Music style |

Chimiro chemimhanzi ishoko munhoroondo yeunyanzvi rinoratidza hurongwa hwematauriro, hunoshanda kuumba imwe kana imwe pfungwa uye yekufananidzira zvirimo. Mumhanzi, iyi mimhanzi-aesthetic. uye nhoroondo yemimhanzi. category. Pfungwa yemaitiro mumhanzi, inoratidza dialectic. hukama huri pakati pezvinyorwa uye fomu yakaoma uye yakawanda-yakakosha. Nekutsamira kusingaverengeki pane zviri mukati, ichiri yendima yefomu, iyo yatinoreva seti yese yemimhanzi yekutaura. zvinoreva, kusanganisira zvinhu zvemimhanzi. mutauro, nheyo dzemaumbirwo, zvinyorwa. tricks. Pfungwa yemaitiro inoreva kufanana kwemaitiro estylistic mumhanzi. chigadzirwa, midzi mune zvemagariro-nhoroondo. mamiriro, mukuona kwenyika uye mafungiro evanyori, mubasa ravo rekugadzira. nzira, mune zvakajairika mapatani enhoroondo yemimhanzi. process.

Pfungwa yemaitiro mumhanzi yakasimuka pakupera kweRenaissance (kupera kwezana ramakore rechi 16), kureva panguva yekuumbwa nekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro emisipiresi chaiwo. zvinyorwa zvinoratidzwa mune aesthetics uye dzidziso. Yakave nekushanduka-shanduka kwenguva refu, iyo yakaratidza zvose kusajeka uye kumwe kunzwisisa kusina kujeka kwezwi. Mune mazizi musicology, ndiyo nyaya yekukurukurirana, iyo inotsanangurwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvinoreva zvakaiswa mariri. Zvinonzi zviri zviviri kune ega ega manyorerwo emunyori (mupfungwa iyi, inosvika papfungwa yekunyora nemaoko ekugadzira, tsika), uye kune zvikamu zvemabasa anosanganisirwa mu k.-l. genre group (genre style), uye kuzvinhu zvakajairika zvekunyora kweboka revanyori vakabatanidzwa nepuratifomu yakafanana (chikoro chechikoro), uye kune zvinyorwa zvebasa revanyori venyika imwe (yerudzi rwenyika) kana nhoroondo. nguva mukuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi. art-va (style of direction, style of the era). Zvose izvi zvepfungwa ye "style" ndezvezvisikwa, asi mune chimwe nechimwe chazvo pane zvimwe zvisingakwanisi. Dzinomuka nekuda kwekusiyana kwechinhanho uye dhigirii rehuwandu, nekuda kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaitiro uye hunhu hwemunhu hwekuita kwavo mubasa redhipatimendi. composers; saka, muzviitiko zvakawanda zvakanyanya kunaka kutaura kwete nezveimwe chimiro, asi kucherechedza manyorerwo. maitiro (kutungamirira, kufambidzana) mumimhanzi ye c.-l. nguva kana mubasa rePh.D. munyori, stylist connections kana commonality style features, etc. Mazwi okuti "basa rakanyorwa nemaitiro akadai" anowanikwa zvakanyanya pane zvesainzi. Aya ndiwo, semuenzaniso, mazita ayo vanyori dzimwe nguva vanopa kumabasa avo, ayo ari stylizations (Fp. Myaskovsky's play "In the Old Style", kureva mumweya wekare). Kazhinji shoko rokuti "style" rinotsiva mamwe mazano, somuenzaniso. nzira kana gwara (romantic style), genre (opera style), mimhanzi. warehouse (homophonic style), mhando yezvinyorwa. Pfungwa yekupedzisira (somuenzaniso, heroic style) inofanira kuonekwa seisina kururama, nokuti. haifungi nezvenhoroondo kana kuti nat. zvinhu, uye zvinorehwa zvinowanzoitika, semuenzaniso. iyo innational kuumbwa kwe thematism (fanfare intonations mune heroic themes) zviri pachena kuti hazvina kukwana kugadzirisa stylistic commonality. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinofanirwa kufunga nezve zvese mukana wekusangana uye kudyidzana pakati pepfungwa dzemaitiro uye nzira, chimiro uye genre, nezvimwewo, pamwe nekusiyana kwavo uye nekunyepedzera kwekuzivikanwa kwakazara, izvo zvinotoparadza izvo chaizvo. chikamu chemaitiro.

Pfungwa yemhando yemhando yakatanga mumhanzi. dzidzira mukugadzirwa kwemunhu stylistic. zvinhu mumhando dze motet, mass, madrigal, nezvimwewo (zvine chekuita nekushandiswa mukati mazvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuumba uye unyanzvi, nzira dzemutauro wemimhanzi), kureva panguva yekutanga yekushandiswa kwezwi. Kushandiswa kweiyi pfungwa kunonyanya pamutemo maererano nemhando idzi, izvo, zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekwavanobva uye kuvapo kwavo, hazvitakure mucherechedzo wakajeka weunhu hwemusiki kana kuti unoratidzwa zvakajeka hunhu huzhinji hunokunda zvemunyori wega. Izwi rinoshanda, semuenzaniso, kumhando dzeprof. mimhanzi yeMiddle Ages uye Renaissance (maitiro eMiddle Ages. Organum kana Italian. Chromatic. Madrigal). Iyi pfungwa inonyanya kushandiswa munhoroondo (somuenzaniso, manyorerwo enziyo dzemuchato dzeRussia); inoshandawo kumumhanzi wemazuva ose weimwe nhoroondo. nguva (maitiro echiRussia emazuva ese erudo rwehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi 1, masitaera akasiyana emazuva ano pop, mimhanzi yejazz, nezvimwewo). Dzimwe nguva kupenya, kongiri, nekudzikama normativity yezvimiro zverudzi rwakatanga muna c.-l. kutungamira kwemimhanzi, inobvumira mukana wekutsanangura kaviri: semuenzaniso, zvirevo zvinogona kutorwa sezviri pamutemo: "maitiro echiFrench chikuru. romantic operas" uye "Great French genre. mitambo yerudo”. Zvisinei, misiyano inoramba iripo: pfungwa yemhando yeopera inosanganisira maumbirwo echirongwa uye dudziro yayo, nepo pfungwa yemanyorero ichisanganisira huwandu hwezvinhu zvakatsiga zvemaitiro zvakagadziridzwa munhoroondo yemhando inoenderana.

Kujairika kwerudzi pasina mubvunzo kunokanganisa kuenderera mberi mukusangana kwemaitiro estylistic; izvi zvinoratidzwa, semuenzaniso, mune tsananguro ye stylistic. zvinhu zvekugadzira., zvakasanganiswa nekuita. composition. Zviri nyore kuratidza stylistic kufanana kwemabasa. prod. F. Chopin naR. Schumann (kureva, kuwirirana kwemaitiro avo ekushanda) kupfuura stylistic kufanana kwebasa ravo rose. Imwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa. mashandisirwo echirevo che "style" zvinoreva kugadzirisa maitiro ekushandiswa kwe c.-l. munyori (kana boka ravo) wezvishandiso zvekuridza (semuenzaniso, piano maitiro eChopin, manzwi eMussorgsky, orchestral style yaWagner, maitiro eFrench harpsichordists, nezvimwewo). Mune basa remumwe munyori, stylistic kusiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinowanzoonekwa: semuenzaniso, maitiro eFP. prod. Schumann anosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune yake symphonies. Pamuenzaniso wekugadzira marudzi akasiyana-siyana anoratidza kupindirana kwezvinyorwa zvekufananidzira uye zvinyorwa zvemaitiro: semuenzaniso, zvakananga zvenzvimbo yepakutanga uye muiti. Kuumbwa kwemumhanzi wekamuri kunogadzira zvinodikanwa zvezvakadzama zvehuzivi uye stylistic zvirimo zvinoenderana nezviri mukati. zvinhu - zvakadzama matauriro. chivakwa, polyphonic texture, nezvimwewo.

Kuenderera mberi kwestylistic kunonyanya kuoneka mukugadzirwa. yemhando imwecheteyo: munhu anogona kudonongodza cheni imwe chete yezvinhu zvakajairika muFP. makonzati naL. Beethoven, F. Liszt, PI Tchaikovsky, E. Grieg, SV Rachmaninov uye SS Prokofiev; zvisinei, zvichibva pakuongororwa kwefp. makonzati evanyori vane mazita, haisi "chimiro chepiyano concerto" inoburitswa, asi zvinodikanwa chete zvekuona kuenderera mberi kwebasa. imwe genre.

Historical conditioned uye decomp yebudiriro. genres ndikowo kubuda kwemafungiro ezvitaera zvakaomarara uye zvemahara, zvakatangira muzana ramakore rechi17. (JB Doni, K. Bernhard nevamwe). Vakanga vakafanana nemafungiro ekare (antico) uye yemazuva ano (yazvino) uye yaireva kupatsanurwa kwakakodzera kwemhando (motets uye masses, kana, kune rumwe rutivi, konzati uye instr. mimhanzi) uye hunhu hwavo hwepolyphonic. tsamba. Chimiro chakasimba, zvisinei, chakanyanya kurongeka, nepo chirevo cheiyo "yemahara maitiro" ndiCh. arr. kusiyana nekuomesa.

Munguva yeiyo yakasimba stylistic shanduko, mukuita kwekukura mumhanzi mutsva, wekirasi. nguva dzose yakaitika panguva yekudyidzana kwakanyanya kwemisimboti yepolyphonic uye inobuda homophonic-harmonic. mimhanzi, misimboti iyi pachayo yakanga isiri yepamutemo chete, asiwo yenhoroondo uye yekunaka. zvinoreva. Maererano nenguva yebasa raJS Bach naGF Handel (kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi18), pfungwa yepolyphonic. uye zvitaera zvehomophonic zvinoreva chimwe chinhu chinopfuura tsananguro yemamuses. warehouse. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwavo maererano nezvinoitika gare gare hakuna kururamiswa; iyo pfungwa yehomophonic maitiro kazhinji inorasikirwa nechero kongiri, uye chimiro chepolyphonic chinoda kujekeswa kwenhoroondo. era kana kushanduka kuita hunhu hwezvimiro zvechimiro. Zvimwe chete, semuenzaniso, kutaura se "polyphonic. Shostakovich's style", inotora chirevo chakasiyana, kureva, inoratidza chaiyo yekushandiswa kwepolyphonic. unyanzvi mumimhanzi yemunyori uyu.

Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha, icho chinofanirwa kuverengerwa pakusarudza chimiro, ndicho chikonzero chenyika. Inobata basa guru mukugadzirisa zvinhu zvakatotaurwa (maitiro echiRussia rudo rwepamba kana rwiyo rwemuchato weRussia). Mudzidziso uye aesthetics nat. chimiro chechimiro chakasimbiswa kare muzana remakore rechi17-18. Nyika iyo chaiyo yemaitiro inonyatso kuratidzwa muunyanzvi kubva muzana ramakore re19, kunyanya mumhanzi wevanodanwa. zvikoro zviduku zvenyika, kuumbwa kwayo muEurope kwakaitika muzana remakore rechi19. uye inopfuurira kupinda muzana ramakore rechi20, ichipararira kune mamwe makondinendi.

National nharaunda yakadzika midzi mune zviri mukati meiyo art, mukuvandudza tsika dzemweya dzerudzi uye inowana isina kunanga kana isina kunanga kutaura muchimiro. Hwaro hwenyika Kuzivikanwa kwemaitiro emaitiro ndiko kuvimba nezvinyorwa zvechinyakare uye nzira dzekuita kwavo. Zvisinei, marudzi ekushandiswa kwengano, pamwe nekuwanda kwezvikamu zvayo zvenguva uye zvemhando, zvakasiyana-siyana zvokuti dzimwe nguva zvakaoma kana kuti hazvigoneki kusimbisa kufanana uku (kunyangwe pakuvapo kwekuenderera mberi), kunyanya munguva dzakasiyana dzezvakaitika kare. matanho: kuve nechokwadi neizvi, zvakakwana kuenzanisa maitiro eMI Glinka uye GV Sviridov, Liszt naB. Bartok, kana - pane imwe nguva shoma shoma - AI Khachaturian uye yemazuva ano. ruoko. vanyori, uye muAzerbaijan. mimhanzi - maitiro eU. Gadzhibekov uye KA Karaev.

Uye zvakadaro, kumimhanzi yevamwe (dzimwe nguva yakawedzerwa) nhoroondo. matanho, pfungwa ye "style nat. zvikoro” (asi kwete chimiro chimwe chete chenyika). Zviratidzo zvaro zvinonyanya kudzikamiswa panguva yekuumbwa kwenat. classics, kuumba hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwetsika uye stylistic. kuenderera mberi, izvo zvinogona kuzviratidza kwenguva yakareba. nguva (somuenzaniso, tsika dzekugadzira Glinka mumimhanzi yeRussia).

Pamwe chete nezvikoro zvenyika, kune mamwe masangano evanyori vanomuka mune zvakasiyana-siyana. nzvimbo uye zvakare inowanzonzi zvikoro. Chiyero chekutendeseka kwekushandisa izwi rekuti "maitiro" maererano nezvikoro zvakadaro zvinoenderana nemwero wezvakawanda unomuka mumasonganiro akadaro. Saka, semuenzaniso, iyo pfungwa ye polyphonic maitiro ndeye yakasikwa. Zvikoro zveRenaissance (French-Flemish kana Dutch, Roman, Venetian, nezvimwewo). Panguva iyoyo, nzira yemunhu oga yekugadzira yakanga ichangotanga. Runyoro rwemunyori rwakabatana nedhipatimendi remimhanzi rakazvimiririra. zvirevo kubva kumimhanzi yakashandiswa uye inoperekedzwa nekubatanidzwa kwenzira itsva dzekutaura, kuwedzera kweiyo yekufananidzira siyana uye kusiyana kwayo. Mhedziso yekutonga kwepolyphonic. tsamba kuna Prof. mimhanzi inosiya mucherechedzo wayo pane zvese kuratidzwa kwayo, uye iyo pfungwa yemaitiro inowanzobatanidzwa chaizvo nezvakasiyana zvekushandiswa kwepolyphonic. tricks. Hunhu hwenguva yekuumbwa kwekirasi. genres uye mapatani, iyo predominance ye general pamusoro pemunhu inotibvumira kushandisa pfungwa yemaitiro decomp. zvikoro zvemimhanzi yeOpera yezana ramakore rechi 17. (Florentine, Roman nezvimwe zvikoro) kana kuti instr. mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi17 nerechi18. (semuenzaniso, zvikoro zveBologna, Mannheim). Muzana ramakore rechi 19, apo dhizaini iyo yega yemuimbi inowana kukosha kwakakosha, pfungwa yechikoro inorasikirwa nerevo ye "sangano". Chimiro chenguva pfupi chemapoka ari kubuda (chikoro cheWeimar) chinoita kuti zviome kugadzirisa nharaunda yemaitiro; zviri nyore kuzvisimbisa pazviri nekuda kwesimba remudzidzisi (chikoro cheFrank), kunyangwe vamiriri vemapoka akadaro mune dzimwe nguva vaive vasiri vateveri vetsika, asi epigones (vazhinji vamiriri vechikoro cheLeipzig maererano ne basa raF. Mendelssohn). Zvakawanda zviri pamutemo ipfungwa yechimiro che "new Rus. chikoro chemimhanzi", kana denderedzwa reBalakirev. Nzvimbo imwe chete yemafungiro, kushandiswa kwemhando dzakafanana, kuvandudzwa kwetsika dzeGlinka kwakagadzira nzvimbo yemagariro evanhu, inoratidzwa mumhando yezvidzidzo (Russian neEastern), uye mumitemo yekusimudzira uye kuumbwa, uye mukushandiswa kwezvinyorwa. nyaya dzengano. Asi kana iyo ideological uye aesthetic zvinhu, kusarudzwa kwemisoro, marongero, genres zvakanyanya kutarisisa nharaunda ye stylistic, ivo havagare vachipa iyo. Semuenzaniso, maopera ane hukama nemusoro "Boris Godunov" naMussorgsky uye "Musikana wePskov" naRimsky-Korsakov anosiyana zvakanyanya muchimiro. Kududza kusika. Hunhu hwenhengo dzedenderedzwa zvechokwadi hunodzikamisa pfungwa yemhando yeMighty Handful.

Mumimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20 mapoka evanyori anomuka munguva dzinoreva. stylistic shifts (chiFrench "Six", chikoro chitsva cheViennese). Pfungwa yechikoro chimiro zvakare ine hukama pano, kunyanya mune yekutanga kesi. Means. pesvedzero yemudzidzisi, kupfupika kweiyo yekufananidzira siyana uye yakanangana neiyo, pamwe nekutsvaga nzira dzakakodzera dzekutaura kunobatsira pakugadzirisa pfungwa ye "style yechikoro cheSchoenberg" (chikoro chitsva cheViennese). Nekudaro, kunyangwe kushandiswa kweiyo dodecaphonic tekinoroji haivharidzire zvisikwa. kusiyana kwemaitiro eA. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern.

Rimwe rematambudziko akaomarara mumimhanzi yemimhanzi idambudziko rechimiro sechikamu chakakodzera chenhoroondo, hukama hwayo neiyo epoch uye hunyanzvi. nzira, nzira. Historical uye aesthetic. chikamu chepfungwa yechimiro chakasimuka mu con. 19 - kupemha. 20 mazana emakore, apo mimhanzi. aesthetics yakakwereta kubva munhoroondo yehunyanzvi hunoenderana nemabhuku mazwi ekuti "baroque", "rococo", "classicism", "romanticism", gare gare "impressionism", "expressionism", nezvimwe. G. Adler mubasa rake rekuita mumhanzi ("Der Stil in der Musik") kare muna 1911 akaunza nhamba yezvakaitika kare. maitiro ekunyora kusvika ku70. Kune zvakare pfungwa dzine chikamu chikuru: semuenzaniso, S. C. Skrebkov mubhuku. "Artistic nheyo dzemitambo yemimhanzi", tichifunga nezvenhoroondo yemimhanzi sekuchinja mune stylistic. eras, inozivisa mitanhatu mikuru - Middle Ages, Early Renaissance, High Renaissance, Baroque, Classic. nguva uye zvazvino (mune yekupedzisira realistic. kudai kunopesana nemazuva ano). Rondedzero yakadzama yezvitaera inotungamira mukusagadzikana kweiyo chiyero cheiyo pfungwa, dzimwe nguva ichidzika kusvika kunzira yekunyora ("inonzwa. chimiro” munziyo dzomuzana ramakore rechi 18), ipapo chichikura kuva unyanzvi hwokufunga. nzira kana gwara (romantic style; Chokwadi, ane musiyano. subspecies). Nekudaro, kupatsanurwa kukuru kunofananidzira kusiyana kweiyo stylistic. mafambiro (kunyanya mumimhanzi yemazuva ano), uye kusiyana kwemaitiro negwara (semuenzaniso pakati peViennese classical chikoro uye romanticism munguva yeclassicism). Kuoma kwedambudziko kunowedzera nekusakwanisika kwekuzivikanwa kwakakwana kwezviitiko zvemuses. kumatare ane zviitiko zvakafanana mune vamwe. art-wah (uye, nokudaro, kudiwa kwekuchengetedza kwakakodzera kana mazwi ekukwereta), kusanganisa pfungwa yemaitiro nemafungiro ekugadzira. nzira (muna Zarub. hapana chinhu chakadaro mumimhanzi yemimhanzi) uye kutungamira, kujeka kusina kukwana mune tsananguro uye kuganhurwa kwemazano enzira, gwara, maitiro, chikoro, nezvimwe. Mabasa emazizi. nyanzvi dzemimhanzi dze1960s uye 70s (M. TO. Mikhailova A. N. Sohor), ichivimba zvakanyanya pane otd. tsananguro netarisiro b. AT. Asafeva, Yu. N. Tulin, L. A. Mazel, pamwe nekutsvakurudza mumunda weMarxist-Leninist aesthetics uye aesthetics yevamwe. mhosva dzine chinangwa chekujekesa nekusiyanisa mazwi aya. Vanocherechedza pfungwa nhatu huru: nzira, nhungamiro, maitiro (dzimwe nguva pfungwa yehurongwa inowedzerwa kwavari). Kuti uzvitsanangure, zvinodikanwa kusiyanisa pakati pepfungwa dzemaitiro uye hunyanzvi. nzira, chiyero chayo chiri pedyo nechiyero chezvikamu zvechimiro uye zvinyorwa mumutauro wavo. hukama. Iyo nzira inoonekwa sekongiri-yenhoroondo. kuratidzwa kwenzira. Nenzira iyi, pfungwa yemaitiro enzira kana maitiro ekutungamira inoiswa mberi. Hongu, zverudo. nzira inoreva imwe mhando yekuratidzira kwechokwadi uye, nekudaro, imwe ideological-figurative system, inogadziriswa mune imwe nzira yemimhanzi. mhosva muzana remakore rechi19. Haasike rudo rumwechete. manyorerwo, asi anoenderana nemaitiro ayo uye ekufananidzira maitiro achataura. zvinoreva kuumba huwandu hweakagadzikana stylistic maficha, to-rye uye anotsanangurwa serudo. maitiro maitiro. Saka, semuenzaniso, kuwedzera kweiyo inoratidzira uye ine mavara basa rekubatana, synthetic. mhando yerwiyo, kushandiswa kwemafomu emahara, kuvavarira kuburikidza nekusimudzira, mhando nyowani dzeFP yakasarudzika. uye oc. maumbirwo anoita kuti zvikwanisike kuona kuwirirana kwevakanyanya kupesana verudo maartist saG. Berlioz uye R. Schumann, F. Schubert uye F. List, F.

Iko kutendeseka kwekushandiswa kwemazwi, umo iyo pfungwa yemaitiro, sezvazvaive, inotsiva iyo pfungwa yenzira (yerudo maitiro, impressionistic maitiro, nezvimwewo), zvinoenderana nemukati. zviri mukati menzira iyi. Saka, kune rumwe rutivi, yakamanikana ideological uye aesthetic (uye chikamu chenyika) chimiro chekufungidzira uye, kune rumwe rutivi, inotaura chokwadi chakajeka chehurongwa hwakagadzirwa nazvo. zvinoreva kubvumira nechikonzero chikuru kushandisa izwi rekuti “impressionistic. chimiro” pane “rudo. chimiro ”(pano iyo ipfupi nguva yekuvapo kwegwara inoitawo basa). Munhu wacho ane rudo. nzira yakabatana nehukuru hwemunhu pamusoro pezvakajairwa, zvinojairika, zvenguva refu shanduko yerudo. nzira dzinoita kuti zviome kutora pfungwa yerudo rwumwechete. style. Kuchinja-chinja kwechokwadi. nzira, kupa zano, kunyanya, kusabvisa. nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutaura, zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvitayera, zvinotungamira kune chokwadi chekuti pfungwa yacho ndeyechokwadi. manyorerwo munziyo chaizvoizvo haana rudzi rupi norupi rwechokwadi; izvi zvinofanirwawo kuve zvakakonzerwa nemaitiro echivanhu. realism. Mukupesana navo, pfungwa yechinyakare manyorerwo (pamwe nekusajeka kwese kwezwi rinotsanangura) yakasarudzika; inowanzonzwisiswa sechimiro chakagadzirwa neViennese classic. chikoro, uye pfungwa yechikoro inosimuka pano kune zvinoreva gwara. Izvi zvinofambiswa neinorehwa nhoroondo uye geographic chokwadi chekuvapo kwegwara iri senzira iri padanho repamusoro rekukura kwayo, pamwe nenormativity yenzira yacho uye kuratidzwa kwayo mumamiriro ekupedzisira. kuumbwa kwemhando dzakawanda dzepasi rose, dzakagadzikana uye mafomu emimhanzi. mhosva dzakanyatsoburitsa humbowo hwayo. Kupenya kwezvitaera zvega zveJ. Haydn, WA Mozart naBeethoven hazviparadze stylistic kufanana kwemimhanzi yeViennese classics. Nekudaro, pamuenzaniso weiyo nhanho yenhoroondo, iyo concretization yepfungwa yakafararira - chimiro chenguva inooneka zvakare. Manyorerwo echivanhu aya anonyatso kuratidzwa munguva dzenhoroondo dzakasimba. nyonganyonga, apo kuchinja kwakapinza munzanga. hukama hunokonzeresa shanduko muhunyanzvi, inoratidzwa mune yayo stylistic maitiro. Mimhanzi, sechikumbiro chechinguvana, inopindirana ne "kuputika" kwakadaro. Great French. shanduko ye1789-94 yakabereka "intonation duramazwi renguva" (iyi tsananguro yakagadzirwa naBV Asafiev chaizvo maererano nechikamu ichi chechiitiko chenhoroondo), icho chakave chakazara mubasa raBeethoven. Muganhu wenguva itsva wakapfuura munguva yeViennese classics. intonation system, chimiro chekurira kwemimhanzi yaBeethoven dzimwe nguva inouunza padyo nemaforamu eFJ Gossec, the Marseillaise, nziyo dzaI. Pleyel naA. Gretry, kupfuura kune symphonies yaHaydn naMozart, kune avo ese asina kupokana maitiro. . commonality uye nzira yakasimba yekuratidza kuenderera mberi.

Kana maererano neboka rezvigadzirwa. vanyori vakasiyana-siyana kana basa reboka revanyori, pfungwa yemaitiro inoda kujekesa uye kujekesa, ipapo maererano nebasa reboka revanyori. vanyori inoratidzirwa nehukuru hwakanyanya. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekubatana kwehunyanzvi. hunhu uye kuverengwa kwenguva. tsananguro yehupamhi hwemabasa ayo. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi, hazvidikanwi kuva netsanangudzo isina kujeka, asi kuratidza huwandu hwemaitiro ekunyora uye zvinyorwa zvinobudisa nzvimbo yemunyori munhoroondo. maitiro uye humwe humwe hwekushandiswa kwestylistic. mafambiro enguva, gwara, nat. zvikoro, etc. Saka, nguva yakakwana yenguva yekusika. nzira, kunyanya akaperekedzwa nzira. zviitiko zvenhoroondo, kuchinja kukuru munharaunda. kuziva uye kukura kweunyanzvi, zvinogona kutungamira kune shanduko yemaitiro maitiro; semuenzaniso, maitiro ekunonoka kwaBeethoven anoratidzwa nezvisikwa. shanduko mumutauro wemimhanzi, misimboti yekuumbwa, iyo mukupedzisira sonatas uye quartets yemunyori inobatanidza nemaitiro erudo aibuda panguva iyoyo (10-20s yezana ramakore rechi 19). Mune 9th symphony (1824) uye mune akati wandei mabasa. mamwe marudzi anocherechedzwa organically. mubatanidzwa wezvimiro zvenguva dzevakuru uye dzekupedzisira dzebasa raBeethoven, zvichiratidza kuvepo kwemaitiro akabatana emunyori uye kushanduka kwawo. Pamuenzaniso we9th symphony kana op. sonata No. 32, inonyanya kujeka kuti zvinyorwa zvepfungwa uye zvekufananidzira zvinokanganisa sei maitiro ezvinyorwa (somuenzaniso, mifananidzo yehondo yehugamba muchikamu chekutanga che symphony, iyo iri pedyo nebasa renguva yakakura, kunyange yakafumiswa. ine zvinhu zvitsva, uye neuzivi hwekufungisisa. mazwi, achitarisa maitiro enguva yekupedzisira muchikamu chechitatu). Mienzaniso yekuchinja kwakajeka kwemaitiro inopiwa nekusika. kushanduka kweG. Verdi - kubva kune poster-like operas ye1s uye 3s. kune yakadzama tsamba "Othello". Izvi zvinotsanangurwa zvakare nekushanduka kubva kurudo. operas to realistic. mutambo wemimhanzi (kureva, kushanduka kwenzira), nekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi. orc unyanzvi. mabhii, uye kuwedzera uye kunoenderana kuratidzwa kweimwe general stylistic. mafambiro enguva (end-to-end development). Nheyo imwe chete yemaitiro emunyori inoramba ichivimba nemisimboti yeItaly. music theatre (netional factor), kupenya melodic. zororo (nezvese shanduko dzakaunzwa nehukama hwayo hutsva nemafomu ekuvhiya).

Kune zvakare vanyori vakadaro masitaera, to-rye mukati mekuumbwa kwavo uye budiriro inoratidzirwa nekusarudzika kukuru; izvi zvinoshanda kune ch. arr. kumatare emimhanzi 2nd floor. 19th-20th mazana emakore Saka, mubasa raI. Brahms, pane kusanganiswa kwemaitiro ezvinyorwa zvemumhanzi wenguva yaBach, Viennese classics, yekutanga, yakakura uye yekupedzisira yerudo. Imwe muenzaniso wakatonyanya kushamisa ibasa raDD Shostakovich, umo hukama hunosimbiswa neunyanzvi hwaJS Bach, L. Beethoven, PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky, SI Taneyev, G. Mahler nevamwe; mumimhanzi yake munhu anogonawo kuona kushandiswa kwemamwe maitiro ezvinyorwa zvekutaura, neoclassicism, kunyange impressionism, iyo isingapesani nebasa rimwe chete rokusika. nzira yemunyori—nzira yesosha. realism. Zvisikwa zvakadaro zvinoonekwa mubasa raShostakovich. iwo hunhu hwechimiro, sehunhu chaihwo hwekupindirana kwemaitiro echimiro, organicity uye hunhu hwekuita kwavo. Unhu uhwu hunotibvumira kutara mutsetse pakati pehupfumi hwemaitiro. kubatana uye eclecticism.

Stylization zvakare yakasiyana kubva kune yega synthesizing maitiro - kuziva. kushandiswa kwezvakaoma zvekutaura zvinoreva maitiro echimiro che k.-l. munyori, nguva kana gwara (somuenzaniso, kupindirana kwechifundisi kubva kuThe Queen of Spades, yakanyorwa “mumweya weMozart”). Mienzaniso yakaoma yemuenzaniso decomp. Zvitaera zvenguva dzakapfuura, kazhinji uchichengetedza zviratidzo zvenguva yekusika, ipa mabasa akanyorwa zvinoenderana neoclassicism (Pulcinella naStravinsky's The Rake's Adventures). Mune basa remazuva ano, kusanganisira. Soviet, vanyori, unogona kusangana nechiitiko chepolystylistics - kusanganiswa kwekuziva mune chimwe chigadzirwa. dec. stylistic maitiro kuburikidza neshanduko yakapinza, kubatanidza kwekusiyanisa kwakanyanya, dzimwe nguva kupokana "stylistic. zvimedu.”

Mafungiro enharaunda yemaitiro ane hukama zvakanyanya nepfungwa yetsika. Muitiro wega wega wemunyori wakavakirwa pahunyanzvi "hunyanzvi. zvakawanikwa ”(izwi re LA Mazel) pachiyero che otd. prod. kana hunyanzvi hwese uye panguva imwechete inosanganisira zvinhu zvezvitaera zvenguva dzakapfuura. Dzimwe nguva ivo vanobatanidzwa nemazita evanyori vakaita basa guru mukuvandudza unyanzvi kana kufanotaura nzira dzayo dzemangwana. Kugadzirisa stylistic commonality, isingadzoreki kune mechan. rondedzero yezvitaera, inobatsira kuziva nhoroondo. chimiro chekubatanidza stylistic, ratidza maitiro enhoroondo. process, izvo chaizvo zvenat yayo. kuratidzwa uye kudyidzana kwenyika. Kubatanidzwa kwezwi rekuti "maitiro" nepfungwa yechinyakare kunopupurira nhoroondo yekunaka kwemimhanzi iyi. chikamu, nezve kutsamira pane iyo ideological uye substantive chimiro uye hukama hwakadzama nekuparara kwayo. zviso. Izvi hazvisanganisire chiitiko uye zvinoenderana. kusununguka kwemaitiro, tk. zvepfungwa uye zvekufananidzira zviri munziyo. kudai-va inogona kuratidzwa chete kuburikidza nehurongwa hucharatidza. zvinoreva, ku-paradhiso uye ndiye mutakuri we stylistic. features. Nzira dzekutaura, izvo zvave zvimiro zvemaitiro, kuwana munhoroondo. process uye vakazvimiririra. zvichireva, kuva "kuratidza zviratidzo" zveimwe mhando yezvinyorwa: zvakanyanya kujeka zviratidzo izvi zvinoratidzwa, zvakajeka uye zvakajeka zviri mukati zvinoratidzwa. Saka kudiwa kwe stylistic ongororo inomisikidza dialectic. hukama pakati pemamiriro ezvakaitika kare, kugadzira. nzira, hunhu hwemuimbi uye akasarudzwa naye acharatidza. nzira yekuratidza mafambiro. kubatana uye stylistic generalizations, kusimudzira tsika uye hunyanzvi. Kuongororwa kwemaitiro inzvimbo yakakosha uye ine zvibereko yakagadziridzwa yezizi. musicology, iyo inobudirira inobatanidza kubudirira kwezvakaitika kare. uye theoretical maindasitiri.

Kuita hunyanzvi zvakare chinhu chakakosha chekuratidzwa kwemaitiro. Zvimiro zvake zvestylistic zvakanyanya kuoma kuziva, nekuti. perform. kududzira kunobva kwete chete pane chinangwa data rekodhi remimhanzi chinyorwa kamwe uye zvachose. Kunyangwe kuongororwa kwemakanika aripo parizvino, marekodhi ekuita magineti anobuda kubva kune mamwe maitiro ehumwe uye anozvimiririra. Nekudaro, tsananguro dzakadaro dziripo, uye kupatsanurwa kwavo kunoenderana neiyo huru. mirayiridzo muunyanzvi hwomunyori. Mukuita. art-ve inosanganisawo maitiro emunhu emuimbi uye akatekeshera maitiro enguva; kududzirwa kwechimwe kana chimwe chigadzirwa. zvinoenderana nekunaka. mafungiro, maonero uye maitiro emuimbi. Panguva imwecheteyo, maitiro akadai se "rudo." chimiro kana kuti "classic." maitiro ekuita, anobatanidzwa zvakanyanya neakazara manzwiro eruvara rwedudziro - yemahara, ine misiyano yakananga kana kuomarara, yakaenzana. "Impressionistic" maitiro ekuita anowanzo kunzi maitiro ekuyemura mavara ane mavara eruzha anokunda pfungwa yechimiro. Nokudaro, tsananguro dzichazadzikiswa. manyorerwo, anopindirana nemazita emaitiro anofambirana kana mafambiro muunyanzvi hwemunyori, kazhinji anobva pa k.-l. munhu aesthetic zviratidzo.

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EM Tsareva