Wilhelm Friedemann Bach |

Wilhelm Friedemann Bach

… akataura neni nezvemumhanzi uye nezve muimbi mukuru anonzi WF Bach … Muimbi uyu ane chipo chakatanhamara pane zvese zvandakanzwa (kana kufunga), maererano nehudzamu hweruzivo rwekuwirirana uye simba rekuita… G. van Swiegen – Prince. Kaunitz Berlin, 1774

Vanakomana vaJS Bach vakasiya mucherechedzo wakajeka pamumhanzi wezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Girazi ine mbiri yehama-vanyori vana inotungamirwa zvakafanira nemukuru wavo Wilhelm Friedemann, akatumidzwa munhoroondo na "Gallic" Bach. Dangwe uye aidiwa, pamwe chete nomumwe wevadzidzi vokutanga vababa vake vakuru, Wilhelm Friedemann akagara nhaka magamuchidzanwa aakasiirwa kusvika kumwero mukurusa. “Hoyu mwanakomana wangu wandinoda,” Johann Sebastian aigara achitaura, maererano nengano, “kuda kwangu kuri maari.” Hakusi masanga kuti munyori woupenyu wokutanga waJS Bach, I. Forkel, aidavira kuti “Wilhelm Friedemann, maererano nemavambo erwiyo rwacho, akanga ari pedyo zvikuru nababa vake,” uye, ivowo, vanyori voupenyu hwomwanakomana wake vanomuisa pakati pe“ vashumiri vokupedzisira vetsika ye<em>baroque organ.” Zvisinei, humwe hunhu hahusi hune hunhu: "rudo pakati pevatenzi vekuGermany venziyo rococo." Chokwadi hapana kupokana apa.

Wilhelm Friedemann zvechokwadi aive pasi pehukukutu uye fungidziro isingadzoreki, nzira dzinoshamisa uye nziyo dzinopinda mukati, hufundisi hwakajeka uye kusimba kwemitambo yekutamba. Kubva paudiki, dzidzo yemimhanzi yemuimbi yakaiswa pahunyanzvi. Kwaari, wekutanga JS Bach akatanga kunyora "zvidzidzo" zve clavier, izvo, pamwe chete nemabasa akasarudzwa nevamwe vanyori, zvakaverengerwa mune yakakurumbira "Clavier Book of WF Bach." Chiyero chezvidzidzo izvi - pano mavambo, zvigadzirwa, zvimedu zvekutamba, zvirongwa zvekwaya, izvo zvave chikoro chezvizvarwa zvose zvinotevera - zvinoratidza kukurumidza kukura kwaWilhelm Friedemann se harpsichordist. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti kutangira kweVhoriyamu I yeWell-Tempered Clavier, iyo yaive chikamu chebhurocha, yakaitirwa muimbi wemakore gumi nemaviri (!). Muna 1726, zvidzidzo zveviolin neIG Braun zvakawedzerwa kuzvidzidzo zveclavier, uye muna 1723 Friedemann akapedza kudzidza kubva kuLeipzig Thomasschule, awana dzidzo yakasimba yemuimbi paYunivhesiti yeLeipzig. Panguva imwecheteyo, iye ari mubatsiri anoshingaira kuna Johann Sebastian (panguva iyoyo cantor weChechi yeSt. Thomas), uyo akatungamirira kudzokorora uye kuronga kwemapato, kazhinji achitsiva baba vake panhengo. Zvingangodaro, iyo Six Organ Sonatas yakaonekwa panguva iyoyo, yakanyorwa naBach, maererano naForkel, "yemwanakomana wake wedangwe Wilhelm Friedemann, kuti amuite shasha yekuridza ogani, yaakazove." Hazvishamisi kuti nekugadzirira kwakadaro, Wilhelm Friedemann akakunda muedzo wechigaro che oganist muChechi yeSt. Johann Sebastian. Baba nemwanakomana vakaita makonsati maviri, sezviri pachena akaumbwa naBach Sr. kunyanya kuchiitiko ichi. 1733 Dresden makore inguva yekukura kwakakura kwemuimbi, iyo yakafambiswa zvakanyanya nemhepo yeimwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kupenya mumhanzi muEurope. Mudenderedzwa revazivikanwi vatsva veLeipzigian wechidiki, mukuru weDresden Opera ndiye ane mukurumbira I. Hasse nemukadzi wake asina mukurumbira, muimbi F. Bordoni, pamwe nevaimbi vedare. Zvakare, vaDresdeners vakafadzwa nehunyanzvi hwaWilhelm Friedemann, munyori weharpsichord uye mutambi. Anova mudzidzisi wefashoni.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, mutsigiri wechechi yePurotesitendi, uyo Wilhelm Friedemann akaramba akatendeka zvikuru maererano nokurayira kwababa vake, akanga asingakwanisi kuita kunze kwokusangana nokuzviparadzanisa muchechi yeKaturike Dresden, iyo zvichida yakashanda sesundo yokutamira kune imwe nzvimbo yakakurumbira zvikuru. nyika yechiPurotesitendi. Muna 1746, Wilhelm Friedemann (pasina kutongwa!) akatora nzvimbo inoremekedzwa zvikuru yeoganist paLiebfrauenkirche muHalle, achiva mutsivi akakodzera waF. Tsakhov (mudzidzisi GF Handel) naS. Scheidt, uyo akambokudza ruwa rwavo.

Kuti aenzane nevakamutangira, Wilhelm Friedemann akakwezva boka nekuvandudzwa kwake kwakafemerwa. "Gallic" Bach akazovewo mutungamiriri wemimhanzi weguta, ane mabasa aisanganisira kuita mabiko eguta nechechi, umo kwaya nemaokestra emakereke matatu makuru eguta akatora chikamu. Usakanganwa Wilhelm Friedemann nekwake Leipzig.

Nguva yeGallic, iyo yakatora makore anoda kusvika makumi maviri, yakanga isina makore. "Vanoremekedzwa zvikuru uye vakadzidza VaWilhelm Friedemann," sezvaaidanwa munguva yake mukukoka kweGallic, akawana mukurumbira, unopokana nemadzibaba eguta, wemurume anofunga akasununguka asingadi kuzadzisa pasina mubvunzo. "kushingairira hupenyu hwakanaka uye hwemuenzaniso" kunotsanangurwa muchibvumirano. Uyewo, mukusafarira zviremera zvechechi, aiwanzoenda kundotsvaka nzvimbo ine ngozi zvikuru. Pakupedzisira, muna 20, akasiya zvachose chimiro chemuimbi "mubasa", achiva, zvichida, muimbi wekutanga wemahara munhoroondo yemimhanzi.

Wilhelm Friedemann, zvisinei, haana kurega kuva nehanya nechiso chake cheruzhinji. Saka, mushure mekutaura kwenguva refu, muna 1767 akagamuchira zita reDarmstadt court Kapellmeister, achiramba, zvisinei, kupiwa kwekutora nzvimbo iyi kwete nezita, asi chaizvoizvo. Kugara muHalle, haana kuwana chokurarama nacho somudzidzisi uye muridzi weogani, uyo akanga achiri kushamisa vazivi nehupamhi hunotyisa hwekufungidzira kwake. Muna 1770, achisundwa nehurombo (nzvimbo yemudzimai wake yakatengeswa pasi penyundo), Wilhelm Friedemann nemhuri yake vakatamira kuBraunschweig. Vanyori vehupenyu vanocherekedza nguva yeBrunswick seyakanyanya kuipa kune munyori, anozvipedza asingasaruri achibhadhara zvidzidzo zvenguva dzose. Kusangwarira kwaWilhelm Friedemann kwakava nomuuyo unosuruvarisa pakuchengetwa kwamanyoro ababa vake. Mugari wenhaka kune anokosha Bach autographs, akanga akagadzirira kuparadzana navo nyore nyore. Mushure memakore mana chete akarangarira, semuenzaniso, chinangwa chake chinotevera: “… kubva kwangu kubva kuBraunschweig kwakakurumidza zvekuti handina kukwanisa kuunganidza rondedzero yezvinyorwa zvangu nemabhuku akasiiwa ipapo; nezve The Art of Fugue yababa vangu… Ndichiri kurangarira, asi dzimwe nziyo dzechechi uye seti dzepagore…. Changamire … vakandivimbisa kuti vachandiita mari paokisheni vachibatanidzira mumwe muimbi anonzwisisa mabhuku akadai.

Tsamba iyi yakatotumirwa kubva kuBerlin, uko Wilhelm Friedemann akagamuchirwa nemutsa mudare raPrincess Anna Amalia, hanzvadzi yaFrederick Mukuru, mudiwa mukuru wemimhanzi uye mutsigiri wehunyanzvi, uyo akafadzwa nekuvandudzwa kwenhengo yatenzi. Anna Amalia anova mudzidzi wake, pamwe chete naSarah Levy (ambuya vaF. Mendelssohn) naI. Kirnberger (muimbi wedare, aimbova mudzidzi waJohann Sebastian, uyo akanga ari mutsigiri waWilhelm Friedemann muBerlin). Panzvimbo yekutenda, mudzidzisi achangoburwa aive nemaonero enzvimbo yaKirnberger, asi muromo wekunyengedza unomupandukira: Anna-Amalia anonyima Wilhelm Friedemann nyasha dzake.

Makore gumi apfuura muupenyu hwomunyori anoratidzwa nokusurukirwa uye kuora mwoyo. Kuita mimhanzi mudenderedzwa diki revanoziva (“Paairidza, ndakabatwa nekutya kutsvene,” anoyeuka kudaro Forkel, “zvinhu zvose zvakanga zvakanyanyisa uye zvinoyemurika ...”) ndicho chete chinhu chaifadza mazuva asina tariro. Muna 1784, Wilhelm Friedemann akafa, achisiya mudzimai wake nemwanasikana vasina chokurarama nacho. Zvinozivikanwa kuti muunganidzwa kubva kuBerlin kuita kweHandel's Messiah muna 1785 yakapihwa kuti vabatsirwe. Ndiwo magumo anosuruvarisa emubatanidzwa wekutanga weGermany, maererano neobituary.

Kudzidza kwenhaka yaFriedemann kwakanyanya kuoma. Kutanga, maererano naForkel, "akavandudza kupfuura zvaakanyora." Mukuwedzera, manyoro mazhinji haagone kuzivikanwa uye kunyorwa musi. Apokirifa yaFriedemann haisati yanyatsobudiswa pachena, kuvapo kungave kunoratidzwa nekusapindirana zvachose kwakawanikwa munguva yehupenyu hwemunyori: pane imwe nguva, akasimbisa mabasa ababa vake nechisiginecha chake, mune imwe, zvakasiyana, achiona. izvo zvinofarirwa nenhaka yezvinyorwa zvaJohann Sebastian, akawedzera kwaari maviri ezvake. Kwenguva yakareba Wilhelm Friedemann akatiwo nhengo yeConcerto muD diki, iyo yakauya kwatiri muBach kopi. Sezvazvakazoitika, kunyora ndekwaA. Vivaldi, uye kopi yakagadzirwa naJS Bach kumashure mumakore eWeimar, apo Friedemann aiva mwana. Kune zvese izvo, basa raWilhelm Friedemann rakakura kwazvo, rinogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvina. MuLeipzig (4 asati asvika) zvidimbu zvakati wandei zvakanyorwa. MuDresden (1733-1733), kunyanya nziyo dzezviridzwa (makonzati, sonatas, symphonies) dzakagadzirwa. MuHalle (46-1746), pamwe chete nemimhanzi yezviridzwa, 70 gumi nemaviri cantatas akaoneka - chikamu chisingafadzi chenhaka yaFriedemann.

NechiSlavic achitevera zvitsitsinho zvaJohann Sebastian, aigara achinyora nziyo dzake kubva mumifananidzo yababa vake nemabhuku avo ekutanga. Rondedzero yemabasa ezwi inowedzerwa neakawanda epanyika cantatas, Misa yeGerman, arias yega, pamwe neiyo opera isina kupera Lausus naLydia (1778-79, vakanyangarika), vakazvarwa kare muBerlin. MuBraunschweig neBerlin (1771-84) Friedemann akazviganhurira kurwiyo uye nziyo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekamuri. Zvakakosha kuti mugadziri wenhaka uye wehupenyu hwese akasiya chero nhaka yenhengo. Iye akangwara anovandudza, maiwe, haaigona (uye pamwe haana kuyedza), achitonga nezvakataurwa naForkel, kugadzirisa pfungwa dzake dzemimhanzi pabepa.

Rondedzero yemhando, zvisinei, haipe zvikonzero zvekucherekedza kushanduka kwemaitiro evatenzi. Iyo "kare" fugue uye "itsva" sonata, symphony uye miniature hazvina kutsiva imwe neimwe munhevedzano yenguva. Nokudaro, "pre-romantic" polonaises gumi nembiri dzakanyorwa muHalle, nepo 12 fugues, iyo inotengesa runyoro rwemwanakomana wechokwadi wababa vavo, yakagadzirwa muBerlin nekuzvitsaurira kuna Princess Amalia.

"Yekare" uye "itsva" haina kuumba iyo organic "yakavhenganiswa" maitiro, ayo akajairika, semuenzaniso, kuna Philipp Emanuel Bach. Wilhelm Friedemann anonyanya kuzivikanwa nekushanduka-shanduka pakati pe "yekare" uye "itsva" dzimwe nguva mukati megadziriro yeimwe kuumbwa. Semuenzaniso, mune inozivikanwa Concerto yemacembalos maviri, iyo classical sonata mukufamba 1 inopindurwa neyakajairika baroque konzati fomu yekupedzisira.

Zvakanyanya kusanzwisisika mune zvakasikwa ndiyo fungidziro inofananidzira hunhu hwaWilhelm Friedemann. Kune rimwe divi, uku kuenderera mberi, kana kuti chimwe chepamusoro-soro mukuvandudzwa kwetsika yekutanga baroque. Nerukova rwemavhesi asina kuganhurirwa, kumbomira mahara, kudzokorora kutaura, Wilhelm Friedemann anoita seanoputika iyo "yakatsetseka" yakashongedzwa nzvimbo. Kune rimwe divi, semuenzaniso, muSonata ye viola uye clavier, mu 12 polonaises, mune akawanda clavier sonatas, bizarre thematism, kushinga kunoshamisa uye kuzara kwekuwirirana, sophistication yezvikuru-zvidiki chiaroscuro, inopinza rhythmic kutadza, hunhu hwekutanga. kufanana nemamwe Mozart, Beethoven, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange Schubert uye Schumann mapeji. Rutivi urwu rwehunhu hwaFriedemann ndiyo nzira yakanakisa yekuburitsa rutivi urwu rwehunhu hwaFriedemann, nenzira, rudo rwakanyanya mumweya, kucherechedza kwemunyori wenhoroondo wekuGermany F. Rochlitz: “Fr. Bach, akavharwa kubva kune zvese, asina kushongedzwa uye akakomborerwa asina chinhu kunze kwepamusoro, fungidziro yekudenga, akadzungaira, achiwana zvese zvaakakweverwa kwazviri mukati mehuchenjeri hwake.

T. Frumkis