumhuri, Polyakin aiwanzoyeuka kuti Auer akasarudza kutarisa kana ari kuita violin zvakanaka kumba, uye, paakaonekwa pachivande, akamira kunze kwemasuo kwenguva yakareba, achiteerera mudzidzi wake achitamba. “Ehe, uchava zvakanaka!” akadaro achipinda mumba. Auer haana kushivirira vanhu vane usimbe, chero tarenda ravo. Aishanda nesimba pachake, aitenda nenzira yakarurama kuti unyanzvi hwechokwadi hwaisasvikika pasina basa. Kuzvipira kwaPolyakin kune violin, kushingaira kwake kukuru uye kukwanisa kudzidzira zuva rose kwakakunda Auer.

Zvakare, Polyakin akapindura Auer nerudo rukuru. Kwaari, Auer akanga ari zvinhu zvose zviri munyika - mudzidzisi, mudzidzisi, shamwari, baba vechipiri, vakaoma, vanoda uye panguva imwe chete vane rudo uye vane hanya.

Tarenda raPoliakin rakakura zvisina kujairika nekukurumidza. Musi waNdira 24, 1909, konzati yekutanga yega yega yevayiri wechidiki yakaitika muHoro Diki yeConservatory. Polyakin akaridza Handel's Sonata (Es-dur), Venyavsky's Concerto (d-moli), Beethoven's Romance, Paganini's Caprice, Tchaikovsky's Melody uye Sarasate's Gypsy Melodies. Muna Zvita wegore rimwe chetero, pamanheru emudzidzi paimba inochengeterwa zvinhu, akatamba pamwe chete naCecilia Ganzen, vachiridza Concerto yeviolin mbiri naJ.-S. Bach. Musi waKurume 12, 1910, akaridza zvikamu II uye III zveTchaikovsky Concerto, uye musi waNovember 22, pamwe chete neochestra, Concerto in g-moll naM. Bruch.

Polyakin akasarudzwa kubva mukirasi yaAuer kuti atore chikamu mukupemberera kukuru kwegore remakumi mashanu kubva pakuvambwa kweSt. mudzidzi ane tarenda weAuer,” akanyora kudaro mutsoropodzi wemimhanzi V. Karatygin mumushumo mupfupi pamusoro pemutambo wacho.

Mushure mekutanga konzati yega yega, vanamuzvinabhizinesi vakati wandei vakapa zvipo zvinobatsira kuPolyakin kuronga maitiro ake muguta guru nemamwe maguta eRussia. Nekudaro, Auer akapikisa zvine mutsindo, achitenda kuti kwakange kwave kumberi kuti chipfuyo chake chitange nzira yehunyanzvi. Asi zvakadaro, mushure mekonzati yechipiri, Auer akasarudza kutora mukana uye akabvumira Polyakin kuita rwendo kuenda kuRiga, Warsaw uye Kyiv. MuPoliakin's archive, ongororo yemetropolitan neprovincial press nezvemakonzati aya akachengetedzwa, zvichiratidza kuti akabudirira zvikuru.

Polyakin akagara paConservatory kusvika pakutanga kwa1918 uye, asina kugamuchira chitupa chekupedza kudzidza, akaenda kunze kwenyika. Faera rake pachake rakachengetedzwa mudura rePetrograd Conservatory, rokupedzisira pamagwaro acho chitupa chaJanuary 19, 1918, chakapiwa “mudzidzi weConservatory, Miron Polyakin, kuti akadzingwa pazororo kune vose. maguta eRussia kusvikira February 10, 1918.”

Nguva pfupi izvi zvisati zvaitika, akagamuchira kokero yokushanya kuNorway, Denmark neSweden. Zvibvumirano zvakasaina zvakanonoka kudzokera kunyika yake, uye basa rekonzati rakaenderera mberi zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kwemakore mana akaramba achishanyira nyika dzeScandinavia neGermany.

Makonzati akapa Polyakin mukurumbira weEurope. Ongororo zhinji dzekuita kwake dzinozadzwa nekuyemura. "Miron Polyakin akazviratidza pamberi peruzhinji rweBerlin semuridzi weviolin uye nyanzvi. Kunyanya kugutsikana nekuita kwakanaka uye kwakavimbika, mumhanzi wakakwana kudaro, kurongeka kwekutaura uye kupedzisa cantilena, takazvipira kusimba (chaizvoizvo: kupona. - LR) yechirongwa, tichikanganwa nezvedu uye tenzi wechidiki ... "

Mukutanga 1922, Polyakin akayambuka gungwa ndokusvika muNew York. Akauya kuAmerica panguva apo mauto anoshamisa ehunyanzvi akaiswa ipapo: Fritz Kreisler, Leopold Auer, Jasha Heifetz, Efrem Zimbalist, Mikhail Elman, Tosha Seidel, Kathleen Larlow, nevamwe. Makwikwi aya aive akakosha, uye kuita pamberi peNew York yakapambwa veruzhinji vakanyanya kuve nehanya. Zvisinei, Polyakin akakunda muedzo wacho. Kutanga kwake, kwakaitika muna Kukadzi 27, 1922 paTown Hall, kwakafukidzwa nemapepanhau makuru eAmerica. Mazhinji eongororo akacherekedza tarenda rekirasi yekutanga, hunyanzvi hunoshamisa uye pfungwa yakapusa yemaitiro ezvimedu zvakaitwa.

Makonzati ePoliakin muMexico, kwaakaenda mushure meNew York, akabudirira. Kubva pano anoenda zvakare kuU.SA, uko muna 1925 akagamuchira mubayiro wekutanga pa "World Violin Competition" nokuda kwekuita kweTchaikovsky Concerto. Uye zvakadaro, pasinei nekubudirira, Polyakin anokweverwa kunyika yake. Muna 1926 akadzokera kuSoviet Union.

Nguva yeSoviet yehupenyu hwaPolyakin yakatanga muLeningrad, kwaakapiwa purofesa panzvimbo yekuchengetedza. Mudiki, azere nesimba uye kugadzira kupisa, muimbi ane mukurumbira uye mutambi akabva akwezva kutarisisa kwenharaunda yemimhanzi yeSoviet uye nekukurumidza akawana mukurumbira. Imwe neimwe yemakonzati ake inova chiitiko chakakosha muhupenyu hwemimhanzi muMoscow, Leningrad kana mumaguta e "periphery", sezvo matunhu eSoviet Union, ari kure nepakati, akadanwa muma20s. Polyakin anonyura nemusoro mune dutu rekonzati chiitiko, achiita muhoro dzephilharmonic nemakirabhu evashandi. Uye kupi nokupi, pamberi pomunhu upi noupi waairidza, nguva dzose aiwana vateereri vanoonga. Unyanzvi hwake hwemoto hwakakwezva zvakaenzana vasina ruzivo mumimhanzi vateereri vemakonti emakirabhu uye vashanyi vakadzidza zvikuru kuPhilharmonic. Aive nechipo chisingawanikwe kuwana nzira yemoyo yevanhu.

Achisvika kuSoviet Union, Polyakin akazviwana ari pamberi pevateereri vatsva zvachose, asina kujairika uye asina kujairika kwaari kubva kumakonzati mu pre-revolutionary Russia kana kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Horo dzekonzati dzakanga dzava kushanyirwa kwete chete nevakangwara, asiwo nevashandi. Makonzati mazhinji evashandi nevashandi akaunza mhomho yevanhu kumimhanzi. Zvisinei, kwete chete kuumbwa kwevateereri vephilharmonic kwakachinja. Pasi pesimba rehupenyu hutsva, mafungiro evanhu veSoviet, maonero avo enyika, zvaanoda uye zvinodiwa zveunyanzvi zvakachinjawo. Zvese zvakanatswa, decadent kana salon yaive isiri kune veruzhinji vanoshanda, uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakava mutorwa kune vamiriri vekare intelligentsia.

Maitiro ekuita kwaPolyakin anofanirwa kushanduka munzvimbo yakadai? Mubvunzo uyu unogona kupindurwa munyaya yeSoviet musayendisiti Purofesa BA Struve, yakanyorwa pakarepo mushure mekufa kwemuimbi. Achinongedzera kuhuchokwadi nokutendeseka kwaPolyakin senyanzvi, Struve akanyora, kuti: “Uye zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti Polyakin anosvika pamusoro peichi chokwadi nokutendeseka chaizvoizvo mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuvandudza kwokusika mumakore gumi namashanu okupedzisira eupenyu hwake, ndiko kukundwa kwekupedzisira kwaPolyakin, weSoviet violinist. Hazvina tsanga kuti vaimbi veSoviet pamitambo yekutanga yatenzi muMoscow neLeningrad vaiwanzocherekedza mukuridza kwake chimwe chinhu chinogona kunzi kubata kwe "zvakasiyana-siyana", rudzi rwe "salon", inokwana hunhu hwevakawanda Western Europe neAmerica. vane violinists. Hunhu uhwu hwaive husinganzwisisike kune hunyanzvi hwaPolyakin, hwakapesana nehunhu hwake hwehunyanzvi, kuve chimwe chinhu chepamusoro. Mumamiriro ezvinhu eSoviet musical tsika, Polyakin akakurumidza kukunda kukanganisa kwake.

Kusiyana kwakadaro kwevatambi veSoviet nevatorwa ikozvino kunoratidzika kunge kwakanyatsojeka, kunyange mune imwe nzvimbo inogona kuonekwa seyakanaka. Zvechokwadi, munyika dzemacapitalist mumakore apo Polyakin aigara ikoko, kwaiva nevatambi vashomanana vaifarira kunatswa stylization, aestheticism, kunze zvakasiyana-siyana uye salonism. Panguva imwecheteyo, kune vaimbi vakawanda kunze kwenyika vakaramba vatorwa kune zviitiko zvakadaro. Polyakin panguva yekugara kwake kunze kwenyika aigona kusangana nemaitiro akasiyana. Asi tichiziva Polyakin, tinogona kutaura kuti kunyange ikoko akanga ari pakati pevatambi vakanga vari kure zvikuru neaestheticism.

Kusvika pamwero mukuru, Polyakin akaratidzirwa nekutsungirira kunoshamisa kwezvido zveunyanzvi, kuzvipira kwakadzama kumagariro eunyanzvi akakurira maari kubva paudiki. Nokudaro, zvikamu zve "zvakasiyana-siyana" uye "salonness" mumutambo wePoliakin, kana zvakaonekwa, zvinogona kutaurwa (saStruve) chete sechinhu chepamusoro uye chakanyangarika kubva kwaari paakasangana neSoviet real.

Mumhanzi weSoviet wakasimbisa muPolyakin nheyo dzedemocracy dzemaitiro ake ekuita. Polyakin akaenda kune chero vateereri vane mabasa akafanana, asingatyi kuti havangamunzwisisi. Haana kupatsanura repertoire yake kuita "yakapusa" uye "yakaoma", "philharmonic" uye "misa" uye yakadzikama yakaitwa mukirabhu yevashandi neBach's Chaconne.

Muna 1928, Polyakin akaendazve kunze kwenyika, achishanyira Estonia, uye gare gare akangoita nzendo dzekonzati dzakapoteredza maguta eSoviet Union. Mukutanga 30s, Polyakin akasvika pakakwirira kwehunyanzvi kukura. Hunhu uye hunhu hwehunhu hwake hwakambowana hunyoro hwerudo. Mushure mokudzokera kunyika yake, hupenyu hwaPolyakin kubva kunze hwakapfuura pasina zviitiko zvinoshamisa. Yakanga iri yakajairika hupenyu hwekushanda hweSoviet muimbi.

Muna 1935 akaroora Vera Emmanuilovna Lurie; muna 1936 mhuri yakatamira kuMoscow, uko Polyakin akazova purofesa uye mukuru wekirasi yeviolin paChikoro Chekunaka (Meister shule) paMoscow Conservatory. Kare muna 1933, Polyakin akatora chikamu chakasimba mukupemberera kwe70th anniversary yeLeningrad Conservatory, uye mukutanga kwe1938 - mukupemberera kwayo makore makumi manomwe nemashanu. Polyakin akaridza Glazunov's Concerto uye manheru iwayo akanga ari pakakwirira zvisingasviki. Aine sculptural convexity, ushingi, shamhu dzakakura, akadzokorora mifananidzo yakanaka kwazvo pamberi pevateereri vakanaka, uye rudo rwechinyorwa ichi chakabatana zvinoshamisa nerudo rwechimiro chemuimbi.

Musi waApril 16, 1939, makore makumi maviri nemashanu emabasa eunyanzvi aPolyakin akapembererwa muMoscow. Manheru akaitwa muGreat Hall yeConservatory nekubatanidzwa kweState Symphony Orchestra yakaitwa naA. Gauk. Heinrich Neuhaus akapindura nechinyorwa chinodziya chegore negore. "Mumwe wevadzidzi vakanakisa veasingaenzaniswi mudzidzisi weviolin art, ane mukurumbira Auer," Neuhaus akanyora, "Polyakin manheru ano akaonekwa mukupenya kwese kwehunyanzvi hwake. Chii chinonyanya kutifadza mukutaridzika kwehunyanzvi hwePolyakin? Chokutanga pane zvose, chido chake semuimbi-violinist. Zvakaoma kufungidzira munhu aizoita basa rake nerudo rwakawanda uye kuzvipira, uye ichi hachisi chinhu chiduku: zvakanaka kuridza mimhanzi yakanaka paviolin yakanaka. Zvingaita sezvisinganzwisisiki, asi chokwadi chokuti Polyakin haaiti nguva dzose kutamba zvakanaka, kuti ane mazuva ekubudirira uye kukundikana (kuenzanisa, hongu), kwandiri zvakare inosimbisa unyanzvi hwechokwadi hwehupenyu hwake. Ani nani anobata hunyanzvi hwake zvakanyanya, negodo, haambodzidzi kubudisa zvigadzirwa zvemhando - maitiro ake eruzhinji nekururama kwefekitori. Zvaifadza kuti pazuva rekuyeuka, Polyakin akaita Tchaikovsky Concerto (chinhu chekutanga muchirongwa), chaakanga atoridza zviuru nezviuru zvenguva (akatamba konzati iyi zvinoshamisa sejaya - ndinoyeuka kunyanya imwe. yemitambo yake, muzhizha muPavlovsk muna 25), asi akairidza nemanyawi uye kutya, sekunge akanga asiri kungoiita kekutanga chete, asi sekunge aizviita kekutanga pamberi pehombe huru. vateereri. Uye kana vamwe "vakasimba connoisseurs" vaigona kuwana kuti munzvimbo iyo Concerto yainzwika kutya zvishoma, saka zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti kutya uku kwaive nyama neropa reunyanzvi chaihwo, uye kuti Concerto, yakatambanudzwa uye yakarohwa, yakanzwika zvakare nyowani, yechidiki. , zvinokurudzira uye zvakanaka. .

Kuguma kwechinyorwa chaNeuhaus kunoda kuziva, kwaanoona kurwisana kwemafungiro akapoteredza Polyakin naOistrakh, avo vakanga vatokunda mukurumbira panguva iyoyo. Neuhaus akanyora kuti: "Pakupedzisira, ndinoda kutaura mazwi maviri: munharaunda yedu kune "Polyakins" uye "Oistrakhists", sezvo kune "Hilelists" uye "Flierists", nezvimwewo Nezvekukakavadzana (kazhinji kusina zvibereko) uye kudivi rimwe rekufanofungira kwavo, mumwe anoyeuka mashoko akambotaurwa naGoethe mukukurukurirana naEckermann: “Zvino veruzhinji vave vachiitirana nharo kwemakore makumi maviri pamusoro pokuti ndiani ari pamusoro: Schiller kana ini? Vaizoita zviri nani kana vakafara kuti kune vamwe vaviri vakanaka vakakodzera kupopotedzana. Mazwi akangwara! Ngatifarei ma comrades kuti tine vanhu vanopfuura mumwe chete vakakodzera kunetsana navo.

Maiwe! Nenguva isipi pakanga pasisina chikonzero cheku "kakavara" pamusoro pePolyakin - makore maviri gare gare akanga aenda! Polyakin akafa mukutanga kwehupenyu hwake hwekusika. Achidzoka musi waMay 21, 1941 achibva kunoshanya, akanzwa asinganzwe zvakanaka ari muchitima. Magumo akasvika nekukurumidza - moyo wakaramba kushanda, uchigura hupenyu hwake padanho rekukura kwake kwekusika.

Munhu wose aida Polyakin, kuenda kwake kwakaonekwa sekufirwa. Kwechizvarwa chose cheSoviet violinists, aive akanyanya kunaka kweanodhirowa, muimbi uye mutambi, wavaive vakaenzana, wavaikotamira uye kudzidza kubva.

Muchiitiko chekuchema, imwe yeshamwari dzepedyo dzemushakabvu, Heinrich Neuhaus, akanyora kuti: “… Miron Polyakin aenda. Neimwe nzira hautendi mukudzikama kwemunhu anogara asina kuzorora mune yepamusoro uye yakanakisa pfungwa yeshoko. Isu tiri muPolyakino tinokoshesa rudo rwake rweujaya rwakashinga rwebasa rake, basa rake risingaperi uye rakafemerwa, iro rakafanoronga mwero wepamusoro-soro weunyanzvi hwake hwekuita, uye kupenya, kusingakanganwiki hunhu hwenyanzvi huru. Pakati pevaridzi veviolin pane vaimbi vakatanhamara vakaita saHeifetz, vanogara vachitamba kudaro mumweya wehunyanzvi hwevanyori zvekuti, pakupedzisira, unorega kucherechedza maitiro emunhu emuiti. Iyi ndiyo mhando ye "Parnassian performer", "Olympian". Asi pasinei nebasa ripi rakaitwa naPolyakin, kutamba kwake nguva dzose kwainzwa kudiwa kwemunhu oga, kumwe kushushikana neunyanzvi hwake, nekuda kwekuti aisagona kuva chimwe chinhu kunze kwake. Hunhu hwezvinhu zvebasa raPolyakin hwaive: hunyanzvi hwekuita, runako rwakanaka rwekurira, kufara uye kudzika kwekuita. Asi unhu hunoshamisa hwePoliakin semuongorori uye munhu aiva kutendeseka kwake. Matambiro ake emakonzati aisagara akaenzana nekuti muimbi akaunza pfungwa dzake, manzwiro, zviitiko naye padanho, uye nhanho yekutamba kwake yaienderana navo ... "

Vose vakanyora pamusoro pePolyakin nguva dzose vairatidza mavambo eunyanzvi hwake hwekuita. Polyakin "muimbi ane mukurumbira wakasarudzika, tsika yepamusoro uye hunyanzvi. Matambiro ake ndeekutanga zvekuti munhu anofanira kutaura nezvekutamba kwake sekutamba nemusambo unokosha – musambo waPolyakin. Kuzvimiririra kwairatidzwa mune zvese - mune yakakosha, yakasarudzika maitiro kune akaitwa mabasa. Chero zvaaitamba, aigara achiverenga mabhuku acho “nenzira yechiPolish.” Mune rimwe nerimwe basa, akaisa, kutanga kune zvose, iye pachake, mweya unofadza wemuimbi. Ongororo pamusoro pePolyakin inogara ichitaura nezvekusagadzikana kwekunakidzwa, manzwiro anopisa emutambo wake, nezvechido chake chehunyanzvi, nezve "nerve" yePolyakin, kupisa kwekugadzira. Munhu wose akambonzwa mutambi weviolin uyu akashamiswa nekusaziva nekutendeseka uye nekukasira kwechiitiko chake chemimhanzi. Mumwe anogona kunyatsotaura nezvake kuti inyanzvi yekufemerwa, high romantic pathos.

Kwaari, pakanga pasina mimhanzi yakajairika, uye angadai asina kutendeukira kumumhanzi wakadaro. Aiziva nzira yekukudza chero chifananidzo chemumhanzi nenzira yakakosha, kuita kuti ive yepamusoro, yerudo. Unyanzvi hwaPolyakin hwakanga hwakanaka, asi kwete nekunaka kweabstract, abstract sound zvisikwa, asi nekunaka kwezviitiko zvakajeka zvevanhu.

Akanga ane pfungwa yakasimukira yerunako, uye nokuda kwekuda kwake kwose uye chido chake, haana kumbodarika miganhu yerunako. Kuravira kusingagoneki uye zvikumbiro zvakakwirira kwaari zvakaramba zvichimudzivirira kubva pakuwedzeredza kwaigona kukanganisa kana neimwe nzira kukanganisa kuwirirana kwemifananidzo, tsika dzekutaura kwehunyanzvi. Chero izvo Polyakin akabata, iyo aesthetic pfungwa yekunaka haina kumusiya kwekanguva. Kunyange zviyero zvePolyakin zvakaridza mumhanzi, zvichiwana kuenzana kunoshamisa, kudzika uye kunaka kwezwi. Asi kwaisangova kunaka uye kuenzana kwenzwi ravo. Maererano naMI Fikhtengolts, akadzidza naPolyakin, Polyakin akatamba zvikero zvakajeka, nenzira yekufananidzira, uye vakaonekwa sekuti vaiva chikamu chebasa reunyanzvi, uye kwete zvinhu zveunyanzvi. Zvaiita sokuti Polyakin akavabudisa mumutambo kana konzati uye akavapa mufananidzo chaiwo. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti mufananidzo wacho hauna kupa pfungwa yekuve yakagadzirwa, iyo dzimwe nguva inoitika apo vatambi vanoedza "kuisa" chifananidzo muchikero, vachizvigadzirira "zvazviri" nemaune. Manzwiro ekufananidzira akasikwa, sezviri pachena, nechokwadi chokuti unyanzvi hwaPolyakin hwakanga hwakadaro nemasikirwo.

Polyakin akanyatsotora tsika dzechikoro cheAuerian uye, zvichida, akanga ari Auerian wakachena wevadzidzi vose vatenzi uyu. Achiyeuka mitambo yaPolyakin muuduku hwake, waanodzidza naye, muimbi akatanhamara weSoviet LM Zeitlin, akanyora, kuti: “Kutamba kwomukomana wacho kwounyanzvi nounyanzvi kwakafanana nomutoo wakajeka namaimbiro omudzidzisi wake ane mukurumbira. Pane dzimwe nguva zvakanga zvakaoma kudavira kuti mwana akanga akamira pachikuva, uye kwete nyanzvi yakura.

Polyakin's aesthetic kuravidza zvinonyatsoratidzwa nerepertoire yake. Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, Mendelssohn, uye vevanyori vokuRussia Tchaikovsky naGlazunov zvaiva zvidhori zvake. Tribute yakabhadharwa kune virtuoso mabhuku, asi kune iyo iyo Auer akaziva uye aida - Paganini's concertos, Ernst's Otello uye Hungarian Melodies, Sarasate's Spanish matambiro, akaitwa naPolyakin zvisingaenzaniswi, Lalo's Spanish symphony. Aivewo padyo nehunyanzvi hwevaImpressionists. Akazvipira kutamba violin zvinyorwa zvemitambo yaDebussy - "Musikana ane Flaxen Bvudzi", nezvimwe.

Rimwe remabasa epakati erepertoire yake yaive Nhetembo yaChausson. Aidawo mitambo yaShimanovsky - "Nhema", "Rwiyo rwaRoxana". Polyakin akanga asina hanya nemabhuku ekupedzisira e20s uye 30s uye haana kuita mitambo naDarius Miio, Alban Berg, Paul Hindemith, Bela Bartok, tisingatauri basa revanyori vashoma.

Paive nemabasa mashoma evanyori veSoviet kusvika pakupera kwema30s (Polyakin akafa apo zuva rekutanga rekugadzira violin reSoviet rakanga richangotanga). Pakati pemabasa aripo, haasi ese aienderana nezvaaida. Saka, akapfuura Prokofiev kuti violin Concertos. Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura, akatanga kumutsa kufarira mumhanzi weSoviet. Maererano naFikhtengoltz, muzhizha ra1940 Polyakin akashanda nechido paMyaskovsky's Concerto.

Ko repertoire yake, maitiro ake ekuita, maakaramba akatendeka kutsika dzechikoro cheAuer, anopupura kuti "akasarira kumashure" kwekufamba kwehunyanzvi kuenda mberi, kuti anofanirwa kuzivikanwa semutambi "akapera", zvisingaenderani nenguva yake, isiri yevatsva? Mafungiro akadaro ane chekuita nemuimbi uyu anoshamisa angave asina kunaka. Iwe unogona kuenda kumberi nenzira dzakasiyana - kuramba, kutyora tsika, kana kuivandudza. Polyakin aive akazvarwa mune yekupedzisira. Kubva kutsika dzeiyo violin art yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Polyakin, nehunhu hwake hwekunzwa, akasarudza izvo zvinonyatso batana neiyo nyika itsva.

Mukutamba kwaPolyakin pakanga pasina kana kadiki kekunatswa subjectivism kana stylization, yekunzwa uye manzwiro, izvo zvakaita kuti vanzwe zvakanyanya mukuita kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Nenzira yake pachake, akatamburira nzira yekutamba yakashinga uye yakaomarara, yekuratidza musiyano. Vese vanoongorora vaingogara vachisimbisa mutambo, iyo "tsinga" yekuita kwaPolyakin; Salon zvinhu zvakanyangarika zvishoma nezvishoma kubva mumutambo wePolyakin.

Sekureva kwaPurofesa weLeningrad Conservatory N. Perelman, uyo kwemakore akawanda aive mubatsiri waPolyakin mumitambo yemakonzati, Polyakin akatamba Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata semaviolinists muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX - akaita chikamu chekutanga nekukurumidza, nekunetsana uye mutambo uchibva. virtuoso pressure, uye kwete kubva mukati memukati-kati inoshamisa yezvinyorwa zvega ega. Asi, achishandisa hunyanzvi hwakadaro, Polyakin akaisa mari mukuita kwake simba rakadaro uye kuomarara izvo zvakaita kuti kutamba kwake kuswedere pedyo nekuratidzwa kunoshamisa kwemaitiro emazuva ano.

Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana chePoliakin semutambi waiva mutambo, uye akatoridza nzvimbo dzenziyo noushingi, zvakasimba. Ndosaka ainyanya kuita mabasa anoda ruzha rwakanyanya - Bach's Chaconne, makonsati akaitwa naTchaikovsky, Brahms. Zvisinei, aiwanzoita Concerto yaMendelssohn, zvisinei, akaunzawo mumvuri weushingi mumashoko ake. Hushingi hwekutaura mukududzirwa kwaPoliakin kwekonsati yaMendelssohn kwakacherechedzwa nemuongorori wekuAmerica mushure mekuita kwechipiri kwemutambi weviolin muNew York muna 1922.

Polyakin aive muturikiri anoshamisa wenziyo dzeviolin dzaTchaikovsky, kunyanya koniti yake yeviolin. Maererano nememoirs evanhu venguva yake uye maonero emunhu emunyori wemitsara iyi, Polyakin akaridza Concerto zvakanyanya. Akasimbisa misiyano munzira dzose muChikamu I, achitamba dingindira rayo guru nemapatho erudo; theme yechipiri ye sonata allegro yakazadzwa nekunakidzwa kwemukati, kudedera, uye Canzonetta yakazadzwa nekuteterera kwerudo. Mukupedzisira, kunaka kwaPolyakin kwakazviita zvakare, kushumira chinangwa chekugadzira chiito chinoshamisa. Nekuda kwerudo, Polyakin akaitawo mabasa akadai saBach's Chaconne uye Brahms Concerto. Akaswedera kumabasa aya semunhu ane nyika yakapfuma, yakadzika uye yakawanda yezviitiko uye manzwiro, uye akafadza vateereri nechishuwo chekukurumidza chekufambisa mimhanzi yaakaita.

Anenge ese wongororo yePolyakin inocherekedza imwe mhando yekusaenzana mukutamba kwake, asi zvinowanzotaurwa kuti aitamba zvidimbu zvidiki zvisina mhosva.

Mabasa echimiro chidiki aigara achipedzwa naPolyakin nekunyatso shamisa. Airidza chidimbu chega chega aine basa rakafanana nechero basa remhando huru. Aiziva nzira yekuwana mudiki iyo inoyevedza monumentality yemaitiro, izvo zvakaita kuti ave nehukama naHeifetz uye, sezviri pachena, akarerwa mune zvese naAuer. Nziyo dzaPolyakin dzaBeethoven dzakanzwika zvakadzikama uye nehukuru, kuita kwacho kunofanirwa kuongororwa semuenzaniso wepamusoro wekududzirwa kwemaitiro echinyakare. Kufanana nemufananidzo wakapendwa nekurohwa kukuru, Tchaikovsky's Melancholic Serenade yakaonekwa pamberi pevateereri. Polyakin akairidza nekuzvidzora kukuru uye neruremekedzo, pasina kushushikana kana melodrama.

Mumhando diki, hunyanzvi hwaPolyakin hunoyemurwa nekusiyana-siyana kwakasiyana-siyana - kupenya kwakanaka, nyasha uye kunaka, uye dzimwe nguva kuvandudza kusingadzoreki. Muna Tchaikovsky's Waltz-Scherzo, chimwe chezvakanakisa zvemutambo wekonzati yaPolyakin, vateereri vakatorwa moyo nematauriro akajeka ekutanga, maitikiro azvinoita endima, rhythm inochinja, uye kudedera kwemazwi enziyo. Basa racho rakaitwa naPolyakin ane virtuoso brilliance uye rusununguko runokwezva. Hazvibviri kuti usayeuke zvakare cantilena inopisa yemuimbi mumitambo yeHungary yeBrahms-Joachim uye ruvara rwemavara ake eruzha mumitambo yeSpain yeSarasate. Uye pakati pemitambo yemhando diki, akasarudza avo vairatidzwa nekukakavadzana kwechido, manzwiro makuru. Kukwezva kwaPoliakin kumabasa akadai se "Nhetembo" naChausson, "Rwiyo rwaRoxanne" naSzymanowski, pedyo naye murudo, zvinonzwisisika.

Zvakaoma kukanganwa chimiro chaPolyakin pachikuva ne violin yake yakasimudzwa uye kufamba kwake kuzere nerunako. Sitiroko yake yaive yakakura, ruzha rwega rwega neimwe nzira yakasarudzika, sezviri pachena nekuda kwesimba rinoshanda uye kusinganyanyi kushanda kubviswa kweminwe kubva patambo. Chiso chake chakatsva nemoto wekukurudzira kwekusika - chaive chiso chemurume uyo izwi rekuti Art nguva dzose rakatanga nebhii guru.

Polyakin ainyanya kuda kwaari. Aigona kupedza mutsara mumwe chete wechidimbu chemimhanzi kwemaawa, achiwana kukwana kwekunzwika. Ndicho chikonzero iye nokungwarira, nechinetso chakadaro, akasarudza kumuridzira basa idzva mukonzati yakazaruka. Mwero wekukwana waimugutsa wakangouya kwaari somugumisiro wemakore akawanda ebasa rakaoma. Nekuda kwekuzvidavirira kwake, akatongawo vamwe vanyori zvine hunyanzvi uye zvisina tsitsi, izvo zvaiwanzovapandukira.

Polyakin kubva paudiki akasiyaniswa nemunhu akazvimiririra, ushingi mumashoko ake nezviito. Semuyenzaniso, ane makore gumi nematatu, achitaura mu Winter Palace, haana kuzeza kurega kutamba apo mumwe wevakuru vakuru akapinda nguva dzapera ndokutanga kufambisa macheya zvine ruzha. Auer akatumira vazhinji vevadzidzi vake kuti vaite basa rakaoma kumubatsiri wake, Muzvinafundo IR Nalbandian. Kirasi yaNalbandyan dzimwe nguva yaipindwa naPolyakin. Rimwe zuva, apo Nalbandian akataura kumuimbi wepiyano nezvechimwe chinhu mukati mekirasi, Miron akarega kuridza ndokusiya chidzidzo, pasinei zvapo nokuedza kumumisa.

Aive nepfungwa dzakapinza uye masimba asingawanzo kuona. Kusvika iye zvino, Polyakin's hupenzi aphorisms, makaroka akajeka, ayo akarwa nevapikisi vake, akajairika pakati pevaimbi. Matongero ake pamusoro peunyanzvi aive nechirevo uye ainakidza.

Kubva kuAuer Polyakin akagara nhaka kubishaira kukuru. Aidzidzira violin kumba kweanenge maawa mashanu pazuva. Aida chaizvo vaperekedzi uye akadzokorora zvakawanda nemuidzi wepiyano wega wega asati aenda naye pachikuva.

Kubva 1928 kusvika pakufa kwake, Polyakin akatanga kudzidzisa paLeningrad uye ipapo kuMoscow Conservatories. Pedagogy kazhinji yakatora nzvimbo inokosha muupenyu hwake. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvakaoma kudana Polyakin mudzidzisi mupfungwa iyo inowanzonzwisiswa. Ainyanya kuve muimbi, muimbi, uye mukudzidzisa aiendererawo kubva muunyanzvi hwake hwekuita. Haana kumbofunga nezvematambudziko emhando yemaitiro. Saka, somudzidzisi, Polyakin aibatsira zvikuru vadzidzi vepamusoro vakanga vatogona unyanzvi hunodiwa unyanzvi.

Kuratidza kwaiva hwaro hwekudzidzisa kwake. Akasarudza kutamba zvidimbu kuvadzidzi vake pane "kutaura" nezvavo. Kazhinji, achiratidza, akatakurwa zvokuti akaita basa kubva pakutanga kusvikira pakupedzisira uye zvidzidzo zvakashanduka kuva rudzi rwe "makonti ePolyakin". Mutambo wake wakasiyaniswa nehumwe hunhu husingawanzo - waiita sekuvhura tarisiro huru yevadzidzi yekugadzira kwavo, yakakurudzira mifungo mitsva, fungidziro yakamutsa uye fungidziro. Mudzidzi, uyo Polyakin akaitwa "pokutanga" mubasa rekushanda, aigara achisiya zvidzidzo zvake zvichipfumiswa. Muenzanisiro mumwe kana kuti miviri yakadaro yakanga yakakwana kujekesa kumudzidzi mashandire aanofanira kuita, kuti aende kupi.

Polyakin akarayira kuti vadzidzi vose vekirasi yake vavepo pazvidzidzo, pasinei nokuti vanotamba ivo pachavo kana kungoteerera mutambo wevamwe vavo. Zvidzidzo zvinowanzotanga masikati (kubva 3 o'clock).

Airidza zvehumwari mukirasi. Kashoma pachikuva chekonzati hunyanzvi hwake hwaisvika pakakwirira, hudzamu nekukwana kwekutaura. Pazuva rechidzidzo chePolyakin, kufara kwakatonga panzvimbo yekuchengetedza. “Voruzhinji” vakatsvikinyidzana mukirasi; kunze kwevadzidzi vake, vadzidzi vevamwe vadzidzisi, vadzidzi vemamwe hunyanzvi, vadzidzisi, mapurofesa uye kungoti "vaenzi" vanobva kunyika yeunyanzvi vakaedzawo kusvika ikoko. Vaya vaisagona kupinda mukirasi vakateerera vari kuseri kwemasuo akanga akavharwa nehafu. Kazhinji, mamiriro akafanana akakunda sekare mukirasi yaAuer. Polyakin akabvumira vasingazivi kupinda mukirasi yake, sezvo aidavira kuti izvi zvakawedzera mutoro wevadzidzi, zvakagadzira mamiriro eunyanzvi akamubatsira kuti anzwe semuongorori pachake.

Polyakin akakoshesa zvikuru basa revadzidzi pazvikero uye etudes (Kreutzer, Dont, Paganini) uye akarayira kuti mudzidzi amutambe zvidzidzo uye zviyero zvakadzidzwa kwaari mukirasi. Akanga asiri kuita basa rinokosha rokugadzira zvinhu. Mudzidzi wacho aifanira kuuya kukirasi nezvinhu zvaakagadzirirwa kumba. Polyakin, kune rumwe rutivi, chete "munzira" akapa chero mirayiridzo kana mudzidzi asina kubudirira mune imwe kana imwe nzvimbo.

Pasina kunyanya kutarisana neunyanzvi, Polyakin akanyatsotevera rusununguko rwekutamba, kubhadhara zvakanyanya kune rusununguko rwebhanhire rose repafudzi, ruoko rworudyi uye kudonha kwakajeka kweminwe pazvisungo kuruboshwe. Mune nzira yeruoko rworudyi, Polyakin aifarira kufamba kukuru "kubva pamapfudzi" uye, achishandisa nzira dzakadaro, akawana kunzwa kwakanaka kwe "kurema" kwake, kusununguka kwekusununguka kwemakumbo uye kurohwa.

Polyakin ainyima zvikuru nekurumbidza. Haana kufunga nezve "zviremera" zvachose uye haana kusvetuka pamashoko ekunyomba uye ecaustic aitaurirwa kune vakafanirwa kuhwina, kana asina kugutsikana nekuita kwavo. Pane rumwe rutivi, aigona kurumbidza asina kusimba pavadzidzi apo aiona fambiro mberi yake.

Chii, kazhinji, chingataurwa pamusoro Polyakin mudzidzisi? Chokwadi aiva nezvakawanda zvokudzidza. Nesimba retarenda rake reunyanzvi rinoshamisa, aive nerubatsiro rwakatanhamara pavadzidzi vake. Mukurumbira wake mukuru, kuomesera kweunyanzvi kwakamanikidza wechidiki akauya kukirasi yake kuti azvipire kubasa, akaunza unyanzvi hwepamusoro mavari, akamutsa rudo rwemimhanzi. Zvidzidzo zvePoliakin zvichiri kurangarirwa neavo vakaita rombo rakanaka rekutaura naye sechiitiko chinonakidza muhupenyu hwavo. Vakahwina mumakwikwi epasi rose M. Fikhtengolts, E. Gilels, M. Kozolupova, B. Feliciant, muimbi mukuru we symphony orchestra yeLeningrad Philharmonic I. Shpilberg nevamwe vakadzidza naye.

Polyakin akasiya mucherechedzo usingadzimiki patsika dzemimhanzi dzeSoviet, uye ndinoda kudzokorora mushure meNeuhaus: "Vaimbi vechidiki vakarerwa naPolyakin, vateereri vaakaunza mufaro mukuru, vacharamba vachimuyeuka vachimuonga."

L. Raaben