Reinhold Moritsevich Glière |

Reinhold Gliere

Gliere. Prelude (orchestra inotungamirirwa naT. Beecham)

Gliere! Marozi manomwe emuPezhiya wangu, Magadheni manomwe eminda yangu, Huroyi ishe waMusikia, Wakashanduka kuita manightinga manomwe. Vyach. Ivanov

Pakaitika Chimurenga chikuru chaOctober cheSocialist, Gliere, aitova munyori aizivikanwa zvikuru, mudzidzisi, uye kondakita panguva iyoyo, akabva atanga kushingaira mubasa rokuvaka tsika dzemimhanzi dzeSoviet. Mumiriri wechidiki wechikoro chevanyori veRussia, mudzidzi weS. Taneyev, A. Arensky, M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, nemabasa ake akasiyana-siyana, akaita hukama huripo pakati pemimhanzi yeSoviet uye tsika dzakapfuma uye ruzivo rwemhizha rwekare. . "Ini ndakanga ndisiri wedenderedzwa chero ripi zvaro kana chikoro," Glier akanyora nezvake, asi basa rake risingafungiri rinoyeuchidza mazita aM. Glinka, A. Borodin, A. Glazunov nekuda kwekufanana kwemaonero enyika, ayo rinoratidzika rakajeka muGlier, inowirirana, yakazara. “Ndinoiona imhosva kuratidza kusuruvara kwangu mumimhanzi,” akadaro munyori wacho.

Gliere's creative heritage yakakura uye yakasiyana-siyana: 5 operas, 6 ballets, 3 symphonies, 4 instrumental concertos, mimhanzi yebhendi rendarira, ye orchestra yezviridzwa zvevanhu, chamber ensembles, zvidimbu zvezviridzwa, piano uye nziyo dzevana, mimhanzi yemitambo. uye cinema.

Kutanga kudzidza mimhanzi inopesana nezvinodiwa nevabereki vake, Reinhold nekushanda nesimba akaratidza kodzero yeunyanzvi hwake hwaaida uye mushure memakore anoverengeka ekudzidza paKiev Musical College muna 1894 akapinda muMoscow Conservatory mukirasi yeviolin, uye akazonyora. "... Hapana akamboshanda nesimba mukirasi kwandiri saGliere," Taneyev akanyorera Arensky. Uye kwete mukirasi chete. Gliere akadzidza mabasa evanyori vokuRussia, mabhuku euzivi, zvepfungwa, nhoroondo, uye aifarira zvakawanikwa nesayenzi. Asina kugutsikana nekosi yacho, akadzidza mumhanzi wechinyakare ari ega, akaenda manheru emimhanzi, kwaakasangana naS. Rachmaninov, A. Goldenweiser uye mamwe manhamba emimhanzi yeRussia. "Ndakaberekerwa muKyiv, muMoscow ndakaona chiedza chemweya uye chiedza chemwoyo ..." akanyora kudaro Gliere nezvenguva iyi yehupenyu hwake.

Basa rakadaro rakanyanyisa harisi kusiya nguva yevaraidzo, uye Gliere haana kuvavarira. "Ndaiita senge rudzi rwechingwa ... ndisingakwanisi kuungana pane imwe nzvimbo muresitorendi, mubhawa, kudya tudyo ..." Aive neurombo kutambisa nguva pamutambo wakadaro, aitenda kuti munhu anofanira kurwira kukwana, uko kunowanikwa kushanda nesimba, uye saka unoda "ichaomesa uye ichishanduka kuva simbi. Zvisinei, Glier akanga asiri "cracker". Aiva nemoyo munyoro, mweya wainakidza, wenhetembo.

Gliere akapedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatoire muna 1900 aine Menduru yeGoridhe, ari panguva iyoyo munyori wenziyo dzakati wandei dzekamuri uye Yekutanga Symphony. Mumakore akatevera, anonyora zvakawanda uye mumhando dzakasiyana. Mhedzisiro inonyanya kukosha ndeyeTatu Symphony "Ilya Muromets" (1911), iyo L. Stokowski yakanyorera munyori: "Ndinofunga kuti neiyi symphony wakagadzira chiyeuchidzo chetsika dzeSlavic - mimhanzi inoratidza simba reRussia. vanhu.” Pakarepo apedza kudzidza kubva kuimba yemitambo, Gliere akatanga kudzidzisa. Kubva 1900, akadzidzisa kirasi yekubatana uye encyclopedia (ndiro raive zita rekosi yakawedzerwa mukuongororwa kwemafomu, ayo aisanganisira polyphony uye nhoroondo yemimhanzi) pachikoro chemimhanzi chehanzvadzi dzeGnessin; mumwedzi yezhizha ye1902 uye 1903. akagadzirira Seryozha Prokofiev kuti apiwe kune Conservatory, akadzidza naN. Myaskovsky.

Muna 1913, Gliere akakokwa sepurofesa wezvinyorwa paKyiv Conservatory, uye gore rakatevera akava mutungamiriri wayo. Vaimbi vakakurumbira vekuUkraine L. Revutsky, B. Lyatoshinsky vakadzidziswa pasi peutungamiri hwake. Glner akakwanisa kukwezva vaimbi vakadai saF. Blumenfeld, G. Neuhaus, B. Yavorsky kuti vashande panzvimbo inochengeterwa mhuka. Mukuwedzera pakudzidza nevanyori, akaitisa mudzidzi orchestra, akatungamirira opera, orchestral, makirasi ekamuri, akabatanidzwa mumakonzati eRMS, akaronga nzendo dzevaimbi vakakurumbira muKyiv - S. Koussevitzky, J. Heifets, S. Rachmaninov, S. Prokofiev, A. Grechaninov . Muna 1920, Gliere akatamira kuMoscow, uko kusvikira muna 1941 akadzidzisa kirasi yokuimba paMoscow Conservatory. Akadzidzisa vazhinji vaimbi veSoviet uye nyanzvi dzemimhanzi, kusanganisira AN Aleksandrov, B. Aleksandrov, A. Davidenko, L. Knipper, A. Khachaturian… zvisinei nezvaunobvunza, anozove mudzidzi weGlier - angave akananga, kana muzukuru.

muMoscow muma20s. Zviitwa zvedzidzo zveGlier zvine mativi mazhinji zvakatanga. Aitungamirira kurongwa kwemakonzati evoruzhinji, aitsigira nharaunda yevana, kwaaidzidzisa vana kuimba mukorasi, kuita mitambo navo, kana kuti kungotaura ngano, kuvandudza piyano. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kwemakore anoverengeka, Gliere aitungamirira mapoka ekwaya evadzidzi paCommunist University yeVashandi Vevanhu vekuMabvazuva, izvo zvakaita kuti aone zvakawanda zvakajeka semunyori.

Kubatsira kwaGliere mukuumbwa kwemimhanzi yehunyanzvi muSoviet republic — Ukraine, Azerbaijan, uye Uzbekistan — kwakakosha zvakanyanya. Kubva pauduku, akaratidza kufarira mumhanzi wevanhu vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana: “Iyi mifananidzo nematauriro kwandiri yaiva nzira yomuzvarirwo yokuratidza pfungwa dzangu nemanzwiro angu nounyanzvi.” Yokutanga kwaiva kuzivana kwake nemimhanzi yeUkraine, yaakadzidza kwemakore akawanda. Mhedzisiro yeiyi yaive symphonic pendi The Cossacks (1921), iyo symphonic nhetembo Zapovit (1941), iyo ballet Taras Bulba (1952).

Muna 1923, Gliere akagamuchira kukokwa kubva kuPeople's Commissariat of Education yeAzSSR kuti auye kuBaku uye anyore opera padingindira renyika. Mhedzisiro yekusika yerwendo urwu yaive opera "Shahsenem", yakaitwa kuAzerbaijan Opera neBallet Theatre muna 1927. Kudzidza kwengano dzeUzbek panguva yekugadzirira kwemakumi emakore eunyanzvi hweUzbek muTashkent hwakatungamira pakusikwa kwe "Ferghana Holiday". ” (1940) uye pamwe nekubatana naT. Sadykov operas "Leyli naMajnun" (1940) uye "Gyulsara" (1949). Kushanda pamabasa aya, Gliere akawedzera kugutsikana nezvekudiwa kwekuchengetedza mavambo etsika dzenyika, kutsvaga nzira dzekudzibatanidza. Pfungwa iyi yakabatanidzwa mu "Solemn Overture" (1937), yakavakirwa pamitauro yeRussia, Ukrainian, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, muzvinyorwa "PaSlavic Folk Themes" uye "Hushamwari hwevanhu" (1941).

Kukosha ndiko kunaka kwaGliere mukuumbwa kweSoviet ballet. Chiitiko chakatanhamara muunyanzvi hweSoviet chaive ballet "Red Poppy". ("Red Flower"), yakaitwa paBolshoi Theater muna 1927. Yaiva yekutanga yeSoviet ballet pamusoro pemazuva ano, ichitaura nezveushamwari pakati peSoviet neChina vanhu. Rimwe basa rinokosha mumhando iyi raiva ballet "The Bronze Horseman" yakavakirwa padetembo A. Pushkin, yakaitwa muna 1949 muLeningrad. Iyo "Hymn kuGuta Guru", iyo inopedzisa iyi ballet, yakabva yave yakakurumbira zvikuru.

Muchikamu chechipiri che30s. Gliere akatanga kutendeukira kumhando yekonti. Mumakonisheni ake erudimbwa (1938), cello (1946), yehwamanda (1951), mikana yenziyo yemuimbi inodudzirwa zvakanyanya uye panguva imwecheteyo hunhu uye kufarira kwemafaro kunowanikwa murudzi kunochengetedzwa. Asi hunyanzvi hwechokwadi iConcerto yezwi (coloratura soprano) uye orchestra (1943) - basa remunyori rinonyanya kurevesa uye rinonakidza. Chinhu chekuita kwekonzati kazhinji chaive chakasarudzika kuna Gliere, uyo kwemakumi emakore akawanda achishingairira kupa makonzati semutyairi uye piano. Mitambo yakaramba ichienderera mberi kusvika pakuguma kwehupenyu hwake (yekupedzisira yakaitika mazuva makumi maviri nemana asati afa), nepo Glier aifarira kuenda kunzvimbo dziri kure kwazvo dzenyika, achiona ichi sechinhu chakakosha chedzidzo. "... Muimbi anosungirwa kudzidza kusvika pakupera kwemazuva ake, kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwake, kukudziridza uye kupfumisa maonero ake enyika, kuenda kumberi nekumberi." Aya mazwi Glier akanyora pakupera kwebasa rake. Ndivo vaitungamirira hupenyu hwake.

O. Averyanova

Zvinyorwa:

opareta - opera-oratorio Earth and Sky (mushure meJ. Byron, 1900), Shahsenem (1923-25, yakaitwa 1927 muRussia, Baku; 2nd edition 1934, muAzerbaijani, Azerbaijan Opera Theatre uye ballet, Baku), Leyli uye Majnun (yakavakirwa padetembo raA. Navoi, munyori pamwe chete T. Sadykov, 1940, Uzbek Opera uye Ballet Theatre, Tashkent), Gyulsara (co-munyori T. Sadykov, akarongwa 1949, ibid), Rachel ( mushure meH. Maupassant, shanduro yekupedzisira 1947, vaimbi veOpera neDramatic Theatre yakatumidzwa zita raK. Stanislavsky, Moscow); mutambo wemimhanzi - Gulsara (zvinyorwa naK. Yashen naM. Mukhamedov, mimhanzi yakanyorwa naT. Jalilov, yakanyorwa naT. Sadykov, yakagadziriswa uye yakarongwa naG., post. 1936, Tashkent); ballet – Chrysis (1912, International Theater, Moscow), Cleopatra (Egyptian Nights, pashure AS Pushkin, 1926, Musical Studio of the Art Theater, Moscow), Red Poppy (kubvira 1957 - Red Flower, post. 1927, Bolshoi Theater , Moscow; 2nd ed., post. 1949, Leningrad Opera neBallet Theatre), Vaseki (Mwanasikana Wevanhu, zvichibva pamutambo "Fuente Ovehuna" naLope de Vega, 1931, Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow; 2nd ed. pasi pezita rokuti Mwanasikana we Castile, 1955, Stanislavsky naNemirovich-Danchenko Musical Theatre, Moscow), The Bronze Horseman (yakavakirwa padetembo raAS Pushkin, 1949, Leningrad Opera uye Ballet Theatre; USSR State Pr., 1950), Taras Bulba (yakavakirwa pane inoveli naNV Gogol, op. 1951-52); cantata Kubwinya kuSoviet Army (1953); yeorchestra - 3 symphonies (1899-1900; 2nd - 1907; 3rd - Ilya Muromets, 1909-11); symphonic nhetembo – Sirens (1908; Glinkinskaya pr., 1908), Zapovit (mukurangarira TG Shevchenko, 1939-41); overtures - Kuwedzeredza kwakadzama (Pazuva rechimakumi maviri raGumiguru, 20), zororo reFergana (1937), Overture pamusoro pechiSlavic folk themes (1940), Hushamwari hwevanhu (1941), Kukunda (1941-1944); symp. mufananidzo weCossacks (45); makonzati neorchestra - yembira (1938), yezwi (1943; State Prospect yeUSSR, 1946), yelc. (1947), nokuda kwenyanga (1951); yebhandi rendarira - Pazororo reComintern (kufungidzira, 1924), Kurume kweRed Army (1924), makore makumi maviri nemashanu eRed Army (kupfuura, 25); zve orc. nar. zvishandiso - Fantasy Symphony (1943); chamber chiridzwa orc. production – 3 sextets (1898, 1904, 1905 – Glinkinskaya pr., 1905); 4 quartets (1899, 1905, 1928, 1946 - No 4, USSR State Pr., 1948); zvepiyano - 150 mitambo, kusanganisira. Mitambo yevana gumi nemiviri yepakati nepakati (12), 1907 mitambo yevechidiki (mabhuku mana, 24), 4 mitambo iri nyore (1908), nezvimwewo; zveviolin, kusanganisira. 12 duets ye2 skr. (1909); zve cello - anopfuura makumi manomwe emitambo, kusanganisira. 70 mashizha kubva mualbum (12); dzerudo nenziyo – OK. 150; mimhanzi yemitambo yemadhirama nemafirimu.