Charles Gounod |

Charles Gounod

Gounod. Faust. “Le veau dor” (F. Chaliapin)

Art mwoyo unokwanisa kufunga. Sh. Gono

C. Gounod, munyori weiyo opera ine mukurumbira pasi rose Faust, inogara imwe yenzvimbo dzinoremekedzwa pakati pevanyori vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Akapinda munhoroondo yemimhanzi semumwe wevatangi venzira itsva mumhando yeopera, iyo yakazogamuchira zita rokuti "lyric opera". Mumhando ipi neipi yaishandiswa nemunyori, aigara achifarira kusimudzira nziyo. Aitenda kuti mutinhimira waizogara uri kutaura kwakachena kwepfungwa dzevanhu. Pesvedzero yaGounod yakakanganisa basa revanyori J. Bizet naJ. Massenet.

Munziyo, Gounod anogara achikunda nziyo; muopera, muimbi anoita seshasha yemifananidzo yemumhanzi uye muimbi anonzwira tsitsi, achiburitsa chokwadi chemamiriro ehupenyu. Mumaitiro ake ekutaura, kutendeseka uye kureruka zvinogara zvichigara nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwekuumba. Yakanga iri nokuda kweunhu uhwu P. Tchaikovsky akaonga mimhanzi yemuimbi weFrance, uyo akatoita opera Faust paPryanishnikov Theater muna 1892. Maererano naye, Gounod "mumwe wevashoma avo munguva yedu vanonyora kwete kubva pane zvakambofungidzirwa. , asi kubva mukupinzwa manzwiro.”

Gounod anozivikanwa zviri nani semunyori weopera, ane gumi nemaviri operas, uyezve akagadzira kwaya mabasa (oratorios, masses, cantatas), 12 symphonies, ensembles ezviridzwa, piyano zvidimbu, anopfuura zana nemakumi mana erudo nenziyo, duets, mimhanzi yetheater. .

Gounod akaberekerwa mumhuri yemuimbi. Nechekare muhudiki, kugona kwake kudhirowa uye mimhanzi kwakazviratidza. Mushure mekufa kwababa vake, amai vake vakatarisira dzidzo yemwanakomana wavo (kusanganisira mimhanzi). Gounod akadzidza dzidziso yemimhanzi naA. Reicha. Maonero ekutanga eimba yeopera, iyo yakatambira G. Rossini's opera Otello, yakasarudza sarudzo yebasa remangwana. Zvisinei, amai, vakadzidza nezvechisarudzo chemwanakomana wavo uye vachiona matambudziko munzira yemuimbi, vakaedza kuramba.

Mutungamiriri welyceum uko Gounod akadzidza akavimbisa kumubatsira kunyevera mwanakomana wake pamusoro peichi danho rokusangwarira. Panguva yekuzorora pakati pekirasi, akadana Gounod ndokumupa bepa raiva nemashoko echiLatin. Aive manyoro erudo kubva kuopera yaE. Megul. Chokwadi, Gounod akanga asati aziva basa iri. "Nekuchinja kunotevera, rudo rwakanyorwa ..." muimbi akayeuka. “Ndakanga ndisati ndamboimba hafu yerwiyo rwekutanga apo chiso chemutongi wangu chakapenya. Pandakapedza, mutungamiriri akati: “Eya, zvino ngatiendei ku piyano.” Ndakakunda! Iye zvino ndichave ndakashongedzerwa zvakakwana. Ndakarasazve rwiyo rwangu, uye ndakakunda VaPoirson, mumisodzi, vakabata musoro wangu, vakanditsvoda ndokuti: “Mwana wangu, iva muimbi!” Vadzidzisi vaGounod paParis Conservatory vaiva vaimbi vakuru F. Halévy, J. Lesueur naF .Paer. Mushure mekuedza kwechitatu muna 1839, Gounod akazova muridzi weGreat Roman Prize ye cantata Fernand.

Nguva yekutanga yekusika inoratidzwa nekunyanya kwemabasa emweya. Muna 1843-48. Gounod aive organist uye mutungamiriri wekwaya yeChurch of Foreign Missions muParis. Aitoda kutora mirairo tsvene, asi mukupera kwema40s. mushure mekuzeza kwenguva refu kunodzokera kune art. Kubva panguva iyoyo, iyo operatic genre yave inotungamira genre mubasa raGounod.

Opera yekutanga Sappho (yakasununguka naE. Ogier) yakaitwa muParis paGrand Opera musi waAugust 16, 1851. Chikamu chikuru chakanyorwa kunyanya kuna Pauline Viardot. Nekudaro, iyo opera haina kugara mune yemitambo repertoire uye yakabviswa mushure mekuita kwechinomwe. G. Berlioz akapa nzvero inoparadzanya yeiri basa mupepanhau.

Mumakore akatevera, Gounod akanyora operas The Bloody Nun (1854), The Reluctant Doctor (1858), Faust (1859). Mu "Faust" naIV Goethe, kutarisa kwaGounod kwakakwezvwa nechirongwa kubva pachikamu chekutanga chemutambo.

Muchinyorwa chekutanga, opera, yaida kuitirwa paTheatre Lyrique muParis, yaive nemataurirwo ehurukuro uye nhaurirano. Yakanga isiri kusvika 1869 pavakagadzirirwa mimhanzi yekugadzirwa kuGrand Opera, uye ballet Walpurgis Night yakaiswawo. Pasinei nekubudirira kukuru kweiyo opera mumakore akatevera, vatsoropodzi vakaramba vachinyomba munyori nekupfupisa chiyero chezvinyorwa uye nhetembo sosi, vachitarisa pachikamu cherwiyo kubva muhupenyu hwaFaust naMargarita.

Mushure meFaust, Philemon naBaucis (1860) vakaonekwa, chirongwa chayo chakakweretwa kubva kuOvid's Metamorphoses; “Mambokadzi weShebha” (1862) yakavakirwa pangano yechiArab yakanyorwa naJ. de Nerval; Mireil (1864) uye comic opera The Njiva (1860), iyo isina kuunza kubudirira kune munyori. Sezvineiwo, Gounod akanga asina chokwadi nezvezvaakasika.

Chechipiri chepamusoro chebasa raGounod rokuimba rakanga riri opera Romeo naJuliet (1867) (yakavakirwa pana W. Shakespeare). Munyori akashanda pairi nechido chikuru. “Ndinozviona zviri zviviri pamberi pangu: ndinovanzwa; asi ndaona zvakanaka here? Ichokwadi here, ndakavanzwa vese vanodanana nemazvo? munyori akanyorera mudzimai wake. Romeo naJuliet yakaitwa muna 1867 mugore reWorld Exhibition muParis pachikuva cheTheatre Lyrique. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti muRussia (muMoscow) yakaitwa makore matatu gare gare nevanyori veboka reItaly, chikamu cheJuliet chakaimbwa naDesiree Artaud.

Maopera eFifth yaKurume, Polievkt, uye Zamora's Tribute (1881) akanyorwa mushure meRomeo naJuliet haana kunyatsobudirira. Makore okupedzisira oupenyu hwomunyori akaratidzirwazve nemirangariro yavafundisi. Akatendeukira kumhando dzenziyo dzekwaya - akagadzira canvas yakakura "Ruregerero" (1882) uye oratorio "Rufu neHupenyu" (1886), iyo kuumbwa kwayo, sechikamu chakakosha, chaisanganisira Requiem.

Munhaka yeGounod mune mabasa maviri ayo, sokunge zvakadaro, anowedzera kunzwisisa kwedu tarenda remunyori uye kupupurira kugona kwake kwekunyora kwakanyanya. Imwe yacho yakatsaurirwa kune WAMozart's opera "Don Giovanni", imwe yacho memoir "Memoirs of an Artist", umo maficha matsva ehunhu nehunhu hwaGounod zvakaratidzwa.

L. Kozhevnikova

Nguva yakakosha yemimhanzi yeFrance inosanganiswa nezita reGounod. Pasina kusiya vadzidzi vakananga - Gounod akange asiri kuita zvekudzidzisa - aive nesimba guru kune vadiki venguva yake. Zvakakanganisa, kutanga kwezvose, kuvandudzwa kweimba yemitambo.

Pakazosvika makore makumi mashanu, apo "Grand opera" yakapinda munguva yenhamo ndokutanga kurarama, maitiro matsva akabuda muimba yemitambo. Mufananidzo werudo wekuwedzeredza, manzwiro ekuwedzera ehunhu hwakasarudzika akatsiviwa nekufarira hupenyu hwemunhuwo zvake, munhuwo zvake, muhupenyu hwakamupoteredza, munharaunda yekunzwa kwepedyo. Mundima yemutauro wemimhanzi, izvi zvakaratidzwa nekutsvaga kwehupenyu huri nyore, kutendeseka, kudziya kwekutaura, lyricism. Saka zvakapamhama kupfuura kare kukwezva kumhando dzedemocracy dzenziyo, rudo, kutamba, kufora, kuhurongwa hwemazuva ano hwemataurirwo ezuva nezuva. Aya ndiwo aive maitiro ekusimbaradza kwechokwadi maitiro mune yemazuva ano art yeFrench.

Kutsvaga kwemisimboti mitsva yemutambo wemumhanzi uye nzira nyowani dzekutaura kwakatsanangurwa mune mamwe lyric-comedy opera naBoildieu, Herold naHalévy. Asi maitiro aya akaratidzirwa zvizere chete pakupera kwe50s uye muma60s. Heino rondedzero yeakanyanya mukurumbira mabasa akagadzirwa pamberi pe70s, anogona kushanda semuenzaniso werudzi rutsva rwe "lyrical opera" (mazuva ekutanga emabasa aya anoratidzwa):

1859 - "Faust" naGounod, 1863 - "Pearl Seekers" Bizet, 1864 - "Mireille" Gounod, 1866 - "Minion" Thomas, 1867 - "Romeo naJuliet" Gounod, 1867 - "Runako rwePerth" Bizet 1868 - "Hamlet" naTom.

Nekumwe kusachengeteka, mitambo yaMeyerbeer yekupedzisira Dinora (1859) uye The African Woman (1865) inogona kuverengerwa mumhando iyi.

Pasinei nekusiyana, ma opera akanyorwa ane huwandu hwezvinhu zvakafanana. Pakati pane mufananidzo wemutambo wemunhu. Kududzwa kwemanzwiro enziyo kunopihwa pekutanga; nokuda kwekutapurirana kwavo, vanyori vanotendeukira zvakanyanya kuchinhu cherudo. Mamiriro emamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo echiito anewo kukosha kukuru, ndicho chikonzero basa remhando dzemhando dzemaitiro dzinowedzera.

Asi nekukosha kwese kwakakosha kwekukunda kutsva uku, lyric opera, serumwe rudzi rweFrance mimhanzi theatre yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, yakashaya hupamhi hwemafungiro ayo uye ehunyanzvi. Zvinyorwa zvehuzivi mumanovhero aGoethe kana kuti njodzi dzaShakespeare dzakaonekwa "dzakadzikiswa" pachikuva chetiyetera, dzichiwana chitarisiko chemazuva ese chisina kuzvikudza - mabhuku echinyakare ezvinyorwa akanyimwa pfungwa huru yekuumba, kupinza kwekutaura kwekukonana kwehupenyu, uye chiyero chechokwadi che zvido. Kumaopera enziyo, kazhinji, airatidza nzira dzechokwadi pane kupa kutaura kwakazara kweropa. Zvisinei, kubudirira kwavo pasina mubvunzo kwaiva democratization yemutauro wemimhanzi.

Gounod ndiye aive wekutanga pakati pevenguva yake akakwanisa kubatanidza izvi zvakanaka zve lyric opera. Uku ndiko kukosha kwenguva refu kwenhoroondo yebasa rake. Nekunzwa achibata imba yekuchengetera uye hunhu hwemimhanzi yehupenyu hwemudhorobha - zvaive zvisina chikonzero kuti kwemakore masere (1852-1860) akatungamira maParisian "Orpheonists", - Gounod akawana nzira nyowani dzemimhanzi uye inoshamisa kutaura kwaienderana nezvinodiwa. nguva. Akawana mumhanzi weFrench opera uye werudo mukana wakapfuma kwazvo we "sociable" mazwi enziyo, akananga uye asingafungire, akazadzwa nedemocracy. Tchaikovsky akataura nenzira yakarurama kuti Gounod “mumwe wevanyori vashomanene avo munguva yedu vanonyora kwete kubva mudzidziso dzagara dziripo, asi kubva mukuiswa kwemirangariro.” Mumakore apo tarenda rake guru rakabudirira, ndiko kuti, kubva muhafu yechipiri ye50s uye mu60s, hama dzeGoncourt dzakatora nzvimbo yakakurumbira mumabhuku, avo vaizviona sevavambi vechikoro chitsva cheunyanzvi - vakachidana kuti " chikoro chekunzwa kutya." Gounod inogona kuverengerwa chikamu mairi.

Zvisinei, “kunzwisisa” hakusi iko kwesimba chete, asiwo kwekusasimba kwaGounod. Nekutya kuita kune zvinoonekwa zvehupenyu, akakundwa nyore nyore kune dzakasiyana siyana pesvedzero, aive asina kugadzikana semunhu uye muimbi. Hunhu hwake huzere nekupokana: kana akazvininipisa akakotamisa musoro wake pamberi pechitendero, uye muna 1847-1848 akatoda kuva abbot, kana kuti akazvipira zvachose kuzvishuvo zvepanyika. Muna 1857, Gounod akanga ava pedyo nechirwere chepfungwa chakakomba, asi mumakore ekuma60 akashanda zvakanyanya, achibudirira. Mumakumi maviri amakore akatevera, achiwira zvakare mupesvedzero yakasimba yemirangariro yavafundisi, akakundikana kuramba ari mutsinhirano namagamuchidzanwa anofambira mberi.

Gounod haana kugadzikana munzvimbo dzake dzekugadzira - izvi zvinotsanangura kusaenzana kwekubudirira kwake kwehunyanzvi. Pamusoro pazvose, achikoshesa kunaka uye kuchinjika kwekutaura, akagadzira mimhanzi ine upenyu, ichiratidza zvine hunyoro shanduko yemamiriro epfungwa, izere nenyasha uye nerunako rwenyama. Asi kazhinji simba rechokwadi uye kukwana kwekutaura mukuratidza kupesana kwehupenyu, ndiko kuti, chii chiri hunhu hwe genius Bizet, hazvina kukwana chipo Gounod. Hunhu hwekunzwira tsitsi dzimwe nguva hwaipinda mumhanzi weyekupedzisira, uye kunakidza kwemutinhimira kwakatsiva kudzika kwezviri mukati.

Zvakangodaro, mushure mekunge awana kwainobva kurudziro yerwiyo yaive isati yamboongororwa mumhanzi weFrance, Gounod akaitira hunyanzvi hweRussia, uye opera yake Faust mukuzivikanwa kwayo yakakwanisa kukwikwidza nepamusoro-soro kusikwa kweFrench musical theatre yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX - Bizet's Carmen. Nechekare nebasa iri, Gounod akanyora zita rake munhoroondo kwete French chete, asiwo nyika mimhanzi tsika.

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Munyori wemaopera gumi nemaviri, anopfuura zana erudo, nhamba huru yezvinyorwa zvemweya izvo akatanga uye akapedzisa basa rake, akati wandei mabasa ezviridzwa (kusanganisira matatu symphonies, yekupedzisira kune zviridzwa zvemhepo), Charles Gounod akaberekwa muna Chikumi 17. , 1818. Baba vake vaiva muimbi, amai vake vaiva muimbi akanakisisa. Nzira yehupenyu hwemhuri, zvido zvayo zveunyanzvi zvakaunza maitiro eunyanzvi eGounod. Akawana hunyanzvi hwekunyora kubva kuvadzidzisi vakati wandei vane zvishuwo zvakasiyana zvekugadzira (Antonin Reicha, Jean-Francois Lesueur, Fromental Halévy). Semubairo weParis Conservatoire (akava mudzidzi pazera remakore gumi nemanomwe), Gounod akapedza 1839-1842 muItaly, ipapo - muchidimbu - muVienna neGermany. Mifananidzo yakanaka kubva kuItaly yaive yakasimba, asi Gounod akaodzwa mwoyo nemimhanzi yemazuva ano yekuItaly. Asi akawira pasi pechitsinga chaSchumann naMendelssohn, avo vane simba risina kupfuura pasina mutsara kwaari.

Kubva pakutanga kwe50s, Gounod ave achinyanya kushingaira muhupenyu hwemimhanzi hweParis. Opera yake yekutanga, Sappho, yakatanga muna 1851; ichiteverwa nenziyo inonzi The Bloodied Nun muna 1854. Mabasa ose ari maviri, akarongwa paGrand Opera, anoratidzwa nekusaenzana, melodrama, kunyange kushamisira kwemaitiro. Havana kubudirira. Kunyanya kudziya kwaive "Chiremba nekusazvidira" (maererano naMolière), akaratidzwa muna 1858 pa "Lyric Theatre": chiitiko chenyambo, mamiriro chaiwo echiito, hupenyu hwevatambi hwakamutsa mativi matsva etarenda raGounod. Vakazviratidza nesimba rakazara mubasa raitevera. Yakanga iri Faust, yakarongwa panzvimbo imwe cheteyo yemitambo muna 1859. Zvakatora nguva yakati kuti vateereri vade opera uye kuziva mavambo ayo matsva. Makore gumi chete gare gare akapinda muGrand Orera, uye nhaurirano dzepakutanga dzakatsiviwa nekudzokorora uye zviitiko zveballet zvakawedzerwa. Muna 1887, kuita kwemazana mashanu kweFaust kwakaitirwa pano, uye muna 1894 kuita kwayo kwechiuru kwakapembererwa (muna 1932 - zviuru zviviri). (Kugadzirwa kwekutanga kweFaust muRussia kwakaitika muna 1869.)

Mushure meiri basa rakanyorwa zvine hunyanzvi, mukutanga ma60s, Gounod akagadzira maviri epakati ecomic opera, pamwe neThe Queen of Sheba, akatsigirwa mumweya weScribe-Meyerbeer dramaturgy. Kutendeuka ipapo muna 1863 kune nhetembo yeProvençal mudetembi Frederic Mistral "Mireil", Gounod akasika basa, mapeji akawanda ayo anotsanangura, anokwezva nenziyo dzisinganzwisisiki. Mifananidzo yezvisikwa uye hupenyu hwekumaruwa kumaodzanyemba kweFrance yakawana chimiro chenhetembo mumimhanzi (ona kwaya yezviito I kana IV). Muimbi akaburitsa nziyo dzechokwadi dzeProvencal muchibodzwa chake; muenzaniso rwiyo rwekare rwerudo "O, Magali", iyo inobata basa rinokosha mumutambo we opera. Mufananidzo wepakati wemusikana murombo Mireil, uyo ari kufa muhondo yekufara nemudiwa wake, anotsanangurwa zvine hushamwari. Zvakadaro, mhanzi yaGounod, umo mune nyasha dzakawanda kupfuura juicy plethora, yakaderera mune realism uye kupenya kune Bizet's Arlesian, uko mamiriro eProvence anofambiswa nekukwana kunoshamisa.

Gounod yekupedzisira yakakosha kubudirira kwehunyanzvi ndeye opera Romeo naJuliet. Kutanga kwayo kwakaitika muna 1867 uye kwakaratidzirwa nekubudirira kukuru - mukati memakore maviri mitambo makumi mapfumbamwe yakaitika. Nyangwe dambudziko Shakespeare pano akadudzirwa mumweya mutambo wenziyo, nhamba dzakanakisisa dze opera - uye idzi dzinosanganisira mana duets evatambi vakuru (pabhora, pavharanda, muimba yekurara yaJuliet uye mu crypt), Juliet's waltz, Romeo's cavatina - vane manzwiro ekukurumidzira, chokwadi chekudzokorora. uye melodic runako irwo hunhu hwemunhu manyorerwo Gounod.

Mimhanzi nemitambo yemitambo yakanyorwa mushure mezvo inoratidza kutanga kwepfungwa uye hunyanzvi dambudziko mubasa remunyori, iro rinobatanidzwa nekusimbiswa kwevafundisi mumaonero ake enyika. Mumakore gumi nemaviri ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, Gounod haana kunyora operas. Akafa musi waOctober 18, 1893.

Nokudaro, “Faust” yakanga iri chisiko chake chakanakisisa. Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso wekare weFrench lyric opera, ine zvese zvakanaka uye zvimwe zvekukanganisa kwayo.

M. Druskin

Essays

Operas (zvese 12) (mazuva ari mumaparenthes)

Sappho, libretto naOgier (1851, editions nyowani - 1858, 1881) The Bloodied Nun, yakasununguka naScribe naDelavigne (1854) The Unwitting Chiremba, libretto naBarbier naCarré (1858) Faust, libretto naBarbier (1859 Carré, 1869) edition - 1860) Njiva, yakasununguka naBarbier naCarré (1860) Philemon naBaucis, yakasununguka naBarbier naCarré (1876, chinyorwa chitsva - 1862) "The Empress of Savskaya", libretto naBarbier naCarre (1864, libretto Mireille) naBarbier naCarré (1874, chinyorwa chitsva - 1867) Romeo naJuliet, libretto naBarbier naCarré (1888, chinyorwa chitsva - 1877) Saint-Map, libretto naBarbier naCarré (1878) Polyeuct, libretto naBarbier naCarré (1881 "Zuva raZamora", rakasununguka naBarbier naCarré (XNUMX)

Mimhanzi mumutambo wemitambo Makwaya kunhamo yaPonsard "Odysseus" (1852) Mimhanzi yemutambo waLegouwe "Two Queens of France" (1872) Mimhanzi yemutambo waBarbier Joan weArc (1873)

Zvinyorwa zvemweya 14 misa, 3 requiems, "Stabat mater", "Te Deum", akati wandei oratorios (pakati pavo - "Yananisiro", 1881; "Rufu neHupenyu", 1884), 50 nziyo dzemweya, pamusoro pe150 chorales nezvimwe.

Mumhanzi wenzwi Zvinopfuura zana zverudo nenziyo (dzakanakisa dzakaburitswa muzvikamu zvina zverudo makumi maviri chimwe nechimwe), nziyo dzemanzwi, akawanda-manzwi echirume kwaya (ye "orpheonists"), cantata "Gallia" nevamwe.

Symphonic inoshanda Chekutanga Symphony muD chikuru (1851) Chechipiri Symphony Es-dur (1855) Little Symphony yezviridzwa zvemhepo (1888) nevamwe.

Uye zvakare, akati wandei zvidimbu zvepiyano uye zvimwe zviridzwa zvega, chamber ensembles

Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa "Memoirs of an Artist" (yakabudiswa mushure mekufa), nhamba yezvinyorwa