Ferenc Erkel |
Ferenc Erkel
SaMoniuszko muPoland kana Smetana muCzech Republic, Erkel ndiye muvambi we Hungarian yenyika opera. Nemabasa ake emimhanzi uye ezvemagariro evanhu, akabatsira mukukura kusati kwamboitika kwetsika dzenyika.
Ferenc Erkel akaberekwa November 7, 1810 muguta Gyula, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva Hungary, mumhuri vaimbi. Baba vake, mudzidzisi wechikoro cheGermany uye mutungamiriri wekwaya yechechi, vakadzidzisa mwanakomana wavo kutamba piyano pachake. Mukomana wacho akaratidza unyanzvi hwemimhanzi hunoshamisa uye akatumirwa kuPozsony (Pressburg, zvino guta guru reSlovakia, Bratislava). Pano, achitungamirirwa naHeinrich Klein (shamwari yaBeethoven), Erkel akafambira mberi zvisingawanzo kukurumidza uye munguva pfupi akazozivikanwa mumakwikwi evanoda mimhanzi. Nekudaro, baba vake vaitarisira kumuona semukuru, uye Erkel aifanira kutsungirira kurwa nemhuri yake asati azvipira zvizere kuita basa rehunyanzvi.
Pakupera kwema20s, akapa makonzati mumaguta akasiyana-siyana enyika, uye akapedza 1830-1837 muKolozhvar, guta guru reTransylvania, kwaakashanda zvakasimba sepiyano, mudzidzisi uye kondakita.
Kugara muguta guru reTransylvania kwakabatsira kuti Erkel atange kufarira ngano: “Ikoko, mimhanzi yeHungary, yatakaregeredza, yakanyura mumwoyo mangu,” munyori wacho akazoyeuka kudaro, “saka yakazadza mweya wangu wose nerukova rwezvinonyanya kufarirwa. nziyo dzakaisvonaka dzeHungary, uye kubva kwadziri ndakanga ndisingachakwanisi kuzvisunungura amene kutozosvikira adurura chinhu chiri chose icho, sezvakwairatidzika kwandiri, zvamazvirokwazvo chaifanira kuva chakadurura.
Mukurumbira waErkel semutyairi mumakore ake ari muKolozsvár wakawedzera zvekuti muna 1838 akakwanisa kutungamira boka reopera reNational Theatre muPest. Erkel, aratidza simba rakakura uye tarenda resangano, akasarudza maartist pachake, akarondedzera repertoire, uye akadzidzira. Berlioz, akasangana naye paakashanya kuHungary, akaonga zvikuru unyanzvi hwake hwokuitisa.
Mumhepo yekumukira kweruzhinji kusati kwaitika shanduko ye1848, mabasa aErkel ekuda nyika akamuka. Imwe yekutanga yaive piyano fungidziro pane yeTransylvanian folk theme, iyo Erkel akataura nezvayo kuti "nayo mimhanzi yedu yeHungary yakazvarwa." "Hymn" yake (1845) kumashoko aKölchey akawana mukurumbira wakawanda. Asi Erkel anotarisa kune iyo operatic genre. Akawana mushandi anonzwira tsitsi mumunhu waBeni Egreshi, munyori uye muimbi, pane yake libretto yaakagadzira ake akanakisa operas.
Yokutanga yavo, "Maria Bathory", yakanyorwa munguva pfupi uye muna 1840 yakarongwa nekubudirira kukuru. Vatsoropodzi vakagamuchira nomufaro kuberekwa kweopera yeHungary, vachisimbisa mutoo wakajeka worudzi rwenziyo. Achikurudzirwa nekubudirira, Erkel anoumba yechipiri opera, Laszlo Hunyadi (1844); kugadzirwa kwake pasi pekutungamirirwa kwemunyori kwakakonzera kufadza kukuru kwevanhu. Kwapera gore, Erkel akapedza kuwedzera, iyo yaiwanzoitwa mumakonzati. Panguva yekushanya kwake kuHungary muna 1846, yakaitwa naLiszt, uyo panguva imwechete akagadzira fantasy yemakonti pamisoro yeopera.
Achangopedza Laszlo Hunyadi, munyori akatanga kuita basa rake repakati, opera Bank Ban yakavakirwa pamutambo waKatona. Kunyora kwake kwakavhiringidzwa nezviitiko zvechimurenga. Asi kunyange kutanga kwekuita, kudzvinyirirwa nemapurisa uye kutambudzwa hakuna kumanikidza Erkel kusiya hurongwa hwake. Makore mapfumbamwe aifanira kumirira kugadzirwa uye, pakupedzisira, muna 1861, kutanga kweBan Ban kwakaitika pachikuva cheNational Theatre, pamwe chete nekuratidzira kwekuda nyika.
Mumakore aya, zviitiko zvemagariro aErkel zviri kuwedzera simba. Muna 1853 akaronga Philharmonic, muna 1867 - Singing Society. Muna 1875, chiitiko chakakosha chakaitika muhupenyu hwemimhanzi hweBudapest - mushure mekutambudzika kwenguva refu kwaLiszt nekuedza nesimba, Hungarian National Academy of Music yakavhurwa, iyo yakamusarudza iye mutungamiri anoremekedzwa, uye Erkel - mutungamiriri. Kwemakore gumi nemana, wekupedzisira akatungamira Academy yeMimhanzi uye akadzidzisa kirasi yepiyano mairi. Liszt akarumbidza mabasa eruzhinji aErkel; iye akanyora, kuti: “Kweanopfuura makore makumi matatu zvino, mabasa enyu aimirira zvakakwana uye akaratidzira nziyo dzepamusoro dzeHungary. Kuichengetedza, kuichengetedza uye kuivandudza ibhizinesi reBudapest Academy yeMimhanzi. Uye chiremera chayo munzvimbo ino uye budiriro mukuzadzisa mabasa ese inovimbiswa nehanya yako nehanya semutungamiriri wayo.
Vanakomana vatatu vaErkel vanoedzawo ruoko rwavo pakuumbwa: muna 1865, iyo comic opera Chobanets naShandor Erkel yakaitwa. Nenguva isipi vanakomana vanotanga kushandira pamwe nababa vavo uye, sezvinofungidzirwa, ese ma opera aFerenc Erkel mushure me "Bank-ban" (kunze kweiyo munziyo chete comic opera "Charolta", yakanyorwa muna 1862 kune isina kubudirira libretto - mambo uye knight wake vanowana rudo rwemwanasikana wemumusha cantor) muchero wekubatana kwakadaro ("György Dozsa", 1867, "György Brankovich", 1874, "Nameless Heroes", 1880, "King Istvan", 1884). Zvisinei nehunhu hwavo hwepfungwa nehunyanzvi, kusaenzana kwemaitiro kwakaita kuti mabasa aya asanyanya kufarirwa pane akaatangira.
Muna 1888, Budapest yakapemberera zvine mutsindo kusvitsa makore makumi mashanu echiitiko chaErkel semutyairi weopera. (Pakasvika nguva ino (1884) chivako chitsva cheimba yeopera chakazarurwa, kuvakwa kwacho kwakatora makore mapfumbamwe; mari, somunguva yadzo muPrague, yakaunganidzwa munyika yose nokuzvinyoresa.). Mumhepo yemutambo, kuita kwe "Laszlo Hunyadi" pasi pekutungamirirwa kwemunyori kwakaitika. Makore maviri gare gare, Erkel akazviratidza kune veruzhinji kekupedzisira semuimbi wepiyano - pakupemberera zuva rekuzvarwa kwake makumi masere, akaita d-moll concerto yaMozart, mutambo waakange akakurumbira nawo muhuduku hwake.
Erkel akafa pana June 15, 1893. Makore matatu gare gare, chiyeuchidzo chakamiswa kwaari mutaundi rokumusha kwomunyori wacho.
M. Druskin
Zvinyorwa:
opareta (zvese zvakaiswa muBudapest) - "Maria Bathory", libretto naEgresi (1840), "Laszlo Hunyadi", libretto naEgresi (1844), "Bank-ban", libretto naEgresi (1861), "Charolte", libretto by Tsanyuga (1862) , "György Dozsa", libretto naSzigligeti zvichibva pamutambo waYokai (1867), "György Brankovich", libretto naOrmai naAudrey zvichibva pamutambo waObernik (1874), "Nameless Heroes", libretto na. Thoth (1880), "King Istvan", rakasununguka nemutambo waVaradi Dobshi (1885); yeorchestra - Solemn Overture (1887; kusvika kumakore makumi mashanu eNational Theatre yeBudapest), Brilliant duet muchimiro chekufungidzira che violin nepiyano (50); zvidimbu zvepiyano, kusanganisira Rakotsi-marsh; nziyo dzekwaya, kusanganisira cantata, pamwe chete nerwiyo (kumashoko aF. Kölchei, 1844; rakava rwiyo rweHungarian People's Republic); nziyo; mimhanzi yemitambo yemitambo yemitambo.
Vanakomana vaErkel:
Gyula Erkel (4 VII 1842, Pest - 22 III 1909, Budapest) - muimbi, violinist uye conductor. Akaridza mu orchestra yeNational Theatre (1856-60), aive conductor wayo (1863-89), purofesa paAcademy of Music (1880), muvambi wechikoro chemimhanzi muUjpest (1891). Elek Erkel (XI 2, 1843, Pest - June 10, 1893, Budapest) - munyori wemaoperettas akati wandei, kusanganisira "Mudzidzi kubva kuKasshi" ("Der Mudzidzi von Kassau"). Laszlo Erkel (9 IV 1844, Pest - 3 XII 1896, Bratislava) - muimbi wekwaya uye mudzidzisi wepiyano. Kubva 1870 akashanda muBratislava. Sandor Erkel (2 I 1846, Pest - 14 X 1900, Bekeschsaba) - muimbi wekwaya, munyori wenziyo uye violinist. Akaridza orchestra yeNational Theatre (1861-74), kubvira 1874 aive muimbi wekwaya, kubva muna 1875 aive mutungamiriri mukuru weNational Theatre, director wePhilharmonic. Munyori weSingspiel (1865), iyo Hungarian Overture uye makwaya echirume.
References: Aleksandrova V., F. Erkel, "SM", 1960, No 11; Laszlo J., Hupenyu hwaF. Erkel mumifananidzo, Budapest, 1964; Sabolci B., Nhoroondo yeHungarian Music, Budapest, 1964, p. 71-73; Maroti J., nzira yaErkel kubva kugamba-rwiyo opera kuenda kune yakakomba realism, mubhuku: Mimhanzi yeHungary, M., 1968, p. 111-28; Nemeth A., Ferenc Erkel, L., 1980.
