Wilhelm Kempff |
Wilhelm Kempff
Mumitambo yemitambo yezana remakore rechi20, kuvapo uye kunyange kutarisana kwemaitiro maviri, nzvimbo mbiri dzakasiyana-siyana dzeunyanzvi uye maonero pamusoro pebasa remuimbi anogona kurondwa zvakajeka. Vamwe vanoona muimbi kunyanya (uye dzimwe nguva chete) semurevereri pakati pemunyori nemutereri, ane basa rekunyatsoratidza kuvateereri zvakanyorwa nemunyori, achiramba ari mumumvuri pachake. Vamwe, pane kudaro, vanogutsikana kuti muimbi ndiye muturikiri muchirevo chepakutanga chezwi, anoshevedzwa kuti averenge kwete muzvinyorwa chete, asiwo "pakati pezvinyorwa", kuti ataure kwete pfungwa dzemunyori chete, asiwo maitiro ake kwavari, ndiko kuti, kuvapfuudza kuburikidza neprism yezvangu zvekusika "Ini". Zvechokwadi, mukuita, kupatsanurwa kwakadaro kunowanzova nemamiriro ezvinhu, uye hazvishamisi kuti vanyori varambe kuzivisa kwavo pachavo nekuita kwavo. Asi kana paine maartist ane chitarisiko chinogona kuverengerwa kune chimwe chezvikamu izvi, saka Kempf ndeye uye yagara iri yechipiri yavo. Kwaari, kuridza piyano kwaive uye kunoramba kuri kuita kwakadzama kwekugadzira, chimiro chekutaura kwemaonero ake ehunyanzvi kusvika pamwero wakafanana nepfungwa dzemunyori. Mukuedza kwake kuzviisa pasi, kuverenga kwakasiyana-siyana kwemimhanzi, Kempf ndiyo inonyanya kupikisa antipode kune waanogara naye uye wemazuva ano Backhaus. Anopwiswa zvikuru kuti “kungosimudzira chinyorwa chenziyo, sokunge uri mubatsiri kana kuti gweta, rakagadzirirwa kupupurira uchokwadi hweruoko rwomunyori, kutsausa veruzhinji. Basa remunhu chero upi zvake akagadzira zvechokwadi, kusanganisira nyanzvi yemifananidzo, kuratidza izvo munyori akaronga mugirazi rehunhu hwake.
Zvagara zvakaita seizvi - kubva pakutanga kwebasa remupiyano, asi kwete nguva dzose uye kwete pakarepo credo yakadaro yekusika yakamutungamirira kune yakakwirira yekududzira unyanzvi. Pakutanga kwerwendo rwake, aiwanzoenda kure zvakanyanya munzira ye subjectivism, akayambuka miganhu iyo mhiri uko kusika kunoshanduka kuve kutyorwa kwekuda kwemunyori, kupinda mukuzvidira kwekupokana kwemuiti. Kare muna 1927, nyanzvi yemimhanzi A. Berrsche yakatsanangura mutambi wepiyano wechiduku, uyo akanga achangotanga nzira yokudhirowa, sezvinotevera: “Kempf ine kubata kunofadza, kunokwezva uye kunotoshamisa sokugadziridza kunopwisa kwechiridzwa chakashandiswa zvisina kufanira. uye vachitukwa kwenguva refu. Anonzwa chipo ichi chake zvekuti munhu anowanzo kukahadzika zvaanofarira zvakanyanya - Beethoven kana kuchena kwekurira kwechiridzwa.
Nokufamba kwenguva, zvisinei, achichengeta rusununguko rwehunyanzvi uye kusachinja misimboti yake, Kempf akaziva hunyanzvi hunokosha hwekugadzira dudziro yake, achiramba ari echokwadi kumweya uye netsamba yekuumbwa, izvo zvakamuunzira mukurumbira pasi rose. Makumi emakore akawanda gare gare, mumwe mutsoropodzi akasimbisa izvi nemitsara iyi: “Kune vaturikiri vanotaura nezve“yavo” Chopin, “yavo” Bach, “yavo” Beethoven, uye panguva imwe cheteyo vasingafungire kuti vari kupara mhosva nekuvapa. pfuma yomumwe munhu. Kempf haambotauri nezve "wake" Schubert, "wake" Mozart, "wake" Brahms kana Beethoven, asi anoatamba pasina kukanganisa uye asingaenzaniswi.
Achitsanangura maitiro ebasa raKempf, mavambo emaitiro ake ekuita, munhu anofanira kutanga ataura nezvemuimbi, uye ipapo chete pamusoro pepiyano. Muhupenyu hwake hwese, uye kunyanya mumakore ake ekukura, Kempf aive akabatanidzwa zvakanyanya mukuumbwa. Uye kwete pasina kubudirira - zvakakwana kuyeuka kuti kumashure mu20s, W. Furtwängler akabatanidza maviri emitambo yake yesymphoni mu repertoire yake; kuti muma 30s, akanakisa emitambo yake, The Gozzi Family, yairidza pamatanho akati wandei muGermany; kuti gare gare Fischer-Dieskau akasuma vateereri kurudo rwake, uye vaimbi vepiyano vakawanda vairidza nziyo dzake dzepiyano. Kuumbwa kwakanga kusiri "chido" chete kwaari, chakashanda senzira yekugadzira kutaura, uye panguva imwe chete, kusunungurwa kubva kune tsika yezvidzidzo zvepiyano zvezuva nezuva.
Kempf's composing hypostasis inoratidzwawo mukuita kwake, nguva dzose yakazadzwa nekufungidzira, chiono chitsva, chisingatarisirwi chemumhanzi wenguva refu. Saka kufema kwemahara kwekugadzira mimhanzi yake, iyo vatsoropodzi vanowanzo tsanangura se "kufunga papiyano."
Kempf ndomumwe weakanakisa masters e cantilena ine melodious, yakasikwa, yakatsetseka legato, uye nekumuteerera achiita, achiti, Bach, mumwe asingadi kurangarira hunyanzvi hweCasals nekureruka kwayo kukuru uye kubvunda kwevanhu kwese mutsara. "Ndichiri mudiki, mafairies akandipa chipo chakasimba chekusimudzira, nyota isingakundike yekupfekedza kamwe kamwe, nguva dzisinganzwisisike mumhando yemimhanzi," muimbi pachake anodaro. Uye ndizvo chaizvo izvi zvekuvandudza, kana kuti, rusununguko rwekugadzira rwekududzira runotemesa kuzvipira kwaKempf kumumhanzi waBeethoven uye nembiri yaakakunda semumwe wevatambi vakanaka vemimhanzi iyi nhasi. Anoda kuratidza kuti Beethoven aive iye pachake mutsigiri mukuru. Kuti mutambi wepiyano anonzwisisa zvakadii nyika yaBeethoven zvinopupurirwa kwete chete nekududzira kwake, asiwo necadenzas aakanyorera vese asi yekupedzisira yemakonsati aBeethoven.
Neimwe nzira, avo vanodana Kempf "muimbi wepiyano kune nyanzvi" vanogona kunge vakarurama. Asi kwete, hongu, kuti anotaura nedenderedzwa rakamanikana revateereri venyanzvi - kwete, kududzira kwake kune demokrasi kune kwavo kwese kuzviisa pasi. Asi kunyange vatinoshanda navo nguva imwe neimwe vanoratidza zvakawanda zvisinganzwisisiki mavari, kazhinji vachinzvenga vamwe vatambi.
Pane imwe nguva Kempf achiseka-seka, akataura zvakasimba kuti akanga ari muzukuru waBeethoven, uye akatsanangura kuti: “Mudzidzisi wangu Heinrich Barth akadzidza naBülow naTausig, avo vaina Liszt, Liszt naCzerny, uye Czerny naBeethoven. Saka mira wakangwarira paunenge uchitaura neni. Nekudaro, pane chokwadi mune iyi joke, - akawedzera zvakanyanya, - ndinoda kusimbisa izvi: kuti upinde mumabasa aBeethoven, unofanirwa kunyura mutsika yenguva yeBeethoven, mumhepo yakabereka mimhanzi yakanaka yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, uye imutsidzire zvakare nhasi ”.
Zvakatora Wilhelm Kempf pachezvake makumi emakore kuti asvike pakunzwisisa kwemimhanzi huru, kunyangwe kugona kwake kunoshamisa kwepiyano kwakazviratidza muhudiki, uye hunyanzvi hwekudzidza hupenyu uye pfungwa yekuongorora zvakaratidzawo kare kare, chero zvakadaro, kunyangwe vasati vasangana naye. G. Bart. Mukuwedzera, akakurira mumhuri ine tsika refu yemimhanzi: vose sekuru vake nababa vaiva nyanzvi dzakakurumbira. Akapedza uduku hwake muguta Uteborg, pedyo Potsdam, apo baba vake vakashanda muimbi uye oganist. Pabvunzo dzekupinda kuBerlin Singing Academy, Wilhelm ane makore mapfumbamwe haana kungotamba akasununguka chete, asi akashandurawo mapreludes uye fugues kubva kuBach's Well-Tempered Clavier kuita chero kiyi. Mutungamiriri weacademy Georg Schumann, uyo akava mudzidzisi wake wokutanga, akapa mukomana wacho tsamba yerumbidzo kumuimbi mukuru we<em>violinist I. Joachim, uye maestro akwegura akamupa bhezari iyo yakamubvumira kudzidza muunyanzvi huviri panguva imwe chete. Wilhelm Kempf akava mudzidzi waG. Barth mupiyano uye R. Kahn mukunyora. Barth akasimbirira kuti jaya racho rinofanira kutanga ragamuchira dzidzo yakafara.
Kempf's konsati chiitiko chakatanga muna 1916, asi kwenguva yakareba akachibatanidza nebasa rekudzidzisa zvachose. Muna 1924 akagadzwa kuti atore chinzvimbo cheMax Power semutungamiriri weChikoro Chepamusoro cheMumhanzi muStuttgart, asi akasiya chinzvimbo ichi makore mashanu gare gare kuti ave nenguva yakawanda yekushanya. Akapa gumi nemaviri emakonzati gore rega rega, akashanyira dzinoverengeka nyika dzeEurope, asi akagamuchira kuzivikanwa kwechokwadi chete mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Uku kwaive kucherechedzwa kwemuturikiri webasa raBeethoven.
Vese makumi matatu nembiri Beethoven sonatas vakaverengerwa mune repertoire yaWilhelm Kempf, kubva pazera regumi nematanhatu kusvika nhasi vanoramba vari hwaro hwake. Kane kane Deutsche Gramophone yakabudisa zvinyorwa zvekuunganidza kwakakwana kweBeethoven's sonatas, yakagadzirwa naKempf panguva dzakasiyana dzehupenyu hwake, iyo yekupedzisira yakabuda muna 32. Uye imwe neimwe rekodhi yakadaro yakasiyana neyo yapfuura. “Pane zvinhu muupenyu,” anodaro munyori wemifananidzo, “izvo zvinogara zvichipa ruzivo rutsva. Kune mabhuku anogona kuverengerwazve nekusingaperi, achivhura mahorizoni matsva mukati mawo - akadaro Goethe's Wilhelm Meister uye epic yaHomer kwandiri. Zvimwe chetezvo ndezvechokwadi nezveBeethoven's sonatas. Imwe neimwe nyowani yekurekodha yeBeethoven yake kutenderera haina kufanana neyapfuura, inosiyana nayo mune zvese zvakadzama uye mukududzirwa kwezvikamu zvega. Asi musimboti wetsika, hunhu hwakadzama, imwe nzvimbo yakakosha yekunyudzwa muzvikamu zvemimhanzi yaBeethoven inoramba isina kuchinjika - dzimwe nguva yekufungisisa, yehuzivi, asi inogara ichishanda, izere nekusimuka kwechimbichimbi uye kuisa pfungwa mukati. "Pasi pezvigunwe zvaKempf," mutsoropodzi akanyora, "kunyangwe nzvimbo inoratidzika kunge yakadzikama yemimhanzi yaBeethoven inowana mashiripiti. Vamwe vanogona kuchiridza chakabatana, chakasimba, chakanyanya kunaka, chakanyanya dhimoni - asi Kempf iri padyo nechirahwe, kune chakavanzika, nekuti anopinda mukati machiri pasina kukakavara kunooneka.
Manzwiro mamwe chete ekutora chikamu mukuzivisa zvakavanzika zvemimhanzi, pfungwa inodedera ye "nguva imwe chete" yekududzira inobata muteereri apo Kempf anoita makonsati aBeethoven. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, mumakore ake ekukura, kungoerekana kwabatanidzwa mukududzirwa kwaKempf nekunyatsofungisisa, kunzwisisika kunonzwisisika kwechirongwa chekuita, chokwadi cheBeethovenian chiyero uye monumentality. Muna 1965, pashure pokushanya kwomuimbi kuGDR, kwaakaimba makonzati aBeethoven, magazini inonzi Musik und Gesellschaft yakataura kuti “mukuridza kwake, ruzha rwose rwairatidzika kuva dombo rokuvaka chivako chakavakwa nepfungwa yakanyatsofungwa uye yakarurama yokuti akajekesa chimiro chekonzati imwe neimwe, uye, panguva imwe cheteyo, zvichibva kwaari.
Kana Beethoven aive uye achiramba ari "rudo rwekutanga" rwaKempf, iye pachake anodana Schubert "kunonoka kuwanikwa kwehupenyu hwangu." Izvi, hongu, zvine hukama: mune yakakura repertoire yemuimbi, mabasa evanodanana - uye pakati pavo Schubert - agara aine nzvimbo yakakosha. Asi vatsoropodzi, vachipa ruremekedzo kuhurume, kukomba uye kukudzwa kwemutambo wemuimbi, vakamunyima simba rinodiwa uye huchenjeri kana zvasvika, semuenzaniso, kududzirwa kwaLiszt, Brahms kana Schubert. Uye pachikumbaridzo chekuzvarwa kwake makumi manomwe neshanu, Kempf akafunga kutarisisa patsva mimhanzi yaSchubert. Mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa kwake "inorekodhwa" mune yakazoburitswa yakazara muunganidzwa we sonatas yake, yakamisikidzwa, senguva dzose nemuimbi uyu, nechisimbiso chekudzika kwakadzama uye kwekutanga. “Zvatinonzwa mukuita kwake,” anonyora kudaro mutsoropodzi E. Croher, “kutarira munguva yakapfuura kubvira zvino, uyu ndiSchubert, akacheneswa uye akajekeswa noruzivo rwokuzviwanira uye kukura ...”
Vamwe vanyori vekare vanotorawo nzvimbo yakakosha muKempf's repertoire. “Anoridza akajekerwa zvikuru, ane mhepo, ane ropa rakazara Schumann uyo anogona kurota; anodzokorora Bach nerudo, kunzwa, kudzika uye sonic nhetembo; anorarama naMozart, achiratidza kufara kusingagumi uye kungwara; anobata maBrahm nounyoro, asi asingamboshandisi nzira dzinotyisa,” akanyora kudaro mumwe wevanyori venhoroondo yeupenyu hwaKempf. Asi zvakadaro, mukurumbira wemuimbi nhasi unobatanidzwa nemazita maviri - Beethoven naSchubert. Uye zvinoratidzika kuti kunzwika kuzere muunganidzwa wemabasa aBeethoven, akaburitswa muGermany pachiitiko chemakore mazana maviri ekuzvarwa kwaBeethoven, akabatanidza marekodhi makumi maviri nemanomwe akanyorwa naKempf kana nekutora chikamu kwake (muimbi weviolinist G. Schering uye cellist P. Fournier) .
Wilhelm Kempf akachengeta simba rakakura rekugadzira kusvika mukuchembera kwakakura. Kare mumakore ekuma80, akarega kusvika kumakonzati makumi masere pagore. Chinhu chakakosha chezviitiko zvakawanda zvemuimbi mumakore epashure pehondo raive basa rekudzidzisa. Akatanga uye gore negore anoitisa Beethoven dudziro makosi mutaundi reItaly rePositano, kwaanokoka 10-15 vechidiki vanoridza piyano vakasarudzwa naye panguva dzemakonzati. Kwemakore, gumi nevaviri vevatambi vane tarenda vakapfuura nemuchikoro chehunyanzvi hwepamusoro pano, uye nhasi vave vakakurumbira vatenzi vemutambo wekonzati. Mumwe wemapiyona ekurekodha, Kempf achiri kurekodha zvakawanda nhasi. Uye kunyange zvazvo unyanzvi hwemuimbi uyu hunogona kugadziriswa "kamwe chete uye zvachose" (haambodzokorora, uye kunyange shanduro dzakaitwa panguva imwe chete yekurekodha dzinosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune imwe neimwe), asi dudziro dzake dzakabatwa pane rekodhi dzinoita pfungwa huru. .
"Pane imwe nguva ndaishorwa," Kempf akanyora pakati pe70s, "kuti maitiro angu ainyanya kuratidza, zvekuti ndakatyora miganhu yekare. Iye zvino ndinowanzo kuziviswa kuva wekare, wenguva dzose uye erudite maestro, uyo akanyatsogona zvechinyakare art. Handifunge kuti mutambo wangu wachinja zvakanyanya kubva ipapo. Munguva ichangopfuura ndakanga ndichiteerera zvinyorwa zvine zvinyorwa zvangu zvakaitwa mune izvi - 1975, uye ndichizvienzanisa neaya ekare. Uye ndaiva nechokwadi chokuti ndaisachinja pfungwa dzenziyo. Mushure mezvose, ndine chokwadi chekuti munhu achiri mudiki kusvika panguva yekuti haana kurasikirwa nekugona kunetseka, kuona zvinoonekwa, kuona.
Grigoriev L., Platek Ya., 1990
