Fretted rhythm |

Mumhanzi-theoretical pfungwa yakagadzirwa naBL Yavorsky. Pakutanga (kubvira 1908) yakanzi "chimiro chekutaura kwemimhanzi", kubva muna 1918 - "dzidziso yekunzwa kwegiravhiti"; L. r. - zita rayo rinonyanya kuzivikanwa (rakaunzwa muna 1912). Nheyo dzedzidziso yeL. river. yakatanga mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Izwi rokuti LR” rinoreva kuvhurwa kwemodhi nenguva. Nheyo huru yedzidziso yeLR: kuvapo kwemarudzi maviri akasiyana ehukama hwehukama - husina kugadzikana uye hwakagadzikana; kukwezva kwekusagadzikana kwekugadzirisa mukugadzikana kunokosha kune muses. dynamics uye kunyanya pakuvaka frets. Maererano naYavorsky, simba rinokwevera rinonzwika rinonyatsoenderana nekutarisa kwemunhu munzvimbo yakapoteredza, sezvinopupurirwa nechinzvimbo chechikamu chekuenzanisa - semicircular canals munharaunda yekuongorora inoona mimhanzi. Musiyano kubva ku-dissonance uye consonance ndewekuti manzwi asina kugadzikana uye nguva dzinogona kuwirirana (somuenzaniso, chetatu hd kana fa muC-dur) uye, zvakasiyana, yakagadzikana consonances (tonics) yemodhi inogona dissonate (somuenzaniso, kuwedzera uye kuderera katatu) . Yavorsky anoona kunobva kusagadzikana mukati mechikamu che triton ("six-luton ratio"). Mune izvi, anovimba nepfungwa yeiyo tritone sechinhu chakakosha kukurudzira kusimudzira modal, inoiswa pamberi naSI Taneev mu con. 19th century (basa "Ongororo yezvirongwa zvemodulation muBeethoven's sonatas") uye yakagadziridzwa naye gare gare (tsamba kuna NN Amani, 1903). Chiitiko chekuongorora mabunks samples zvakare chakatungamira kune iyo pfungwa yekukosha kwakakosha kweYavorsky's newt. music. Pamwe chete nekugadzirisa kwayo kune chikamu chikuru chetatu, triton inoumba kubatana kwekutanga kwekusagadzikana uye kugadzikana - "imwe symmetrical system"; masisitimu maviri akadaro ari pachinhambwe chesemitone anobatana kuita "double symmetrical system", uko kugadzirisa kuri kwetatu diki. Iko kusanganiswa kweaya masisitimu anoumba decomp. frets, uye kusagadzikana kwegadziriro imwe chete kunosuma basa ("modal moment") yehutongi, uye iyo yakapetwa kaviri system inosuma subdominants. Nzvimbo yemanzwi mukuwirirana ndiyo inotara mwero wekusimba kwawo (“kupenya”).

Harmony, nokudaro, inonambwa seti yegiravhiti (“conjugations”) yemanzwi asina kugadzikana kuva akatsiga anoagadzirisa. Kubva pano kunouya izvo zvinowanzogamuchirwa mumazizi. musicology, iyo pfungwa yemodhi seyakanyanya kurongeka pateni yesimba. hunhu, sekurwisana kwemasimba anopikisa. Kududzirwa kweiyo mode kwakadzika zvakanyanya mukuenzanisa neyekutanga, chiyero (sezvo chiyero hachiratidzi chimiro chemukati meiyo mode).

Pamwe chete nehukuru uye hudiki, dzidziso yemutsara r. inosimbisa modes, tonics ayo asingamiriri makonzonenzi: kuwedzera, kuderera, cheni (kubatanidzwa kwezvikamu zviviri zvikuru muzvitatu, semuenzaniso, ce-es-g, kureva mukuru-mudiki wezita rimwe chete). Boka rakakosha rinoumbwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, apo inzwi rimwechete rinogona kuva nechirevo cheviri - chisina kugadzikana uye chakagadzikana, ndicho chikonzero chekutamiswa kwe tonic. Iyo yakanyanya kuoma ndeye "double-modes" inomuka apo kusagadzikana kunogadziriswa kaviri - "mukati nekunze" (zvose zvinogadziriswa zvinoparadzaniswa kubva kune imwe neimwe ne tritone, kuitira kuti kaviri-huru, semuenzaniso, inobatanidza zviratidzo zve C-dur uye Fis-dur).

Imwe neimwe yemamodhi ine maitiro ayo ehunhu (semuenzaniso, mune yakawedzera modhi - zvigadziriso kune inoenderana triad, kutevedzana pazvitatu zvikuru kana zvidiki zvitanhatu, chords ine yakawedzera yechitanhatu, nheyo dzekupfeka mukati mechikamu chetatu chakadzikira, nezvimwe. ) Wana dudziro. zviyero: pentatonic scale (yakakura kana diki ine tritone inonzwika kure), "Hungarian scale" (yakawedzera fret yemaitiro maviri ega ega), yakazara-toni uye toni-semitone zviyero (yakawedzera uye yakaderera frets, pamwe nekaviri frets).

Kuwanikwa kwe "mamodhi matsva" ndeimwe yesainzi yakakosha. kunaka kwaYavorsky, sezvo vazhinji vavo varipo chaizvo mumimhanzi yezana remakore rechi19-20, kunyanya mubasa raF. Liszt, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AN Scriabin. Yavorsky akaratidzawo nguva nenguva zvikero zvakavakwa (izvo zvinodaidzwa kuti modes ine shoma transposition), iyo yaakashandisa mubasa rake rokusika makore akawanda gare gare. dzidzira O. Messiaen. Pfungwa yekusiyana kwe modal inotsanangura zvakawanda. zviitiko zvemimhanzi yevanhu; panguva imwe chete, inobatsira kutsanangura zvimwe zvikamu zve polytonality. Kutsinhirwa kwekugona kwemaitiro e modal anoenda mhiri kwechikuru-chidiki kunopesana kwakakosha kune pfungwa, maererano neiyo huru nediki inogona kungotsiviwa nekurambwa kwesangano remodal kazhinji, kureva atonality.

Rutivi rwusina njodzi rweYavorsky's modal theory ndiyo nzira yekugadzira mafrets pane matatu matatu. Iko hakuna chikonzero chekuona mu tritone sosi yepasi rose yekushushikana kuumbwa; izvi zvinonyatsoratidzwa nemafrets ekare, asina triton, to-rye, zvinopesana nezvakaitika kare. budiriro inofanirwa kududzirwa semhando dzisina kukwana dzemaumbirwo akaomarara. Zvinhu zvedzidziso yedzidziso zviripowo mukutsanangurwa kwemukati. fret zvimiro, izvo dzimwe nguva zvinotungamira mukupokana nechokwadi. Zvakangodaro, kukosha kwedzidziso yaYavorsky kunotsanangurwa zvisingagoneki zvese neiyo yakakosha nzira yedambudziko pachayo uye nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemodhi dzave kuzivikanwa.

Ladotonal hukama (izwi rokuti "tonality" rakaunzwa naYavorsky) rinofungidzirwa maererano nechimiro uye rhythmic. zviyero (semuenzaniso, "kutsauka muchikamu chechitatu chefomu"). Inonyanya kufarira ndeye "chiyero chekuenzanisa nemhedzisiro", umo maviri kana anopfuura asingabatanidzi tonalties anogadzira kukakavara, mhedziso kubva iyo inova "mhedzisiro" - tonality inobatanidza ese apfuura. Yavorsky akagadzira pano pfungwa ye "kubatanidza tonality yemhando yepamusoro" yakaiswa pamberi pekutanga naTaneyev. Nheyo ye "kuenzanisa nemhedzisiro" inonzwisiswa zvakare zvakanyanya, sekudhumhana kwenguva dzinopesana nemhedzisiro. Panguva imwecheteyo, chikonzero chemakakatanwa anotevera mune imwe yapfuura inosimbiswa.

Nzvimbo huru mudzidziso yeL. r. inobata dambudziko rekudimburwa basa. Yavorsky akagadzira pfungwa ye caesura nemhando dzayo. Kubva pane analogies nekutaura kwekutaura, pfungwa ye caesuria inopfumisa dzidziso yekuita, kunyanya dzidziso yezvirevo. Rutivi rwakapesana - kutaura - kwakawana kutaura mu "nheyo yekubatanidza" (kubatanidzwa kure), mune pfungwa ye "kufukidza" sechinhu chekunamatira, kunamatira. Pfungwa yeinzwi serokutanga sero remuses inounzwa. chimiro uye kuratidza; kunobva pakubatana kwemanzwi decomp. modal meaning. Imwe-chikamu (kuvaka pane rimwe basa) uye maviri-partness (shanduko yemabasa maviri) inosiyaniswa; muzvikamu zviviri, chirevo chinosiyaniswa - nguva yekugadzirira (pfungwa yave kupararira) uye ikt - nguva yekupedzisira uye inotsanangura.

Rhythm inonzwisiswa senzvimbo yese yehukama hwenguva - kubva padiki kusvika pachiyero pakati pezvikamu zvakakura. Panguva imwecheteyo, rhythmic phenomena izere ne modal content; pfungwa yokuita mutinhimira inotsanangurwa se“kukwanisa kufamba nenguva, musimba rinokwevera rinonzwika nguva dzose.” Kubva pano, pfungwa yakajairika inomuka, iyo yakapa zita. iyo dzidziso yese: modal rhythm senzira yekuburitsa modhi nenguva.

Iyo fomu inotariswa zvakare muhukama hwepedyo nekugadzikana uye kusagadzikana hukama. Yakaratidzwa kwekutanga kuti mafomu anomiririra kushandiswa kwemitemo yakawanda yekuumba. Mafungiro efomu seimba yekuchengetera yakasarudzika uye schema seyakajairwa typified chimiro inoganhurwa. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvedzidziso yeL. river. - chishuwo chekubatanidza nyaya dzechimiro nehunyanzvi. maonero emimhanzi. Pasinei nemamiriro edzidziso akaonekwa pano, zvakare, pakanga paine tsika yekufunga mimhanzi sekutaura kwemunhu, kuratidza kunaka. zvinoreva mafomu, kuvaswededza pedyo nekufanana. zviitiko zvedzimwe mhosva. Aya maficha aive nemhedzisiro yakanaka mukuita kwekushandisa data reL. river. yedzidzo yemimhanzi, yezvidzidzo "kuteerera mimhanzi".

Nokudaro, kunyange zvazvo pfungwa yakazara yeLR, iyo inonyatsotevera mharidzo yemunyori, haina kuchengetedza kukosha kwayo, dzakawanda dzepfungwa dzayo dzinobereka zvibereko, nezvimwewo pfungwa dzakananga dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Mumabasa emazizi. nyanzvi dzemimhanzi LV Kulakovsky, ME Tarakanov, VP Dernova vakafungazve kana kumutsidzira nzira dzekuongorora Nar. nziyo, pfungwa dzeLR, mbiri-modhi.

References: Yavorsky BL, Chimiro chekutaura kwemimhanzi. Zvishandiso uye zvinyorwa, chikamu 1-3, M., 1908; yake pachake, Maekisesaizi mukugadzira modal rhythm, chikamu 1, M., 1915, M., 1928; ake, Basic zvinhu zvemimhanzi, M., 1923; yake pachake, Kuvaka melodic process, mubhuku: Belyaeva-Ekzemplyarskaya S., Yavorsky B., Melody structure, M., 1929; Bryusova N., Sainzi yemimhanzi, nzira dzayo dzenhoroondo uye mamiriro azvino, M., 1910; yake pachake, Boleslav Leopoldovich Yavorsky, muunganidzwa: B. Yavorsky, vol. 1, M., 1964; Kulakovsky L., De-yaki zivchennya BL Yavorsky, "Music", 1924, chikamu 10-12; yake pachake, Padzidziso ye modal rhythm nemabasa ayo, "Musical Education", 1930, No 1; Belyaev V., Analysis of modulations muBeethoven's sonatas, SI Taneev, muunganidzwa: Russian book about Beethoven, M, 1927; Protopopov S., Zvinhu zvechimiro chekutaura kwemimhanzi, zvikamu 1-2, M., 1930; Ryzhkin I., Dzidziso ye modal rhythm, mubhuku: Mazel L., Ryzhkin I., Essays panhoroondo ye theoretical musicology, vol. 2, M.-L., 1939; Tsamba kubva kuSI Taneyev kuenda kuNN Amani, EF Napravnik, IA Vsevolozhsky, SM, 1940, No 7; Mukurangarira Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev, 1856-1946. Sat. zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvemakore 90 okuberekwa kwake, M.-L., 1947; Zukkerman V., Kulakovsky L., Yavorsky-theorist, "SM", 1957, No 12; Lunacharsky AB, Hurukuro pamusangano wedzidziso yemodal rhythm Kukadzi 5, 1930 muMoscow, muna Sat: B. Yavorsky, vol. 1, M., 1964; Zukkerman VA, Yavorsky-theorist, ibid.; Kholopov Yu. N., Symmetric modes mune theoretical masisitimu eYavorsky naMesiaen, mu: Music and Modernity, vol. 7, M., 1971.

VA Zuckerman