Tonality |

French tonalite, German. Tonalitat, zvakare Tonart

1) Altitude chinzvimbo cheiyo modhi (yakatemerwa naIV Sposobina, 1951, zvichibva pane pfungwa yeBL Yavorsky; semuenzaniso, muC-dur "C" ndiko kudoma kwehurefu hwetoni huru yemodhi, uye "dur" - "mukuru" - maitiro emhando).

2) Hierarchical. centralized system ye functionally differentied height connections; T. mupfungwa iyi ndiyo kubatana kwechimiro uye T., kureva, tonality (inofungidzirwa kuti T. inowanikwa kune imwe nzvimbo yakakwirira, zvisinei, mune dzimwe nguva izwi rinonzwisiswa kunyange pasina nzvimbo yakadaro; ichinyatsoenderana nepfungwa yemodhiyo, kunyanya munyika dzekunze lit-re). T. mupfungwa iyi inowanikwawo mumonody yekare (ona: Lbs J., "Tonalnosc melodii gregorianskich", 1965) uye mimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20. (Ona, semuenzaniso: Rufer J., “Die Zwölftonreihe: Träger einer neuen Tonalität”, 1951).

3) Nenzira yakamanikana, yakananga. chirevo cheT. igadziriro yezvibatanidzo zvinopatsanurwa zvepitch, zvakaiswa pakati nepakati pahwaro hwekonsonanti triad. T. mupfungwa iyi yakafanana ne "harmonic tonality" hunhu hwekirasi-yerudo. kuwirirana masisitimu ezana ramakore rechi 17-19; munyaya iyi, kuvapo kwevakawanda T. uye kunotsanangurwa. masisitimu ekubatana kwavo kune mumwe nemumwe (masisitimu eT.; ona Circle yeFifths, Hukama hweMakiyi).

Inonzi "T." (mune nhete, pfungwa chaiyo) mamodhi - makuru uye madiki - anogona kufungidzirwa akamira parutivi nemamwe maitiro (Ionian, Aeolian, Phrygian, mazuva ese, pentatonic, nezvimwewo); kutaura zvazviri, musiyano pakati pazvo wakakura zvokuti zvinonyatsoruramiswa nemashoko. kushorwa kwezvikuru nezvidiki se harmonic. monophonic tonalities. frets. Kusiyana monodic. frets, makuru uye madiki T .. ari inherent in ext. Dynamism uye chiitiko, kusimba kwekufamba kune chinangwa, iyo yakanyanya kurongeka yakagadziridzwa centralization uye hupfumi hwehukama hwehukama. Maererano nezvinhu izvi, toni (kusiyana nemonodic modes) inoratidzirwa nekukwezva kwakajeka uye kunogara kuchinzwika pakati peiyo modhi ("chiito chiri kure", SI Taneev; tonic inotonga paisinganzwike); nguva dzose (metric) shanduko yenzvimbo dzenzvimbo (matanho, mabasa), kwete chete kudzima giravhiti yepakati, asi kuzviziva nekuisimbisa kusvika pakakwirira; dialectical chiyero pakati peabutment uye iyo isina kugadzikana (kunyanya, semuenzaniso, mukati megadziriro yeimwe system, ine general gravitation yeVII degree muI, ruzha rweI degree rinogona kukwezvwa kuVII). Nekuda kwekukwezva kune simba pakati peiyo harmonic system. T., sokunge zvakadaro, yakanyura mamwe mamodhi sematanho, "mukati modes" (BV Asafiev, "Musical Form as a Process", 1963, p. 346; nhanho - Dorian, yekare yeFrygian mode ine tonic huru seFrygian kutendeuka kwakava chikamu cheharmonic diki, nezvimwewo). Nokudaro, makuru uye maduku akagadzirisa maitiro akavatangira kare, ari panguva imwe chete mufananidzo wemitemo mitsva ye modal organisation. Simba reiyo tonal system yakabatana zvisina kunanga nehunhu hwekufunga kweEurope muNguva Yemazuvano (kunyanya, nepfungwa dzeChiedza). "Modality inomiririra, chaizvoizvo, yakagadzikana, uye tonality maonero ane simba enyika" (E. Lovinsky).

MuT. system, imwe T. inowana chaiyo. shanda mune dynamic harmonic. uye colorist. hukama; Iri basa rinobatanidzwa nemafungiro akapararira pamusoro pechimiro uye ruvara rwezwi. Nokudaro, C-dur, inzwi re "central" muhurongwa, rinoratidzika se "nyore", "chena". Vaimbi, kusanganisira vanyori vakuru, vanowanzova nevanodanwa. kunzwa kwemavara (kuNA Rimsky-Korsakov, ruvara rweT. E-dur rwakasvibirira, rufundisi, ruvara rwematsutso, Es-dur yakasviba, yakasviba, grey-bluish, inzwi re "maguta" uye "nhare" L Beethoven akadana h-moll kuti "black tonality"), saka izvi kana kuti T. dzimwe nguva inobatanidzwa netsanangudzo. achataura. chimiro chemimhanzi (semuenzaniso, WA ​​Mozart's D-dur, Beethoven's c-moll, As-dur), uye shanduko yechigadzirwa. – ine stylistic shanduko (somuenzaniso, Mozart's motet Ave verum corpus, K.-V. 618, D-dur, akatamisirwa muurongwa F. Liszt kuna H-dur, nokudaro akaita "romanticization").

Mushure menguva yekutonga kwevakuru-vadiki T. pfungwa ye "T." inobatanidzwawo nepfungwa yeiyo branched mimhanzi-inonzwisisika. chimiro, kureva, nezvemhando ye "musimboti wehurongwa" mune chero hurongwa hwehukama hwepanji. Iyo yakanyanya kuomesesa tonal zvimiro zvakava (kubva muzana ramakore rechi 17) yakakosha, inozvimiririra nzira yemimhanzi. kutaura, uye tonal dramaturgy dzimwe nguva inokwikwidza nezvinyorwa, nhanho, thematic. Sezvakaita int. Hupenyu hwaT. hunoratidzwa mukushandurwa kwechords (matanho, mabasa - rudzi rwe "micro-lads"), chimiro che tonal chakakosha, chinosanganisira mwero wepamusoro wekuwirirana, anorarama mune chinangwa modulation mafambiro, T inoshanduka. Nekudaro, iyo tonal chimiro chese chinova chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha mukuvandudza mimhanzi pfungwa. “Maitirwo enziyo ngaaparadzwe zviri nani,” akanyora kudaro PI Tchaikovsky, “kupfuura pfungwa chaiyo yenziyo, iyo inotsamira zvakananga pakuchinja kwenzwi uye kutsinhirana.” Mune yakagadziridzwa tonal chimiro otd. T. inogona kuita basa rakafanana nemadingindira (semuenzaniso, e-moll yedingindira rechipiri rekupedzisira kweProkofiev's 7th sonata yepiyano seratidziro yeE-dur ye2nd kufamba kwesonata inogadzira quasi- thematic intonation "arch" -reminiscence pachiyero chese kutenderera).

Basa raT. mukuvaka miziyamu yakakura zvikuru. mafomu, kunyanya makuru (sonata, rondo, cyclic, opera hombe): “Kugara kwakasimba mukiyi imwe, kunopesana nekuchinja kwekukurumidza kana kushoma kwekuchinja, kusangana kwezvikero zvakasiyana, zvishoma nezvishoma kana kamwe kamwe kuchinja kune kiyi itsva, yakagadzirira kudzokera chikuru”, – zvose izvi zvinoreva kuti “kutaurirana kusununguka uye kuputika kuzvikamu zvikuru zvechinyorwa uye kuita kuti zvive nyore kuti muteereri aone chimiro chayo” (SI Taneev; ona Musical Form).

Iko mukana wekudzokorora vavariro mune kumwe kuwirirana kwakatungamira kune kutsva, kusimba kuumbwa kwemadingindira; mukana wekudzokorora madingindira. maumbirwo mune mamwe T. akaita kuti zvikwanisike kuvaka organically kuvandudza miziyamu hombe. mafomu. Izvo zvinangwa zvakafanana zvinogona kutora zvakasiyana, kunyange zvakapesana, zvinoreva zvichienderana nemusiyano muchimiro che tonal (semuenzaniso, kupatsanurwa kwenguva refu pasi pemamiriro ekuchinja kwetoni kunopa mhedzisiro yekukura kwakawedzera, uye pasi pemamiriro eiyo tonic. iyo huru tonality, pane zvinopesana, mhedzisiro ye "coagulation", kumisa kukura). Mune fomu yekushanda, kuchinja kweT. kunowanzofanana nekuchinja mumamiriro ekugadzirisa. Imwe chete tonal chirongwa chinogona kuve chidimbu chemuses. mafomu, eg. shanduko yeT. mukutanga d. "Muchato weFigaro" naMozart.

Kutaridzika kwechinyakare kwakachena uye kwakakura kwetoni (kureva, "inowirirana toni") hunhu hwemumhanzi weViennese classics uye vanyori vanotevedza nguva padyo navo (kunyanya zvese, epoch yepakati 17th uye pakati pe19th. mazana emakore). Zvisinei, harmonic T. inoitika kare kare, uye yakapararira mumimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20. Yakarurama miganhu yenguva yeT. sechinhu chakakosha, chakananga. zvakaoma kumisikidza mafomu e fret, kubvira decomp. inogona kutorwa sehwaro. maumbirwo ezvimiro zvayo: A. Mashabe mazuva ekubuda kweharmonics. T. 14th century, G. Besseler - 15th century, E. Lovinsky - 16th century, M. Bukofzer - 17th century. (Ona Dahhaus S., Untersuchungen über die Entstehung der harmonischen Tonalität, 1); KANA Stravinsky inoreva hutongi hweT. kunguva kubva pakati. 1968 kusvika kuSer. 17th century Complex Ch. zviratidzo zvechinyakare (harmonic) T.: a) pakati peT. is a consonant triad (uyezve, inofungidzirwa sekubatana, uye kwete sekusanganiswa kwezvikamu); b) modhi - huru kana diki, inomiririrwa nehurongwa hwemakodhi uye mutinhimira unofamba "pamwe necanvas" yezviyero izvi; c) fret chimiro chakavakirwa pamabasa gumi nemapfumbamwe (T, D uye S); “kusiyana kwehunhu” (S with the sixth, D with seventh; term X. Riemann); T is consonance; d) kuchinja kwekubatana mukati meT., kunzwa kwakananga kwekuda tonic; e) hurongwa hwema cadences uye yechina-quint hukama hwemachords ekunze kwe cadences (sekunge akatamiswa kubva kune cadences uye akatambanudzirwa kune zvese zvinongedzo; saka izwi rekuti "cadence t."), hierarchical. gradation of harmonies (chords uye makiyi); f) yakanyatso kutaurwa metrical extrapolation ("tonal rhythm"), pamwe nechimiro - chivakwa chakavakirwa pa squareness uye chinopindirana, "rhyming" cadences; g) mafomu mahombe anoenderana nemodulation (kureva, kuchinja T.).

Kutonga kwemaitiro akadaro kunowira pazana remakore rechi17-19, apo yakaoma yeCh. Zviratidzo zveT zvinoratidzwa, sekutonga, zvachose. Kubatanidzwa kwechidimbu kwezviratidzo, izvo zvinopa manzwiro eT. (kusiyana nemaitiro), inoonekwa kunyange mu otd. zvinyorwa zveRenaissance (14th-16th century).

MuG. de Macho (uyo akagadzirawo mabasa emimhanzi monophonic), mune imwe ye le (No 12; "Le parufu"), chikamu che "Dolans cuer las" chakanyorwa nenzira huru ine simba re tonic. katatu muchimiro chepitch:

G. de Macho. Lay No 12, mabara 37-44.

"Monodic major" mune imwe chidimbu kubva kubasa. Masho achiri kure nekirasi. mhando T., zvisinei nekusangana kwehuwandu hwezviratidzo (zviri pamusoro, b, d. e, f zvinoratidzwa). Ch. mutsauko ndeye monophonic warehouse iyo isingareve kuperekedza homophonic. Imwe yekutanga kuratidzwa kwekuita rhythm mu polyphony iri murwiyo (rondo) naG. Dufay "Helas, ma dame" ("uyo kuwirirana kunoratidzika kunge kwakabva kunyika itsva," maererano naBesseler):

G. Dufay. Rondo "Helas, ma dame par amours".

maonero ekuwirirana. T. inomuka semugumisiro we metrized functional shifts uye predominance ye harmonics. makomisheni muchiyero chequarto-quint, T - D uye D - T mune harmonic. chimiro chezvose. Panguva imwecheteyo, nzvimbo yepakati yehurongwa haina kunyanya kuita matatu (kunyangwe ichiitika dzimwe nguva, mabara 29, 30), asi yechishanu (inobvumira ese makuru uye madiki muzvitatu pasina mhedzisiro yemaune yemusanganiswa mukuru-madiki modhi) ; iyo modhi ine melodic kupfuura chordal (chord haisi hwaro hwehurongwa), rhythm (isina metric extrapolation) haisi tonal, asi modal (matanho mashanu asina kutarisisa kune squareness); tonal giravhiti inooneka pamicheto yezvivakwa, uye kwete zvachose (chikamu chezwi hachitangi zvachose ne tonic); hapana tonal-functional gradation, pamwe chete nekubatana kwe consonance uye dissonance ine tonal zvinoreva kuwirirana; mukugovanisa miseve, kurerekera kune ane simba kwakakura zvisingaenzaniswi. Kazhinji, kunyange izvi zviratidzo zvakajeka zvezwi se modal system yemhando yakakosha haisati yatitendera kuti tiite kuti zvimiro zvakadaro toni yakakodzera; iyi ndiyo inowanzoita maitiro (kubva pakuona kweT. mupfungwa yakafara - "modal tonality") yezana remakore rechi15-16, mukati megadziriro iyo zvikamu zvakaparadzana zvinoibva. zvikamu zve T. (ona Dahinaus C, 1968, p. 74-77). Kuputsika kwechechi kunonetsa mune mimwe mimhanzi. prod. con. 16 - kupemha. Zana ramakore rechi 17 rakagadzira rudzi runokosha rwe“yemahara T.” - haisisiri modal, asi isati isati yasvika (motets naN. Vicentino, madrigals naLuca Marenzio naC. Gesualdo, Enharmonic Sonata naG. Valentini; ona muenzaniso mumutsara 567, pasi).

Kusavapo kweiyo yakagadzikana modal scale uye inoenderana melodic. mafomula haatenderi kuti zvimiro zvakadaro zviitwe nechechi. frets.

C. Gesualdo. Madrigal "Merce!".

Kuvapo kweimwe kumira mu cadences, pakati. chord - a consonant triad, shanduko ye "harmonies-matanho" inopa chikonzero chekufunga iyi yakakosha mhando yeT. - chromatic-modal T.

Kugadzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwekutonga kwechikuru-chidiki rhythm kwakatanga muzana remakore rechi17, kunyanya mukutamba, zuva nezuva, uye mimhanzi yenyika.

Zvisinei, machechi ekare mafrets anowanikwa mumhanzi we 1st floor. Somuenzaniso, muzana remakore rechi17. J. Frescobaldi (Ricercare sopra Mi, Re, Fa, Mi – Terzo tuono, Canzona – Sesto tuono. Ausgewählte Orgelwerke, Bd II, No 7, 15), S. Scheidt (Kyrie dominicale IV. Toni cum Gloria, Magnificats, ona Tabuiatura nova, III. ndima). Kunyangwe JS Bach, ane mimhanzi inotongwa neyakagadzirwa harmonica. T., zviitiko zvakadaro hazvina kujairika, semuenzaniso. chorales

J. Downland. Madrigal “Mukai, Rudo!” (1597).

Aus tiefer Not schrei' ich zu dir and Erbarm' dich mein, O Herre Gott (pashure peSchmieder Nos. 38.6 ne305; Phrygian mode), Mit Fried' und Freud'ich fahr' dahin (382, Dorian), Komm, Gott Schöpfer , heiliger Geist (370; Mixolydian).

Iyo yekupedzisira nzvimbo mukuvandudzwa kweiyo yakasimba inoshanda timbre yemhando huru-diki inowira panguva yeViennese classics. Kunyanya kugarisa kwekuwirirana kweiyi nguva kunoonekwa sechinhu chikuru chekubatana muhuwandu; vanoumba zvakanyanya zviri mumabhuku ekubatana kwese (ona Harmony, Harmonic basa).

T.'s development mu2nd floor. 19th century inosanganisirwa nekuwedzera miganhu yeT. (mixed major-minor, further chromatic. systems), inopfumisa tonal-functional relationship, polarizing diatonic. uye chromatic. kuwirirana, kuwedzera kwemavara. zvinoreva t., kumutsidzira kuwirirana kwe modal pahwaro hutsva (kunyanya maererano nepesvedzero yengano pabasa revanyori, kunyanya muzvikoro zvitsva zvenyika, semuenzaniso, chiRussia), kushandiswa kwemaitiro echisikigo, zvakare. se "zvakagadzirwa" zvakaenzanirana (ona Sposobin I V., "Dzidziso pamusoro pekufamba kwekuwirirana", 1969). Izvi nezvimwe zvitsva zvinoratidza kukurumidza kushanduka kwe t. Iko kusanganiswa kwemaitiro matsva et. mhando (muF. Liszt, R. Wagner, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov) kubva pakuona kweT. Hurukuro iyi yakagadzirwa, semuenzaniso, nekusuma kwaWagner's Tristan und Isolde, uko tonic yekutanga inovharwa nekunonoka kwenguva refu, semhedzisiro iyo pfungwa isina kururama yakamuka pamusoro pekushaikwa zvachose kwetonic mumutambo ("kudzivisa zvachose. of tonic”; ona Kurt E., “Romantic Harmony and its crisis in Wagner’s “Tristan”, M., 1975, p. "dominant upbeat", p. 305, uye kwete sechiratidziro chetsika. , uye tsanangudzo isiriyo yemiganhu yechikamu chekutanga - mbariro 299-1 pane 15-1). Symptomatic izita reimwe yemitambo yenguva yekupedzisira yaLiszt - Bagatelle Pasina Tonality (17).

Kubuda kwezvinhu zvitsva zveT., zvichiifambisa kubva kune yekare. type, kusvika pakutanga. 20th century yakatungamira kune shanduko huru muhurongwa, iyo yakaonekwa nevakawanda sekuparara, kuparadzwa kwet., "atonality". Kutanga kweiyo itsva tonal system yakataurwa naSI Taneyev (mu "Mobile Counterpoint of Strict Writing", yakapedzwa muna 1906).

Zvichireva nezvaT. gadziriro yakasimba inoshanda zvikuru yevakuru-vaduku, Taneyev akanyora, kuti: “Zvatora nzvimbo yezvimiro zvechechi, gadziriro yedu yenzwi zvino, inovawo, iri kuderera kuva gadziriro itsva inotsvaka kuparadza kunzwika kwenzwi ndokutsiva hwaro hwetsinhirano. ine chromatic one, uye kuparadzwa kwe tonality kunotungamirira mukuparara chimiro chemimhanzi" (ibid., Moscow, 1959, p. 9).

Zvadaro, "itsva system" (asi kuna Taneyev) yakanzi izwi rokuti "teknolojia itsva". Kufanana kwaro kunokosha nerekare T. kunobatanidzwa muidi rokuti “T” itsva. zvakare ane hierarchical. hurongwa hwekushanda hwakasiyana-siyana hwepamusoro-soro yekubatanidza, inosanganisira zvine musoro. kubatana muchimiro chepitch. Kusiyana neiyo yekare tonality, iyo nyowani inogona kuvimba kwete chete nekonzoni tonic, asiwo pane chero zvakasarudzwa boka remanzwi, kwete chete padiatonic. hwaro, asi zvakanyanya shandisa wirirano pane ipi neipi yegumi nembiri inonzwika seyakazvimiririra inoshanda (kusanganisa mamodhi ese kunopa poly-mode kana "kusagadzikana" - "new, out-of-modal T."; ona Nü12 E. von, "B . Bartok, Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie der neuen Musik”, 11); zvinoreva semantic yemanzwi nemakonzonenzi zvinogona kumiririra zvechinyakare nenzira itsva. formula TSDT, asi inogona kuburitswa neimwe nzira. Zvisikwa. Musiyano uripowo mukuti yakasimba classical T. yakarongeka yunifomu, asi itsva T. yakasarudzika uye saka haina kana imwechete yakaoma yezvinonzwika zvinhu, ndiko kuti, haina basa rakafanana. Saizvozvo, mune imwe kana imwe rondedzero, misanganiswa yakasiyana yezviratidzo zveT inoshandiswa.

Mukugadzira AN Scriabin yenguva yekupedzisira yekusika T. inochengetedza maitiro ayo ekugadzirisa, asi tsika. Harmonies inotsiviwa nezvitsva zvinogadzira yakakosha modhi ("Scriabin mode"). Saka, somuenzaniso, mu "Prometheus" centre. chord - yakakurumbira "Prometheus" nhanhatu-toni ine osn. toni Fis (muenzaniso A, pazasi), pakati. sphere ("main T.") - 4 matani matanhatu akadaro mumutsara wakaderera (yakaderedzwa mode; muenzaniso B); modulation scheme (muchikamu chekubatanidza - muenzaniso C), chirongwa che tonal chetsanangudzo - muenzaniso D (chirongwa cheharmonic che "Prometheus" chaive chakanyanya, kunyange chisina kunyatsokwana, chakagadziriswa nemunyori muchikamu cheLuce):

Nheyo dzeiyo theatre nyowani dziri pasi pekuvakwa kweBerg's opera Wozzeck (1921), iyo inowanzoonekwa semuenzaniso we "Novensky atonal style", zvisinei nekupokana kwemunyori kune "satanic" izwi rekuti "atonal". Tonic haina chete otd. nhamba dzeopera (semuenzaniso, 2nd chiitiko chekutanga d. - "eis"; kufora kubva pachiitiko chechitatu chekutanga d. - "C", vatatu vake - "As"; vanotamba muchiitiko chechina 1 -th zuva - " g", chiitiko chekupondwa kwaMaria, chiitiko chechipiri chezuva rechipiri - nezwi repakati "H", nezvimwewo) uye opera yose pamwe chete (chord nezwi guru "g"), asi zvakawanda. kupfuura izvozvo - mukugadzirwa kwese. iyo nheyo ye "leit heights" yaiitwa nguva dzose (mumamiriro ezvinhu e-leit tonalities). Hongu, ch. gamba rine leittonics "Cis" (3st d., bar 1 - mataurirwo ekutanga ezita rekuti "Wozzeck"; mamwe mabara 4-2, mazwi aWozzeck murwi "Ndizvozvo, VaKapiteni"; mabhawa 2- 2 - Wozzeck's arioso "Isu varombo!", Mumabhawa e1d 5-87 - cis-moll triad "inopenya" muchikamu chikuru chechiitiko chechina). Mimwe mifungo mikuru ye opera haigone kunzwisiswa pasina kufunga nezve tonal dramaturgy; Nokudaro, njodzi yerwiyo rwevana muchiitiko chekupedzisira che opera (mushure mekufa kwaWozzeck, 89rd d., bars 136-153) inogara mukuti rwiyo urwu runonzwika muzwi eis (moll), Wozzeck's leitton; izvi zvinoburitsa pfungwa yemunyori yekuti vana vasina hany'a vadiki "wozzets". (Cf. König W., Tona-litätsstrukturen muAlban Bergs Oper "Wozzeck", 3.)

Iyo dodecaphonic-serial technique, iyo inotanga kuwirirana kwechimiro chega pasina toni, inogona kushandisa zvakaenzana kuita kwezwi uye kuita pasina iyo. Kusiyana nemafungiro asina kunaka akakurumbira, dodecaphony inosanganiswa nyore nyore nemusimboti we (itsva) T., uye kuvapo kwepakati. toni chinhu chakajairika cheiyo. Iro iro zano reiyo 12-toni yakatevedzana pakutanga yakasimuka senzira inokwanisa kutsiva yakarasika inovaka mhedzisiro ye tonic uye t. concerto, sonata cycle). Kana serial production inoumbwa pamuenzaniso wetoni, saka basa renheyo, tonic, tonal sphere inogona kuitwa kana nenhevedzano pane chaiyo. kurira, kana kuti manzwi ereferenzi akagoverwa, nguva, chords. "Mutsara uri muchimiro chayo chepakutanga ikozvino unotamba basa rakafanana ne "basic key" rinoshandiswa kutamba; “kudzorera” kunodzokera kwaari nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Isu tinofamba nenzwi rimwe chete! Enzaniso iyi nemisimboti yezvimiro zvekare inochengetedzwa uchiziva (…)” (Webern A., Lectures on Music, 1975, p. 79). Semuenzaniso, mutambo waAA Babadzhanyan “Choral” (kubva pa“Mifananidzo Mitanhatu” wepiyano) wakanyorwa mu“main T” mumwe. ine centre d (uye minor coloration). Iyo fugue yeRK Shchedrin pane 12-toni dingindira ine yakanyatso kuratidzwa T. a-moll. Dzimwe nguva hukama hwehurefu hwakaoma kusiyanisa.

A. Webern. Concert op. 24.

Saka, kushandisa hukama hwenhevedzano mune concerto op. 24 (kune nhevedzano, ona Art. Dodecaphony), Webern anogamuchira boka rematatu matatu kune chaiyo. kureba, kudzokera kuCrimea kunoonekwa sekudzoka ku "kiyi huru". Muenzaniso uri pazasi unoratidza manzwi matatu eiyo main. spheres (A), kutanga kwekutanga kufamba (B) uye kuguma kwekupedzisira kweWebern's concerto (C).

Zvisinei, kumimhanzi ye-12-toni, nheyo yakadaro ye "single-tone" kuumbwa haifaniri (semu classical tonal music). Zvakadaro, zvimwe zvikamu zveT., kunyangwe zviri muchimiro chitsva, zvinowanzoshandiswa. Saka, cello sonata naEV Denisov (1971) ine pakati, toni "d", iyo serial 2nd violin concerto naAG Schnittke ine tonic "g". Mumhanzi we70s. 20th century kune maitiro ekusimbisa musimboti weT.

Nhoroondo yedzidziso pamusoro peT. yakabva mudzidziso yechechi. modes (ona Medieval modes). Mukati megadziriro yayo, pfungwa dzakagadziridzwa pamusoro pekupedzisira semhando ye "tonic" yemuoti. Iyo "modhi" (modhi) pachayo, kubva pahupamhi hwekuona, inogona kutorwa seimwe yemhando (mhando) yeT. Tsika yekusuma toni (musica ficta, musica falsa) yakagadzira mamiriro ekuonekwa kwe melodic effect. uye chordal gravitation yakananga kune tonic. Dzidziso yezvikamu zvekare yakagadzira dzidziso ye "cadences of tone". Glarean mune yake Dodecachord (1547) inotepfenyura yakatenderwa maitiro eIonia neAeolian aivepo kare kare, zviyero zvinopindirana nehukuru uye hwepanyama hudiki. J. Tsarlino ("Dzidziso yeHarmony", 1558) yakabva kuMiddle Ages. dzidziso yezviyero yakadudzira makonzonendi matatu sezvikamu uye yakagadzira dzidziso yezvikuru nezviduku; akacherechedzawo chimiro chikuru kana chiduku chemhando dzose. Muna 1615, muDutchman S. de Co (de Caus) akatumidzazve chechi repercussion. toni mune inotonga (mune echokwadi modes - yechishanu dhigirii, mune plagal - IV). I. Rosenmuller akanyora approx. 1650 pamusoro pekuvapo kwemaitiro matatu chete - makuru, madiki uye Phrygian. Kuma70s. 17th century NP Diletsky inokamura "mimhanzi" kuita "inosetsa" (kureva, huru), "inosiririsa" (diki) uye "yakasanganiswa". Muna 1694, Charles Masson akawana nzira mbiri chete (Mode majeur uye Mode mineur); mune imwe neimwe yadzo 3 matanho "akakosha" (Finale, Mediante, Dominante). Mu "Musical Dictionary" naS. de Brossard (1703), frets inoonekwa pane imwe neimwe yegumi nemaviri chromatic semitones. gamma. Dzidziso inokosha yet. (pasina temu iyi) yakagadzirwa naJF Rameau (“Traité de l'harmonie …”, 12, “Nouveau systéme de musique théorique”, 1722). Iyo fret inovakwa pahwaro hwechord (uye kwete chiyero). Rameau inocherekedza iyo modhi seyakatevedzana kurongeka inotarwa nechikamu chetatu, kureva, reshiyo yematatu makuru chords - T, D uye S. Kururamisa kwehukama hwe cadence chords, pamwe nekusiyana kwekonsonanti tonic uye dissonant D. uye S, akatsanangura hutongi hwetonic pamusoro pemakodhi ese eiyo modhi.

Izwi rokuti "T." akatanga kuonekwa muFAJ Castile-Blaz (1821). T. - "pfuma yemhando yemimhanzi, iyo inoratidzirwa (iripo) mukushandiswa kwematanho ayo anokosha" (kureva, I, IV uye V); FJ Fetis (1844) akaronga dzidziso ye 4 marudzi e T.: kubatana (ordre unito-nique) - kana chigadzirwa. yakanyorwa mune imwe kiyi, isina modulations mune vamwe (inoenderana nemimhanzi yezana remakore rechi16); transitonality - modulations inoshandiswa mumatoni ari pedyo (sezviri pachena, mimhanzi ye baroque); pluritonality - modulations inoshandiswa mumatoni ari kure, anharmonisms (nguva yeViennese classics); omnitonality ("zvese-tonality") - musanganiswa wezvinhu zvekiyi dzakasiyana, chord imwe neimwe inogona kuteverwa neimwe (nguva yerudo). Hazvigoni kutaurwa, zvisinei, kuti typology yaFetis yakavakirwa zvakanaka. X. Riemann (1893) akagadzira dzidziso yakasimba yetimbre. SaRameau, akaenderera mberi kubva muchikamu cheiyo chord sepakati peiyo system uye akatsvaga kutsanangura tonality kuburikidza nehukama hwemanzwi nemakonzoni. Kusiyana naRameau, Riemann haana kungoisa T. 3 ch. chord, asi yakaderedzwa kwavari ("iyo chete yakakosha kuwirirana") zvese zvakasara (ndiko kuti, muT. Riemann ine mabhesi matatu chete anoenderana ne3 mabasa - T, D uye S; saka, iyo chete Riemann system inoshanda zvakanyanya) . G. Schenker (3, 1906) akasimbisa toni semutemo wechisikigo wakatemwa nenhoroondo isingashanduke zvinhu zvezvinonzwika. T. yakavakirwa paconsonant triad, diatonic uye consonant counterpoint (senge contrapunctus simplex). Mimhanzi yemazuva ano, sekureva kwaSchenker, ndiko kudzikira uye kudzikira kwezvakaita zvechisikigo izvo zvinopa kusimba. Schoenberg (1935) akadzidza zvakadzama zviwanikwa zvemazuva ano. harmonic kwaari. system uye akasvika pakugumisa kuti yemazuva ano. mimhanzi ye tonal iri "kumiganhu yeT." (zvichibva pakunzwisisa kwekare kwaT.). Akadana (pasina tsananguro chaiyo) “zvimiro” zvitsva zvenzwi (c. 1911–1900; naM. Reger, G. Mahler, Schoenberg) nemashoko okuti “inoyangarara” toni (schwebende; tonic inoonekwa kashoma, inodziviswa inzwi rakajeka zvakakwana). ; semuenzaniso, rwiyo rwaSchoenberg "The Temptation" op. 1910, No 6) uye "kubviswa" T. (aufgehobene; zvose tonic uye consonant triads zvinodziviswa, "kudzungaira chords" anoshandiswa - akangwara wechinomwe chords, akawedzera triad, mamwe tonal akawanda chords).

Mudzidzi waRiemann G. Erpf (1927) akaedza kutsanangura zviitiko zvemimhanzi mu10's uye 20's kubva pakuona kwedzidziso yakanyatsoshanda uye kusvika kune chiitiko chemimhanzi munhoroondo. Erpf akaisawo mberi pfungwa ye "consonance-center" (Klangzentrum), kana "sound centre" (somuenzaniso, Schoenberg's play op. 19 No 6), iyo inokosha kune dzidziso yezwi idzva; T. ine muzinda wakadaro dzimwe nguva inonziwo Kerntonalität (“core-T.”). Webern (ch. arr. kubva pamaonero echinyakare t.) anoratidza kukudziridzwa kwemimhanzi “mushure mezvidzidzo zvekare” se“kuparadzwa kwet. (Webern A., Lectures on Music, p. 44); musimboti waT. akateya tsvakiridzo. nzira: "kuvimba nezwi guru", "nzira dzekuumba", "nzira dzekukurukurirana" (ibid., p. 51). T. yakaparadzwa ne "bifurcation" ye diatonic. nhanho (p. 53, 66), “kuwedzera kwezviwanikwa zvinonzwika” (p. 50), kupararira kwemazwi asina kujeka, kunyangarika kwekudiwa kwekudzokera kune chikuru. inzwi, katsika kekusadzokororwa kwemazwi (p. 55, 74-75), kuumba pasina classical. dimikira T. (p. 71-74). P. Hindemith (1937) anovaka dzidziso yakadzama yeT. itsva, yakavakirwa padanho gumi nembiri ("series I", semuenzaniso, muhurongwa.

mukana wekuti chero dissonance pane mumwe nemumwe wavo. Hindemith's system yezvakakosha zvezvinhu zveT. inosiyaniswa zvakanyanya. Maererano neHindemith, mimhanzi yose ndeye tonal; kudzivisa kutaudzana kwenzwi kwakaoma sesimba rinokwevera pasi. IF Maonero aStravinsky pamusoro peiyo tonality akasiyana. Ne tonal (mupfungwa nhete) kuwirirana mupfungwa, akanyora kuti: “Harmony ... akanga ane nhoroondo yakajeka asi pfupi” (“Dialogues”, 1971, p. 237); "Hatisisiri mukati memaitiro echinyakare T. mupfungwa yechikoro" ("Musikalische Poetik", 1949, S. 26). Stravinsky anoomerera kune "T" itsva. (“non-tonal” mumhanzi une tonal, “asi kwete mutonal system yezana ramakore rechi 18”; ​​“Dialogues”, p. 245) mune imwe yemisiyano yawo, yaanodaidza kuti “kusiyana kwenzwi, nguva, uye kunyange. ruzha rwakaoma”; "tonal (kana ruzha-"tonale") danda iri ... ndiro huru yemimhanzi," T. ingori "nzira yekumisikidza mimhanzi zvinoenderana nematanda aya." Izwi rokuti "pole", zvisinei, harina kururama, nokuti rinorevawo "danda rakatarisana", iro Stravinsky asina kureva. J. Rufer, maererano nemafungiro echikoro cheNew Viennese, akaronga izwi rokuti "toni itsva", achifunga kuti ndiro mutakuri we 12-tone series. Dissertation yeX. Lang "Nhoroondo yepfungwa uye izwi rekuti "tonality" ("Begriffsgeschichte des Terminus "Tonalität", 1956) ine ruzivo rwakakosha nezvenhoroondo yeTonalism.

MuRussia, dzidziso yenzwi yakatanga pakutanga maererano nemashoko okuti "tone" (VF Odoevsky, Tsamba kuMuparidzi, 1863; GA Laroche, Glinka uye Kukosha Kwayo muNhoroondo yeMimhanzi, Russian Bulletin, 1867-68; PI Tchaikovsky. , "Nhungamiro yezvidzidzo zvinoshanda zvekuwirirana", 1872), "system" (German Tonart, yakashandurwa neAS Famintsyn "Textbook of harmony" naEF Richter, 1868; HA Rimsky -Korsakov, "Textbook of Harmony", 1884-85 ), “modhi” (Odoevsky, ibid; Tchaikovsky, ibid), “view” (kubva kuTon-art, rakashandurwa naFamintsyn of AB Marx’s Universal Textbook of Music, 1872). Tchaikovsky's "Short Handbook of Harmony" (1875) inoshandisa zvakanyanya izwi rekuti "T." (dzimwe nguva zvakare muNhungamiro yeChidzidzo Chinoshanda cheHarmony). SI Taneyev akaisa pamberi dzidziso ye "kubatanidza tonality" (ona basa rake: "Ongororo yezvirongwa zvemodulation ...", 1927; semuenzaniso, kutevedzana kwekutsauka muG-dur, A-dur inomutsa pfungwa yeT. D. -dur, kuvabatanidza, uye zvakare inogadzira kukwezva tonal kwairi). SekuMadokero, muRussia, zviitiko zvitsva mundima ye tonality zvakamboonekwa sekushaikwa kwe "tonal unity" (Laroche, ibid.) kana tonality (Taneyev, Tsamba kuna Tchaikovsky yaAugust 6, 1880), semhedzisiro. "kunze kwemiganhu yehurongwa" ( Rimsky-Korsakov, ibid.). Zviitiko zvakati wandei zvine chekuita netoni nyowani (isina izwi iri) zvakatsanangurwa naYavorsky (iyo 12-semitone system, iyo dissonant uye yakapararira tonic, kuwanda kwezvimiro zvemodal mutoni, uye mazhinji emodhi ari kunze makuru uye madiki. ); pasi pesimba raYavorsky Russian. theoretical musicology yakatsvaga kutsvaga maitiro matsva (matsva epamusoro-soro zvimiro), semuenzaniso. mukugadzira Scriabin yenguva yekupedzisira yekusika (BL Yavorsky, "Chimiro chekutaura kwemimhanzi", 1908; "Mifungo mishoma ine chekuita nekuyeukwa kwaLiszt", 1911; Protopopov SV, "Zvimiro zvechimiro chekutaura kwemimhanzi" , 1930) kana Impressionists, - akanyora BV Asafiev, - haana kupfuura miganhu tonal harmonic hurongwa "(" Musical Form as a Process ", M., 1963, p. 99). GL Catuar (inotevera PO Gewart) yakagadzira mhando dzeanonzi. yakawedzerwa T. (zvikuru-zviduku uye chromatic systems). BV Asafiev akapa ongororo yezviitiko zve toni (mabasa e toni, D, uye S, chimiro che "European modhi," iyo yekutanga toni, uye stylistic dudziro yezvimiro zve toni) kubva pamaonero eizwi dzidziso. . Yu. Kusimukira kwaN. Tyulin kweiyo pfungwa yezvakasiyana-siyana kwakawedzera zvakanyanya dzidziso yetoni mabasa mabasa. Mazizi akawanda emimhanzi nyanzvi (MM Skorik, SM Slonimsky, ME Tarakanov, HP Tiftikidi, LA Karklinsh, nezvimwewo) muma60-70s. akadzidza zvakadzama chimiro chemazuva ano. 12-nhanho (chromatic) tonality. Tarakanov akanyatso gadzira pfungwa ye "T nyowani" (ona chinyorwa chake: "Nzvimbo itsva mumhanzi wezana ramakore re1972", XNUMX).

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Yu. N. Kholopov