Ruzha rwemimhanzi uye zvimiro zvayo

Mutambo "4'33" naJohn Cage maminitsi mana nemasekonzi makumi matatu nematatu ekunyarara. Kunze kwebasa iri, mamwe ose anoshandisa inzwi.

Ruzha nderemumhanzi izvo pendi ndeyekupenda, shoko kune munyori, uye chidhina kune muvaki. Ruzha inyaya yemimhanzi. Muimbi anofanira kuziva mashandiro anoita ruzha here? Kunyatsotaura, kwete. Pashure pezvose, muvaki angasaziva zvimiro zvezvinhu zvaanovaka nazvo. Nyaya yekuti chivakwa ichi chichadhirika harisi dambudziko rake, idambudziko reavo vachagara muchivakwa ichi.

Inoti C inonzwika papi frequency?

Ndezvipi zvinhu zvemimhanzi zvatinoziva?

Ngatitorei tambo semuenzaniso.

Vhoriyamu. Inopindirana neamplitude. Kunyanya kurova kwatinoita tambo, kuwedzera kweamplitude yekudengenyeka kwayo, inzwi rinowedzera.

duration. Kune toni dzemakombuta dzekugadzira dzinogona kunzwika kwenguva yakareba, asi kazhinji ruzha rwunouya pane imwe nguva uye rwunomira pane imwe nguva. Nerubatsiro rwekureba kwenzwi, zvimiro zvese zvine mutinhimira munziyo zvinomisikidzwa.

Kureba. Isu takajaira kutaura kuti mamwe manotsi anonzwika kumusoro, mamwe ari pasi. Makwiriro eruzha anofambirana nekuwanda kwekudedera kwetambo. Inopimwa nehertz (Hz): hertz imwe inguva imwe pasekondi. Saizvozvo, kana, semuenzaniso, kuwanda kweruzha kuri 100 Hz, izvi zvinoreva kuti tambo inoita 100 vibrations pasekondi.

Kana tikavhura chero tsananguro yemimhanzi system, isu tichawana nyore kuti iyo frequency kusvika kune diki octave iri 130,81 Hz, saka musekondi tambo inobuda to, inoita 130,81 oscillations.

Asi ichi hachisi chokwadi.

Perfect String

Saka, ngatiratidze zvatichangobva kutsanangura mumufananidzo (Fig. 1). Parizvino, tinorasa nguva yeruzha uye tinongoreva nzwi uye ruzha.

Pano bhaa dzvuku rinomiririra ruzha rwedu. Kana bhawa iyi yakakwira, ndipo panobva yawedzera ruzha. Kuenderera mberi nekurudyi koramu iyi, ndipo panobva paita ruzha. Semuenzaniso, manzwi maviri mumufananidzo 2 achava vhoriyamu imwechete, asi yechipiri (bhuruu) inonzwika yakakwirira kupfuura yekutanga (tsvuku).

Girafu yakadaro musainzi inonzi amplitude-frequency response (AFC). Itsika yekudzidza zvese zvemanzwi.

Zvino dzokera kune tambo.

Kana tambo yakadengenyeka yose (Fig. 3), zvino yaizonyatsoita inzwi rimwe chete, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 1. Iri inzwi raizova nehumwe hukuru, zvichienderana nesimba rekurova, uye kunyatsotsanangurwa frequency oscillation, nekuda kwekukakavadzana uye kureba kwetambo.

Tinogona kuteerera inzwi rinobudiswa nekudedera kwakadaro kwetambo.

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Zvinonzwika zvakashata, handizvo here?

Izvi zvinodaro nekuti, maererano nemitemo yefizikisi, tambo haizungunuke seizvi.

Vese vatambi vetambo vanoziva kuti kana ukabata tambo pakati chaipo, usina kana kuidzvanya pafretboard, woirova, unogona kuwana ruzha runonzi. flagolet. Muchiitiko ichi, chimiro chekudengenyeka kwetambo chichatarisa chimwe chinhu chakadai (Fig. 4).

Pano tambo inoratidzika kunge yakakamurwa kuita maviri, uye imwe neimwe yehafu inonzwika zvakasiyana.

Kubva kufizikisi inozivikanwa: kupfupika kwetambo, ndiko kukurumidza kwainodedera. Mumufananidzo 4, imwe neimwe yehafu inopfupika kaviri pane tambo yose. Saizvozvo, kuwanda kweruzha rwatinogamuchira nenzira iyi kunenge kwakapetwa kaviri.

Chinonyengera ndechekuti kudedera kwakadaro kwetambo hakuna kuoneka panguva yatakatanga kuridza harmonic, yaivepowo mutambo "yakavhurika". Kungoti kana tambo yakavhurika, kudedera kwakadaro kunonyanya kunetsa kuona, uye nekuisa munwe pakati, isu takazvizivisa.

Mufananidzo 5 uchabatsira kupindura mubvunzo wekuti tambo inogona sei kudengenyeka panguva imwe chete sese uye sehafu mbiri.

Tambo inokotama yese, uye maviri hafu-masaisai anotenderera pairi semhando yesere. Chimiro chesere chiri kuzungunuka pane chinozunguzirwa ndiko kuwedzera kwemhando mbiri dzakadai dzekuzunguzika.

Chii chinoitika kune ruzha kana tambo yacho ichibvunda nenzira iyi?

Zviri nyore kwazvo: kana tambo ikazunguzika yese, inoburitsa ruzha rweimwe nzwi, inowanzonzi iyo yakakosha toni. Uye kana mahafu maviri (masere) achizunguza, tinowana ruzha rwakapetwa kaviri. Aya manzwi anotamba panguva imwe chete. Pamusoro pemhinduro yakawanda, ichaita seizvi (Fig. 6).

Iyo yakasviba column ndiyo toni huru inobva pakudengenyeka kwetambo "yose", iyo yakareruka inopeta kaviri kupfuura yerima, inowanikwa kubva pakudengenyeka kwe "masere". Bhari imwe neimwe pagirafu yakadaro inonzi harmonic. Sezvo mutemo, ma harmonics akakwirira anonzwika akanyarara, saka chikamu chechipiri chakaderera zvishoma pane chekutanga.

Asi iyo harmonics haina kuganhurirwa kune maviri ekutanga. Muchokwadi, kunze kwekunge kwatove kwakaomesesa kuwedzera kwechimiro-chisere nekuzunguza, tambo panguva imwechete inokotama semafungu matatu-hafu, akafanana mana, seshanu, zvichingodaro. (Mufananidzo 7).

Saizvozvo, manzwi anowedzerwa kune maviri ekutanga harmonics, ayo mumatatu, mana, mashanu, nezvimwewo nguva dzakakwirira kupfuura toni huru. Pamusoro pemhinduro yakawanda, izvi zvichapa mufananidzo wakadaro (Fig. 8).

Kongiresi yakaoma kudaro inowanikwa kana tambo imwe chete ichirira. Inosanganisira zvose harmonics kubva kune yekutanga (iyo inonzi yakakosha) kusvika kune yakakwirira. All harmonics kunze kwekutanga anonziwo overtones, kureva kushandurirwa muchiRussia - "upper tones".

Isu tinosimbisa zvakare kuti iyi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha pfungwa yekurira, iyi ndiyo nzira iyo tambo dzese dziri munyika dzinorira. Mukuwedzera, nekuchinja kuduku, zvose zviridzwa zvinofuridza zvinopa chimiro chenzwi chakafanana.

Kana tichitaura nezve ruzha, tinoreva chaizvo kuvakwa uku:

KURUDZIKA = GROUND TONE + ALL MULTIPLE OVERTONS

Icho chiri pahwaro hwechimiro ichi kuti zvese zvaro zve harmonic zvakavakwa mumimhanzi. Zvimiro zvenguva, chords, tunings, uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinogona kutsanangurwa zviri nyore kana iwe uchiziva chimiro chenzwi.

Asi kana tambo dzose nehwamanda dzose dzichirira seizvi, sei tichigona kuziva piyano kubva kune violin, uye gitare kubva kune nyere?

Timbre

Mubvunzo wakagadzirirwa pamusoro unogona kuiswa kunyange wakaoma, nokuti nyanzvi dzinogona kutosiyanisa gitare kubva kune imwe. Zviridzwa zviviri zvechimiro chakafanana, zvine tambo dzakafanana, ruzha, uye munhu anonzwa musiyano. Kubvumirana, zvinoshamisa?

Tisati tagadzirisa kusanzwisisika uku, ngatinzwei kuti tambo yakanaka yakatsanangurwa mundima yapfuura inganzwika sei. Ngatinzwisei girafu mumufananidzo 8.

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Inoratidzika kunge yakafanana nekurira kwezviridzwa zvemimhanzi chaiyo, asi chimwe chinhu chisipo.

Hazvina kukwana "zvisina kunaka".

Chokwadi ndechekuti munyika hamuna tambo mbiri dzakanyatsofanana. Tambo imwe neimwe ine hunhu hwayo, kunyangwe iine microscopic, asi inokanganisa kuti inonzwika sei. Kusakwana kunogona kuve kwakasiyana-siyana: ukobvu hunochinja pamwe nekureba kwetambo, density yezvinhu zvakasiyana, diki diki diki, tension shanduko panguva yekuzunguzika, etc. Mukuwedzera, ruzha rwunochinja zvichienderana nekuti tinorovera papi tambo, zvinhu zvechiridzwa. (sekunzwa kunyorova), kuti chiridzwa chakamira sei maererano nemuteereri, uye nezvimwe zvakawanda, kusvika kune geometry yekamuri.

Zvinhu izvi zvinoitei? Vanoshandura zvishoma girafu iri muMufananidzo 8. Harmonics pairi inogona kunge isina kunyanya kuwanda, yakashandura zvishoma kurudyi kana kuruboshwe, vhoriyamu yeharmonics yakasiyana inogona kuchinja zvikuru, overtones iri pakati peharonics inogona kuonekwa (Fig. 9) .).

Kazhinji, ese manuances eruzha anonzi anokonzerwa nepfungwa isina kujeka yetimbre.

Timbre inoita seiri izwi rinonyanya kuenderana nerunako rwekurira kwechiridzwa. Zvakadaro, pane matambudziko maviri netemu rino andinoda kuratidza.

Dambudziko rekutanga nderekuti kana tikatsanangura timbre sezvataita pamusoro, saka tinosiyanisa zviridzwa nenzeve kunyanya kwete nazvo. Sezvo mutemo, tinobata misiyano muchikamu chekutanga chechipiri chezwi. Iyi nguva inowanzonzi kurwisa, umo inzwi rinongoonekwa. Dzimwe nguva, ese ma sruns anonzwika zvakafanana. Kuona izvi, ngatiteererei kunoti papiyano, asi nenguva yekurwisa "yakagurwa".

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Bvumiranai, zvakaoma chaizvo kuziva piyano inozivikanwa muruzha urwu.

Dambudziko rechipiri nderekuti kazhinji, kana tichitaura nezve ruzha, toni huru inosarudzwa, uye zvimwe zvese zvinonzi timbre, sekunge haina kukosha uye haina basa chero mukuvakwa kwemimhanzi. Zvisinei, izvi hazvisizvo zvachose. Izvo zvinodikanwa kusiyanisa maficha ega ega, senge overtones uye kutsauka kweharmonics, kubva kune yakakosha chimiro chekurira. Hunhu hwega hwega hune simba shoma pazvivakwa zvemimhanzi. Asi iyo yakakosha maumbirwo - akawanda harmonics, anoratidzwa muFig. 8. - ndiyo inogadzirisa zvose pasina kunze kuwirirana mumimhanzi, pasinei nezera, maitiro uye maitiro.

Tichataura nezvekuti chimiro ichi chinotsanangura sei zvivakwa zvemimhanzi nguva inotevera.

Munyori - Roman Oleinikov Maodhiyo akarekodhwa - Ivan Soshinsky