Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin |

Rodion Shchedrin

O, iva muchengeti wedu, muponesi, nziyo! Musatisiya! kumutsa mweya yedu mercantile kakawanda! rova zvakanyanya nemanzwi ako pamanzwiro edu akarara! Kudzungudza, vabvarura uye uvadzinge kure, kunyangwe kwechinguvana, iyi inotonhora inotyisa egoism iri kuyedza kutora nyika yedu! N. Gogol. Kubva kuchinyorwa "Sculpture, pendi nemimhanzi"

Muchirimo cha1984, mune imwe yemakonti e II International Music Festival muMoscow, iyo yekutanga ye "Self-portrait" - kusiyana kweiyo huru symphony orchestra naR. Shchedrin yakaitwa. Kuumbwa kutsva kwemuimbi, uyo achangodarika chikumbaridzo chemakore makumi mashanu ekuzvarwa, akapisa vamwe nekutaura kunobaya pamoyo, vamwe vachifara nekushama kwenhau yedingindira, iko kwekupedzisira kufunga pamusoro pezvaaizoda. Ichokwadi zvamazvirokwazvo kuti kunonzi: “muimbi ndiye mutongi wake amene mukurusa.” Muchikamu chimwe chete ichi chinyorwa, chakaenzana mukukosha uye kugutsikana kune symphony, nyika yenguva yedu inoonekwa kuburikidza neprism yeunhu hwemuimbi, inoratidzwa pedyo-up, uye kuburikidza nayo inozivikanwa mukusiyana kwayo kwose uye kupokana - mukushanda. uye mamiriro ekufungisisa, mukufungisisa, kudzika kwerwiyo, munguva yekufara kana kuputika kunotyisa kuzere nekukahadzika. Ku "Self-portrait", uye ndezvemuzvarirwo, tambo dzinodhonzwa pamwechete kubva kumabasa mazhinji akanyorwa kare naShchedrin. Sokunge kubva pakuona kweshiri, nzira yake yekusika uye yevanhu inooneka - kubva kare kusvika kune ramangwana. Nzira ye "mudiwa wekupedzisira"? Kana kuti “kufira kutenda”? Muchiitiko chedu, zvingava zvisina kunaka kutaura chimwe kana chimwe. Zviri pedyo nechokwadi kutaura: nzira yevanoshinga "kubva kumunhu wekutanga" ...

Shchedrin akaberekerwa mumhuri yemuimbi. Baba, Konstantin Mikhailovich, aiva mudzidzisi ane mukurumbira wemimhanzi. Mimhanzi yaigara ichiridzwa mumba maShchedrins. Yakanga iri mimhanzi yekugadzira iyo yaive nzvimbo yekuberekesa iyo yakagadzira zvishoma nezvishoma zvido uye zvinonaka zvemuimbi weramangwana. Kudada kwemhuri kwaiva piyano vatatu, umo Konstantin Mikhailovich nevanin'ina vake vakapinda. Makore ekuyaruka akabatana nemuedzo mukuru wakawira pamapfudzi evanhu vose veSoviet. Kaviri mukomana akatizira kumberi uye kaviri akadzorerwa kumba kwevabereki vake. Gare gare Shchedrin acharangarira hondo kanopfuura kamwe, kanopfuura kamwe marwadzo ezvaakasangana nazvo achanzwika mumhanzi wake - muChipiri Symphony (1965), makwaya kune nhetembo naA. Tvardovsky - mukurangarira hama isina kudzoka. kubva kuhondo (1968), mu "Poetoria" (pa st. A. Voznesensky, 1968) - konzati yepakutanga yedetembi, ichiperekedzwa nezwi rechikadzi, kwaya yakasanganiswa uye symphony orchestra ...

Muna 1945, wechidiki ane makore gumi nemaviri ekuberekwa akanzi aende kuChikoro cheKwaya chichangobva kuvhurwa - ivo zvino. AV Sveshnikova. Kuwedzera pakudzidza dzidziso dzedzidziso, kuimba pamwe ndiro rakanga riri basa guru revadzidzi vepachikoro chacho. Makumi amakore gare gare, Shchedrin aizoti: “Ndakaona nhambo dzokutanga dzefemero muupenyu hwangu apo ndaiimba mukwaya. Uye zvechokwadi, nziyo dzangu dzekutanga dzaivewo dzekwaya…” Danho rakatevera raive Moscow Conservatory, uko Shchedrin akadzidza panguva imwe chete pazvikoro zviviri - mukuumbwa naY. Shaporin uye mukirasi yepiyano naY Flier. Gore asati apedza kudzidza, akanyora yake First Piano Concerto (1954). Iyi yekutanga opus yakakwezva nekutanga kwayo uye ine hupenyu hwemoyo wazvino. Uyu munyori ane makore makumi maviri nemaviri akashinga kuisa 2 ditty motifs mu concert-pop element - iyo Siberian "Balalaika iri kurira" uye yakakurumbira "Semyonovna", inobudirira kuvagadzira mumutsara wezvakasiyana. Mhosva iyi inenge yakasiyana nedzimwe: Koniti yekutanga yaShchedrin haina kungonzwika chete muchirongwa chevanyori vanotevera, asi yakazovawo hwaro hwekubvuma mudzidzi wegore rechina… kuMubatanidzwa weVanyori. Mushure mekudzivirira zvine hungwaru diploma yake muhunyanzvi huviri, muimbi wechidiki akazvivandudza muchikoro chekupedza kudzidza.

Pakutanga rwendo rwake, Shchedrin akaedza nzvimbo dzakasiyana. Iyi yaive ballet yakaitwa naP. Ershov The Little Humpbacked Horse (1955) uye First Symphony (1958), Chamber Suite yemaviolin makumi maviri, rudimbwa, accordion uye 20 mabhesi maviri (2) uye opera Not Only Love (1961), satirical resort cantata "Bureaucratiada" (1961) uye Concerto yeorchestra "Naughty ditties" (1963), mimhanzi yemitambo yemadhirama nemafirimu. Kufamba kwemafaro kubva mufirimu "Vysota" pakarepo kwakava mutengesi wemumhanzi ... Opera inobva munyaya yaS. Antonov "Tete Lusha" inomira pachena munyaya idzi, kuguma kwayo kwakanga kusiri nyore. Tichitendeukira kunhoroondo, yakapiswa nenhamo, kumifananidzo yevakadzi vari nyore vari pasi vakatongerwa kusurukirwa, munyori, maererano nekureurura kwake, akatarisa nemaune pakusikwa kwe "yakanyarara" opera, kusiyana ne "mitambo mikuru ine zvakawanda zvakawedzerwa" yakaitwa ipapo, mukutanga 1963s. , mireza, nezvimwewo." Nhasi hazvibviri kusazvidemba kuti munguva yayo opera yakanga isingakosheswi uye haina kunzwisiswa kunyange nenyanzvi. Kutsoropodza kwakacherekedza chikamu chimwe chete - kuseka, kuseka. Asi muchidimbu, opera Kwete Chete Rudo ndiyo inopenya uye zvichida muenzaniso wekutanga mumimhanzi yeSoviet yechiitiko iyo yakazogamuchira tsanangudzo yedimikira ye "village prose". Zvakanaka, nzira iri mberi kwenguva inogara ine minzwa.

Muna 1966, munyori anotanga basa rake wechipiri Opera. Uye basa iri, iro raisanganisira kusikwa kwake pachake libretto (pano Shchedrin chipo chekunyora chakazviratidza pachacho), chakatora makore gumi. "Mweya Yakafa", zviitiko zve opera mushure meN. Gogol - iyi ndiyo nzira iyo pfungwa huru iyi yakaitwa nayo. Uye pasina zvisungo yakakosheswa nenharaunda yemimhanzi seyakagadziridza. Chishuvo chemunyori wenziyo “chokuverenga runyoro rwaGogol nemimhanzi, kutsanangura chimiro chenyika nemimhanzi, uye kusimbisa kutaura kusingagumi, kufara uye kuchinjika kwemutauro wedu wekuzvarwa nemimhanzi” zvakaratidzwa mukusiyana kunoshamisa pakati penyika inotyisa. vatengesi vemweya yakafa, izvi zvose Chichikovs, Sobeviches, Plyushkins, mabhokisi, manilovs, avo vakarova noutsinye mu opera, uye nyika ye "mweya mhenyu", hupenyu hwevanhu. Imwe yemadingindira eiyo opera inobva pane zvinyorwa zvenziyo imwecheteyo "Snow is not white", iyo inotaurwa kanopfuura kamwe chete nemunyori munhetembo. Achivimba nemhando dzeopera dzakaitwa kare, Shchedrin anozvifunga zvakare, anoashandura pane zvakasiyana, zvemazuva ano. Kodzero yekuvandudza inopihwa nehunhu hunokosha hwemunhu wega wemuimbi, zvichibva paruzivo rwakakwana rwetsika dzevakapfuma uye vakasiyana mukubudirira kwayo kwetsika dzemumba, paropa, kubatanidzwa kwedzinza muhunyanzvi hwechivanhu - nhetembo dzayo, melos, zvakasiyana-siyana. "Unyanzvi hwechivanhu hunomutsa chishuwo chekugadzirisazve kunhuhwirira kwahwo kusingaenzaniswi, neimwe nzira" kuwirirana" nehupfumi hwayo, kuratidza manzwiro aanopa ayo asingagoni kuumbwa mumashoko," akadaro munyori. Uye pamusoro pezvose, mimhanzi yake.

Iyi nzira ye "kusika vanhu patsva" zvishoma nezvishoma yakadzika mubasa rake - kubva pakuyevedza stylization yengano mukutanga ballet "The Little Humpbacked Horse" kusvika kune ruvara rweruzha rwepalette yeMischievous Chastushkas, iyo inoshamisa hutsinye system ye "Rings" (1968) , kumutsa kupfava kwakasimba uye vhoriyamu yeZnamenny chants; kubva pakuratidzwa mumimhanzi yemhando yakajeka mufananidzo, mufananidzo wakasimba wemutambi mukuru weiyo opera "Kwete Chete Rudo" kuenda kurondedzero yerwiyo nezve rudo rwevanhuwo zvavo kuna Ilyich, nezve hunhu hwavo hwemukati-kati kune "vakanyanya pasi pano. vanhu vose vakapfuura nepasi" mu oratorio "Lenin muMoyo vanhu" (1969) - zvakanakisisa, tinobvumirana nemafungiro aM. Tarakanov," muimbi wemimhanzi weLeninist theme, iyo yakaonekwa manheru. yemakore zana ekuzvarwa kwemutungamiriri. Kubva pachinhanho chekusika chifananidzo cheRussia, icho chokwadi chaive opera "Mweya Yakafa", yakaitwa naB. Pokrovsky muna 100 pachikuva cheBolshoi Theatre, arch inokandwa ku "The Sealed Angel" - choral music muna 1977. zvikamu maererano naN. Leskov (9). Seizvo munyori anonyora murondedzero, akakwezvwa nenhau yemufananidzo wemifananidzo Sevastyan, “uyo akadhinda chishamiso chekare chakasvibiswa nevane simba venyika ino, chokutanga, pfungwa yokusaparara kworunako rwounyanzvi, simba remashiripiti, rinosimudzira rokugadzira.” "Mutumwa Akabatwa", pamwe chete negore rakapfuura rakagadzirirwa symphony orchestra "Stikhira" (1988), yakabva paZnamenny chant, yakatsaurirwa kumakore e1987 ekubhabhatidzwa kweRussia.

Mimhanzi yaLeskov zvine mutsindo yakaenderera mberi nekuverengera kwezvinyorwa zveShchedrin, achisimbisa maitiro ake: "... Handikwanise kunzwisisa vanyori vedu vanotendeukira kumabhuku akaturikirwa. Tine hupfumi husingatauriki - mabhuku akanyorwa muchiRussia. Muchikamu chino, nzvimbo inokosha inopiwa kuna Pushkin ("mumwe wevamwari vangu") - mukuwedzera kumakwaya maviri ekutanga, muna 1981 nhetembo dzekwaya "Kuurayiwa kwePugachev" dzakagadzirwa pamagwaro eprose kubva mu "Nhoroondo ye Kupandukira kwePugachev uye "Strophes ye "Eugene Onegin".

Kutenda kumitambo yemimhanzi yakavakirwa paChekhov - "The Seagull" (1979) uye "Lady ane Imbwa" (1985), pamwe nezvakaitika kare zvakanyorwa zvenziyo zvichibva mubhuku raL. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" (1971), the gallery yeavo vakaiswa pachikuva cheballet yakapfumiswa zvakanyanya magamba eRussia. Wechokwadi-munyori weaya madhizaini echimanjemanje choreographic art aive Maya Plisetskaya, bharerina akatanhamara wenguva yedu. Nharaunda iyi - yekugadzira uye yevanhu - yatova nemakore anopfuura makumi matatu. Chero chero mimhanzi yaShchedrin inotaura nezvayo, imwe neimwe yenziyo dzake inotakura mutero wekutsvaga uye inoratidza maficha emunhu akajeka. Muimbi anonyatsonzwa kufamba kwenguva, achinyatsoona mafambiro ehupenyu hwanhasi. Anoona nyika muhukuru, kubata uye kutora mumifananidzo yehunyanzvi zvese chinhu chakasarudzika uye panorama yese. Ichi chingave chiri chikonzero chekutarisa kwake kwakakosha kune inoshamisa nzira ye montage, iyo inoita kuti zvikwanise kujekesa zvakajeka kusiyanisa kwemifananidzo uye mamiriro emanzwiro? Kubva pane iyi nzira ine simba, Shchedrin inovavarira kupfupisa, kupfupika ("kuisa ruzivo rwekodhi mumuteereri") yekuratidzwa kwezvinhu, kuitira hukama hwepedyo pakati pezvikamu zvaro pasina chero zvibatanidzi zvinobatanidza. Saka, Yechipiri Symphony inotenderera ye30 preludes, bhareti "The Seagull" yakavakirwa pamusimboti mumwechete; Iyo Yetatu Piano Concerto, senge akati wandei mamwe mabasa, ine dingindira uye nhevedzano yeshanduko yayo mune akasiyana siyana. Iyo mhenyu polyphony yepasirese yakatenderedza inoratidzwa mukufungidzira kwemunyori wepolyphony - zvese semusimboti wekuronga zvemimhanzi, nzira yekunyora, uye semhando yekufunga. "Polyphony inzira yekuvapo, yehupenyu hwedu, hupenyu hwemazuva ano hwava polyphonic." Iyi pfungwa yemunyori inosimbiswa chaizvo. Achiri kushanda paMweya Yakafa, panguva imwe chete akagadzira ma ballets Carmen Suite naAnna Karenina, Third Piano Concerto, Polyphonic Notebook yemakumi maviri neshanu ekutanga, vhoriyamu yechipiri ye25 preludes uye fugues, Poetoria, uye mamwe manyoro. achiperekedzwa nezvaiitwa Shchedrin padanho rekonzati semuiti wenziyo dzake - piano, uye kubva pakutanga kwema24s. uye semugadziri, basa rake rinopindirana pamwe chete nemabasa ane simba eruzhinji.

Nzira yeShchedrin semunyori inogara ichikunda; zuva nezuva, kusindimara kukunda kwezvinhu, izvo mumaoko akasimba etenzi anoshanduka kuva mitsara yemimhanzi; kukurira inertia, uye kunyange kusarura kwekuona kwemuteereri; pakupedzisira, kuzvikunda, kunyanya, kudzokorora izvo zvakatowanikwa, zvakawanikwa, zvakaedzwa. Kwete sei kuyeuka pano V. Mayakovsky, uyo akambotaura pamusoro pevatambi ve chess: "Kufamba kwakanyanyisa hakugoni kudzokororwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akapiwa mumutambo unotevera. Chete kusatarisira kwekufamba kunowisira pasi muvengi.

Apo vateereri vokuMoscow vakatanga kuunzwa kuThe Musical Offering (1983), kuita kumimhanzi itsva yaShchedrin kwakanga kwakaita sebhomba. Gakava racho harina kupera kwenguva refu. Muimbi, mubasa rake, achiedza kujekesa zvakanyanya, aphoristic kutaura ("telegraphic style"), kamwe kamwe yakaita seyakapinda mune imwe nzira yeunyanzvi. Kuumbwa kwake kwese-single-movement yeogani, 3 nyere, 3 bassoon uye 3 trombones zvinotora… anopfuura maawa maviri. Iye, maererano nechinangwa chemunyori, haasi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekukurukurirana. Uye kwete nhaurirano ine bongozozo yatiinayo dzimwe nguva, tisingateerere kune mumwe nemumwe, nekukasira kutaura maonero edu pachedu, asi nhaurirano apo munhu wese aigona kutaura nezve kusuwa kwavo, mafaro, matambudziko, zvakazarurwa… “Ndinotenda kuti nekukasira hupenyu hwedu, izvi zvakakosha zvakanyanya. Mira ufunge.” Ngatiyeukei kuti "Musical Offering" yakanyorwa manheru e2th anniversary yekuzvarwa kwaJS Bach (iyo "Echo Sonata" ye violin solo - 300 yakatsaurirwawo kune iri zuva).

Muimbi akachinja here nheyo dzake dzokusika? Asi, zvakasiyana: nemakore ake akawanda eruzivo mundima dzakasiyana-siyana nemhando, akadzamisa zvaakakunda. Kunyangwe mumakore ake echidiki, haana kutsvaga kushamisika, haana kupfeka zvipfeko zvevamwe vanhu, "haana kumhanya achitenderera zviteshi nesutukesi mushure mezvitima zvaibva, asi akagadzirwa nenzira ... akaiswa pasi nemajini, mafungiro, zvaanoda nezvaasingadi.” Nenzira, mushure me "Musical Offering" chikamu chekunonoka tempos, tempo yekufungisisa, mumhanzi waShchedrin wakawedzera zvakanyanya. Asi hapasati paine nzvimbo dzisina chinhu mariri. Sekare, inogadzira munda wezvinoreva zvakakwirira uye kushushikana kwepfungwa kwekuona. Uye inopindura kune simba remwaranzi yenguva. Nhasi, maartist mazhinji ari kunetsekana nekudzikira kwakajeka kwehunyanzvi hwechokwadi, kurerekera kune varaidzo, kurerutsa, uye kuwanikwa kwese, izvo zvinopupurira kushayikwa kwehunhu nekunaka kwevanhu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya e "kuramba kwetsika", mugadziri wehutsika hutsika anova panguva imwe chete muparidzi wavo. Panyaya iyi, zvakaitika Shchedrin uye basa rake pachake mienzaniso yakajeka kubatana nguva, "siyana nziyo", uye kuenderera tsika.

Kunyatsoziva kuti kuwanda kwemaonero nemafungiro ndiyo hwaro hunodiwa hwehupenyu nekutaurirana munyika yanhasi, iye mutsigiri anoshingaira wenhaurirano. Inodzidzisa zvikuru misangano yake nevateereri vakawanda, nevechidiki, kunyanya vane vatsigiri vanotyisa vemimhanzi yerock - vakaparidzirwa paCentral Television. Muenzaniso wenhaurirano dzepasi rose dzakatangwa nenyika yedu yaive yekutanga munhoroondo yeSoviet-America tsika yehukama mutambo wemimhanzi yeSoviet muBoston pasi pe motto: "Kugadzira mimhanzi pamwe chete", iyo yakaburitsa pachena uye ine mavara panorama yebasa reSoviet. vanyori (1988).

Mukukurukurirana nevanhu vane maonero akasiyana, Rodion Shchedrin anogara ane maonero ake. Muzviito nezviito - hunyanzvi hwavo uye kutendiswa kwevanhu pasi pechiratidzo chechinhu chikuru: "Haugone kungoraramira nhasi chete. Tinoda kuvakwa kwetsika nemagariro kuitira ramangwana, kuitira pundutso kune zvizvarwa zvinotevera.

A. Grigorieva