Mimhanzi yevana |

Mimhanzi yevana mumhanzi unoitirwa kunzwikwa kana kuimbwa nevana. Mienzaniso yaro yakanakisa inoratidzirwa neconcreteness, mhenyu nhetembo. zvemukati, mufananidzo, nyore uye kujeka kwechimiro. Zviridzwa D. m. inoratidzirwa nehurongwa, zvinhu zvekufananidzira, onomatopoeia, kutamba, kufora, uye nyore kwemimhanzi. maumbirwo, kuvimba nengano. Pamwoyo wemumhanzi prod. kuvana pane kazhinji nar. ngano, mifananidzo yezvakasikwa, mifananidzo yenyika yemhuka. Kune marudzi akasiyana eD.m. - nziyo, makwaya, instr. mitambo, orc. kugadzirwa, nziyo dzenhanho zvinyorwa. Zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirirwa kuita nevana zvinoenderana nezvavanogona kuita. Wok. prod. izwi renji, maumbirwo enzwi uye diction, korasi inotariswa. kugadzirira, instr. mitambo - dhigirii yehunyanzvi. matambudziko. Mumhanzi denderedzwa. zvigadzirwa zvinosvika pakuona kwevana zvakakura kupfuura nzvimbo yeD. m. Muvateereri vevana, kunyanya vakuru, vakawanda vanozivikanwa. prod. MI Glinka, PI Tchaikovsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin uye mamwe makirasi, prod. zizi. vanyori.

Nziyo, nyambo, matambiro, mitauro, nyaya, nezvimwewo zvinowanzoshanda sehwaro hwaProf. D. m. Ndichiri muDr. Greece yaizivikanwa naNar. nziyo dzevana, kunyanya nziyo dzenziyo dzaive dzakajairika. Zvinyorwa zvenhau zvinoratidza kuti nziyo dzevana dzinoverengeka dzakanyorwa muchiGiriki. muimbi uye munyori Pindar (522-442 BC). MuDr. Sparta, Thebes, Athens, vana kubvira vachiri vaduku vakadzidziswa kuridza nziyo dzemaoriro, kuimba mumakwaya.

NeChitatu. zana remakore muEurope, D. m. yaibatanidzwa nebasa reva<em>shpilman (vaimbi vevanhu vanodzungaira). Nziyo dzekare dzevana veGermany "Shiri dzose dzakauya kwatiri", "Iwe, gava, wakadhonza goose", "Shiri yakabhururuka mukati", "Parsley uswa hunoshamisa" dzakachengetedzwa. European fret base. nziyo dzevana - huru nediki, apo neapo - pentatonic scale (rwiyo rwevana rweGermany "Flashlight, Tochi"). Ch. music features. mutauro: kuwirirana. chimiro cherwiyo, quartic overbeats, kufanana kwechimiro (couplet). Gor. nziyo dzevana vomumugwagwa (der Kurrenden) muMiddle Ages. Germany yakafarirwa nenziyo dzepakutanga. zvikwata (die Kurrende) - makwaya anotenderera evaimbi vevadzidzi vaiimba mumugwagwa nemari shoma. Rus. nziyo dzevana dzekare dzaizivikanwa pakati pevanhu, dzakabudiswa muna Sat. nar. nziyo dzezana remakore rechi18 VF Trutovsky, I. Prach. Dzimwe dzenziyo idzi dzakapona kusvika panguva yedu ("Bunny, iwe, bunny", "Jump-jump", "Bunny anofamba mubindu", nezvimwewo). Kusikwa kwezvinyorwa zvemumhanzi wezvidzidzo zvevana zvakateerera vanyori vekirasi ye18 - kutanga. 19th mazana emakore: JS Bach, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven. Haydn's "Children's Symphony" (1794) inotora nzvimbo inokosha. Mu 1st floor. Muzana ramakore rechi 19, nokusimbiswa kwenheyo yetsika yorudzidziso mukurerwa kwavana, D. m. vakawana dzidziso yechitendero.

Mu 2nd floor. 19th century nhamba yakati wandei yeprofes. prod. D. m.: Sat. MA Mamontova “Nziyo dzevana panziyo dzeRussia neDiki dzeRussia” (gadziriro dzenziyo dzevana dzakaitwa naPI Tchaikovsky, chinyorwa 1, 1872), fp. zvidimbu zvekutanga piano. Izvo zvakanakisa zvezvimedu izvi zvakapinda mutsika yekudzidzira kuridza piyano, semuenzaniso. Tchaikovsky's "Children's Album" (op. 39, 1878) rudzi rwe pianoforte. suite, uko mune dzakasiyana siyana zvidimbu zvidiki nar. hunhu, vana vanogaropihwa akasiyana siyana ehunyanzvi uye kuita mabasa. Kusavapo kwe melodic, harmonic, zvinyorwa zvinonetsa kuita chigadzirwa ichi. inowanikwa nevatambi vechidiki. Zvakafanana maererano nemabasa uye nzira dzekugadzirisa kwavo kuunganidzwa kwefp. inotambira vana naAS Arensky, SM Maykapar, VI Rebikov.

In con. Muzana remakore rechi19 maopera ekutanga evana akanyorwa: "Katsi, Mbudzi uye Gwai" uye "Vaimbi" naBryansky (1888, zvichienderana nemagwaro engano dzeIA Krylov); "Mbudzi Dereza" (1888), "Pan Kotsky" (1891) uye "Winter uye Spring, kana Snow Beauty" (1892) Lysenko. Muses. mutauro wemaopera aya uri nyore, wakazara nemitauro yeRussia. nenziyo dzeUkraine. Maopera evana ane mukurumbira naTs. A. Cui - The Snow Hero (1906), Little Red Riding Hood (1911), Puss in Boots (1912), Ivan the Fool (1913); AT Grechaninova - "Yolochkin Dream" (1911), "Teremok" (1921), "Cat, Rooster uye Fox" (1924); BV Asafiev - "Cinderella" (1906), "The Snow Queen" (1907, yakaridzwa muna 1910); VI Rebikova - "Yolka" (1900), "The Tale of the Princess and the Frog King" (1908). Nyika yehudiki nehudiki inoratidzwa munziyo dzevana dzaTchaikovsky ("16 Nziyo dzeVana" kune ndima naAN Pleshcheev nevamwe vadetembi, op. 54, 1883), Cui ("Mifananidzo gumi nenhatu Mimhanzi" yekuimba, op. 15 ), Arensky ("Nziyo dzevana", op. 59), Rebikov ("Nyika yevana", "Nziyo dzeChikoro"), Grechaninov ("Ai, Doo-Doo", op. 31, 1903; "Rabka Hen", op. 85, 1919), zvichingodaro.

Pakati pezvigadzirwa Western European D. m.: "Children's Scenes" (1838), "Album Yevechidiki" naR. Schumann (1848) - kutenderera kwe op. thumbnails, nzvimbo maererano musimboti kubva nyore kusvika yakaoma; "Nziyo Dzevana Dzevanhu" naBrahms (1887), J. Wiese's suite "Mitambo Yevana" (1871) - 12 zvidimbu zvepiyano. mumawoko mana (zvidimbu zvishanu kubva mukutenderera uku, zvakarongwa nemunyori, zvakagadzira sutu yezita rimwechete reiyo symphony orchestra). Magadzirirwo anozivikanwa. yepiyano: “Children’s Corner” naDebussy (4-1906), “Amai Goose” naRavel (08) (suite yepiyano mumaoko mana; yakarongwa muna 1908). B. Bartok akanyorera vana (“To the Little Slovak”, 4, kutenderera kwe1912 melodies yezwi nepiyano; muna 1905-5, 1908 manotsi edzidziso repertoire yepiyano "For Children"); mumitambo yake, kunyanya yevanhu. hunhu, nziyo dzeSlovak neHungary nziyo dzinoshandiswa, maererano nezviri mukati izvi imhando fp. mifananidzo inoenderera mberi netsika yaDM Schumann naTchaikovsky. Muna 09-4 Bartók akanyora nhevedzano yezvidimbu zana nemakumi mashanu nenhatu (1926 notebook) zvepiyano. "Microcosm". Zvidimbu, zvakarongwa mukurongeka zvishoma nezvishoma, zvinosuma mutambi wepiyano mudiki munyika yemimhanzi yemazuva ano. Nziyo dzevana dzakanyorwa na: X. Eisler (“Nziyo nhanhatu dzevana kumashoko aB. Brecht”, op. 37; “Nziyo dzevana” kumashoko aBrecht, op. 153), Z. Kodaly (nziyo dzakawanda nemakwaya evana akavakirwa pamhanzi yechivanhu yeHungary). D. m. inoita yakawanda comp. B. Britten. Akagadzira muunganidzwa wenziyo dzechikoro "Chishanu Masikati" (p. 6, 53). Nziyo dzemuunganidzwa uyu dzakakurumbira pakati peChirungu. vana vechikoro. Nokuti isp. vana, vachiperekedzwa nembira, vakanyora kutenderera kwe“Ritual Christmas Songs” (p. 105, 7, yakavakirwa pamagwaro ekare echiRungu). Nziyo dzakanakisisa ndi "Frosty Winter", "O, mudiwa wangu" (lullaby), canon "Uyu Mwana". Britten's Guide to the Orchestra (p. 1934, 28, yevechidiki) yakave nemukurumbira - rudzi rwebasa rinoita kuti muteereri azive nezvemazuva ano. symp. orchestra. K. Orff akagadzira kutenderera kukuru kwezvigadzirwa. "Mimhanzi yevana"; muna 1942-34 kutenderera kwakapedzwa nekubatana. naG. Ketman uye ndokugashira zita. "Schulwerk" ("Schulwerk. Musik für Kinder") - nziyo, instr. mitambo uye rhythm melodic. zviitwa zvevana ml. age. Kuwedzera ku "Schulwerk" - muunganidzwa we "Mimhanzi Yevechidiki" ("Jugendmusik") - inoshanda. hwaro hwemimhanzi yakabatana. kurerwa (zvinyorwa zvakatorwa muunganidzwa weFM Böhme “Rwiyo rweVana veGermany neMutambo Wevana” – Fr. M. Böhme, “Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel”).

Hindemith's Tinovaka Guta (1930), opera yevana, yakapararira. Mumhanzi wevana mutambo waBritten "The Little Chimney Sweep, or Let's put on an Opera" (op. 45, 1949) 12 mabasa: 6 yevana (vana kubva pa8 kusvika kumakore gumi nemana) uye nhamba imwechete yevakuru. Imba inobatanidzwa muchiito: vataridzi vadiki vanodzidzira uye vanoimba zvakakosha. "Rwiyo rweruzhinji". Kuumbwa kwe orchestra - tambo. quartet, percussion uye piano. mumaoko mana. Inofarirwa zvakare imhanzi yevana vaBritten inonzi Noah Areka (op. 14, 4), yakavakirwa pamutambo wekare wakavanzika. Mune orchestra huru yevana (vatambi makumi manomwe) yeProf. vaimbi vakanyora mapato mapfumbamwe chete. Mimwe mitambo yacho yakagadzirirwa vana vachangotanga kutamba. Maumbirwo evaimbi haana kujairika (mu orchestra – ogani, piyano, kurira, tambo, nyere, nyanga nemabhero emaoko; pachikuva – kwaya inotaura, vaimbi vari voga uye manzwi evana makumi mashanu vachiimba zvakasiyana).

Sov. munyori akafumiswa naD. m., yakawedzera mikana yayo yemhando uye nzira dzekutaura. Mukuwedzera kune wok. uye fp. maminiatures, operas, ballets, cantatas, mahombe symphonies anosikirwa vana. production, concerts. Rudzi rwemazizi rwakapararira. rwiyo rwevana, rwunoumbwa nevanyori vachibatsirana nevadetembi (S. Ya Marshack, S. AT. Mikhalkov A. L. Barto, O. Uye. Vysotskaya, W. Uye. Lebedev-Kumach nevamwe). Mn. zizi. vanyori vakatsaurira basa ravo kuna D. m Inozivikanwa zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso, fp. inotambira vana М. Maykapara "Spikers" (op. 28, 1926) uye Sat. "Matanho Ekutanga" (op. 29, 1928) yefp. mumaoko mana. Izvi zvigadzirwa zvinosiyaniswa nenyasha uye pachena kwemavara, hutsva uye mavambo emuses. mutauro, mashandisiro akajeka ehunyanzvi hwepolyphony. Popular arr. Nar melodies G. G. Lobacheva: Sat. Nziyo shanu dzeVacheche (1928), Nziyo shanu dzeVana (1927); ivo vanosiyaniswa nehungwaru hwekuperekedza, zvinhu zve onomatopoeia, intonation. kujeka uye laconism yenziyo. Yekukosha kukuru inhaka yekugadzira yeM. Uye. Krasev. Vakanyora zvakanaka. Nziyo 60 dzemapiyona, akati wandei maopera epaNar. ngano, ngano K. Uye. Chukovsky uye S. Ya Marshak. Mimhanzi yemaopera ndeyemifananidzo, ine mavara, padyo nevanhu. splint, inowanikwa pakuita kwevana. Creativity M. R. Rauchverger inonyanya kunyorerwa vana vechikoro. Chigadzirwa chakanakisa mugadziri anoratidzirwa nemazuva ano emimhanzi. mataurirwo emazwi, kutaura kunonzwika. mabhindauko, kupinza kwekunzwanana. Kutenderera kwenziyo "Zuva" pamavhesi aA. L. Barto (1928), nziyo "Red Poppies", "Winter Holiday", "Appassionata", "Tiri Merry Guys", kutenderera kwezwi "Maruva", nezvimwewo. Kubatsira kukuru kuna D. m akapinda mukombuta A. N. Aleksandrov, R. G. Boyko, I. O. Dunayevsky A. Ya Lepin, Z. A. Levin, M. A. Mirzoev, S. Rustamov, M. L. Starokadomsky, A. D. Filippenko. Nziyo dzakawanda dzevana dzakakurumbira dzakagadzirwa naT. A. Popatenko uye V. AP Gerchik, E. N. Tiricheeva. Imwe yemhando dzinofarirwa nevateereri vevana rwiyo rwenyambo ("About Petya" naKabalevsky, "Zvakapesana" naFilippenko, "Boy and Ice" naRustamov, "Bear Tooth", "Guta reLima" naBoyko, "Mutori wemifananidzo paZoo" naZharkovsky, nezvimwewo) . Mumhanzi D. B. Kabalevsky, yakanyorerwa vana, inoratidza ruzivo rwakadzika rwemunyori wenyika yemanzwiro, pfungwa, mafungiro emazuva ano. chizvarwa chechidiki. Semunyori wenziyo wevana, Kabalevsky anozivikanwa nenziyo. upfumi, zvemazuva ano, mutauro, unyanzvi. kupfava, kuswedera kune matauriro emazuva ano. ice folklore (coll yevana vake vekutanga. – “Nziyo sere dzekwaya yevana nepiyano”, op. 17, 1935). Kabalevsky ndomumwe wevatangi vevana lyric genre. nziyo ("Rwiyo rwomoto", "Nyika Yedu", "Makore Echikoro"). Akanyora 3 pedagogical notebook. fp. zvimedu zvakarongwa muhurongwa hwekuwedzera kuoma (Makumi Matatu Vana Mitambo, op. 27, 1937-38). Kugadzirwa kwake. akasiyana nemusoro. hupfumi, kuswedera kumhando dzakawanda dzekugadzira mimhanzi - nziyo, kutamba, kufora. Unyanzvi hwakatanhamara. vane zvakanakira. zvevana S. C. Prokofiev. Classical matekiniki anosanganiswa mavari nehutsva uye kutsva kwemamusi. mutauro, kududzira kutsva kwemarudzi. Fp. Mitambo yaProkofiev "Mimhanzi Yevana" (yakarongwa zvishoma nemunyori uye yakabatanidzwa muchikamu "Zuva reZhizha") inoratidzirwa nekujekesa kwemharidzo, inoreva. kupfava kwemimhanzi. zvinhu, kujeka kwemavara. Imwe yeakanakisa dhizaini D. m - symphonic. Prokofiev's ngano "Peter neWolf" (1936, pane zvinyorwa zvake), kubatanidza mimhanzi uye kuverenga. Hunhu hwepakati payo hunosiyaniswa nemifananidzo. magamba (Petya, Dhadha, Birdie, Sekuru, Wolf, Vavhimi), vachisuma vateereri vadiki kune orc. matanda. Rwiyo-sketch "Chatterbox" kubva pamavhesi aBarto (1939), iyo suite "Winter Bonfire" - kuvaverengi, kwaya yevakomana nemasimphoni anozivikanwa. orchestra (1949). Kune vatambi vechidiki vakanyorwa 2nd fp. konzati d. D. Shostakovich, Kabalevsky's triad of youth concerts (yepiyano, violin, cello uye orchestra), 3rd piano. konzati A. M. Balanchivadze, fp. concert naY. A. Levitin. Zvimiro zvezvose izvi zvigadzirwa. - kuvimba nezvinhu zvenziyo, kushandiswa kwe stylistic mumimhanzi. zvemumhanzi wevana nepwere.

Mumakore 50-60. rudzi rwevana cantata rwakaumbwa, kuratidza laconic muses. zvinoreva zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvido, manzwiro uye pfungwa dzemazuva ano. vana nevechidiki. Aya ndiwo: "Rwiyo rweMangwanani, Chitubu uye Rugare" (1958), "Panyika Yekuzvarwa" (1966) Kabalevsky, "Vana vari pedyo nemadzibaba avo" (1965), "Red Square" (1967) Chichkov, "Lenin". mumwoyo medu” (1957), “Red Pathfinders” (1962) Pakhmutova, “Pioneer, gadzirira!” Zulfugarov (1961).

Mimhanzi inotora nzvimbo huru mumafirimu evana: Tsar Durandai (1934) uye Little Red Riding Hood (1937) naAlexandrov; Cinderella naSpadavecchia (1940); "Vana veCaptain Grant" (1936) uye "Beethoven Concerto" (1937) naDunayevsky; "Red Tie" (1950) uye "Mhoro, Moscow!" (1951) Lepin; "Aibolit-66" naB. Tchaikovsky (1966). Mimhanzi yakawanda inorira mumakatuni evana. mafirimu: "The Bremen Town Musicians" comp. GI Gladkova (1968), "Crocodile Gena" comp. MP Ziva (1969). Pakati pemienzaniso yakanakisisa yevana estr. eccentric music. nziyo dzine chirongwa chakagadziridzwa: "Nziyo nomwe Dzinonakidza" naKabalevsky, "Nzou Inofamba MuMoscow" naPenkov, "Petya Ari Kutya Rima" naSirotkin, nezvimwewo. Dzinowanzoitwa nevaimbi vakura pamberi pevateereri vevana. . Kubatana kunobatsira mukuvandudzwa kweopera uye ballet yevana. munyika yemimhanzi yevana. theatre, huru muMoscow muna 1965 uye inotungamirwa naNI Sats. Opera yevana "The Wolf uye Vana Vanomwe" naKoval (1939), "Masha uye Bear" (1940), "Teremok" (1941), "Toptygin uye Fox" (1943), "The Unsmeyana Princess" ( 1947), "Morozko" (1950) Krasev, "Varume Vatatu Vakakora" Rubin (1956), "Tulku naAlabash" Mamedov (1959), "Rwiyo Musango" Boyko (1961), "Snow White uye Manomwe Madiki" (1963) Kolmanovsky, "Boy Giant" Khrennikov (1968); ma ballet evana The Three Fat Men naOransky (1935), Klebanov's The Stork (1937), Chulaki's The Tale of the Papa and His Worker Balda (1939), Chemberdzhi's Dream Dremovich (1943), Morozov's Doctor Aibolit (1947), The Little Humpbacked Horse naShchedrin (1955), Tsintsadze's Treasure of the Blue Mountain (1956), Pinocchio (1955) uye Golden Key (1962) naWeinberg, Zeidman's Golden Key (1957); opera-ballet The Snow Queen naRauchverger (1965), nezvimwewo.

Muma60s. Operettas yevana yakanyorwa: "Barankin, iva murume" naTulikov (1965), "Zavalyayka Station" naBoyko (1968).

Music development. kusika kwevana kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekukura kwekuita tsika dzevana, hurongwa hwemuses. dzidzo nekurerwa kwevana (ona Dzidzo yeMumhanzi, Dzidzo yeMumhanzi). Iyo yakawanda network yevana muses yakagadzirwa muUSSR. zvikoro, zvinosanganisira zvikoro zvemakore manomwe uye zvikoro zvemakore gumi (zvinopfuura 2000 zvikoro zvemimhanzi zvevana). Nzira itsva dzekuita tsika dzevana dzakamuka (maitirwo evana evasina mapfumo pasi paDzimba dzeMapiyona, kuimba dzekwaya, nezvimwewo). Prod. zvevana zvinoitwa paredhiyo nepaterevhizheni, pamusangano. dariro, mudzimba dzemitambo dzevana, muna prof. kwaya. uch. masangano (Chikoro cheState choral muMoscow, chikoro chevana chevana paLeningrad academic chorus chapel). Pasi peUSSR Committee yeUSSR pane chikamu cheD. m., icho chinobatsira pakuparadzira kwayo nekusimudzira.

Nyaya dzine chekuita neD.m. zvinoratidzwa pamisangano yeInternational Society for Musical Education (ISME) kuUNESCO. Musangano weISME (Moscow, 1970) wakaratidza kufarira kukuru kwenharaunda yemimhanzi yepasi rose mukubudirira kweSoviet. D. m.

References: Asafiev B., mimhanzi yeRussia pamusoro pevana uye yevana, "SM", 1948, No 6; Shatskaya V., Mimhanzi kuchikoro, M., 1950; Ratskaya Ts. S., Mikhail Krasev, M., 1962; Andrievska NK, Vana ve opera MV Lisenka, Kiev, 1962; Rzyankina TA, Vanyori vevana, L., 1962; Goldenstein ML, Essays panhoroondo yerwiyo rwemapiyona, L., 1963; Tompakova OM, Bhuku pamusoro pemimhanzi yeRussia yevana, M., 1966; Ochakovskaya O., Mimhanzi mabhuku ezvikoro zvesekondari, L., 1967 (bibl.); Blok V., Prokofiev's Music for Children, M., 1969; Sosnovskaya OI, vanyori veSoviet vevana, M., 1970.

Yu. B. Aliev