Nhoroondo ye domra

Vezvenhau vakawanda vanodavira izvozvo domra - primordially Russian chiridzwa. Zvisinei, kuguma kwake kwakasiyana uye kunoshamisa zvokuti hazvina kukodzera kumhanyira nemashoko emhando iyi, kune 2 shanduro dzekuonekwa kwayo, imwe neimwe inogona kuva yechokwadi.

Kutaurwa kwekutanga kwe domra kwakauya kwatiri kunosvika muzana ramakore rechi 16, asi vanotaura nezve domra sechiridzwa chatove chakakurumbira muRussia.Imwe yedzidziso dzinonyanyozivikanwa dzekwakabva chiridzwa ichi chakabvutwa inhaka yekumabvazuva. Zviridzwa zvakada kufanana zvikuru muchimiro uye nzira yokubudisa inzwi zvaishandiswa nevaTurkey vekare uye zvainzi matambureni. Uye zita rokuti "domra" zvakajeka harina midzi yeRussia. Iyi vhezheni inotsigirwawo nenyaya yekuti tambour yekumabvazuva yaive neiyo yakafanana flat soundboard uye manzwi acho aitorwa nerubatsiro rwehuni machipisi. Zvinotendwa kuti ndiyo tambur yaiva tateguru wezviridzwa zvakawanda zvekumabvazuva: Turkish baglamu, Kazakh dombra, Tajik rubab. Zvinotendwa kuti kubva kutambori, mukati meimwe shanduko, iyo domra yeRussia inogona kunge yakasimuka. Uye yakaunzwa kuRussia yekare panguva yehukama hwepedyo hwekutengeserana nenyika dzeEast, kana panguva yejoko reMongol-Tatar.

Maererano neimwe shanduro, midzi ye domra yemazuva ano inofanira kutsvakwa muEurope lute. Kunyange zvazvo, mukati meMiddle Ages, chiridzwa chipi nechipi chokuimba chakashongedzerwa nomuviri wakaurungana uye tambo, umo manzwi aibudiswa pachishandiswa nzira yokudzura, yainzi lute. Kana iwe ukanyatsoongorora munhoroondo, unogona kuona kuti ine midzi yekumabvazuva uye yakabva kune chiArabic chiridzwa - al-ud, asi gare gare maSlav eEurope akapesvedzera chimiro uye dhizaini. Izvi zvinogona kusimbiswa neUkraine-Polish kobza uye yayo yazvino vhezheni - iyo bandura. Middle Ages yakakurumbira nokuda kweukama hwepedyo hwenhoroondo netsika, saka domra inonyatsoonekwa sehama yezviridzwa zvese zvakatemwa netambo zvenguva idzodzo.

Munguva kubva muzana remakore rechi16 kusvika kune rechi17, yakanga iri chikamu chinokosha chetsika dzeRussia. Skomoroshestvo, iyo yaizivikanwa muRussia, yaigara ichishandisa domra pamitambo yavo yemumugwagwa, pamwe chete nembira nenyanga. Vakatenderera nyika, vachiita mitambo, vakaseka jaya, chechi, iyo yavaiwanzomutsa hasha dzezviremera nechechi. Paiva ne "Amusement Chamber" yose yaivaraidza "nzanga yepamusoro" nerubatsiro rwechiridzwa ichi chemimhanzi. Nekudaro, kutanga kubva 1648, nguva inoshamisa inouya yedomra. Pasi pesimba rechechi, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich akadana mitambo yemitambo ye buffoons "mitambo yemadhimoni" uye yakapa chirevo pamusoro pekuparara kwe "zviridzwa zvemitambo yemadhimoni" - domra, rudimbwa, nyanga, nezvimwewo. Kubva panguva iyi kusvika muzana remakore rechi19. , magwaro ezvakaitika kare haana chero kutaurwa nezve domra.

Nyaya yacho ingadai yakaguma zvinosuruvarisa, kana muna 1896, munharaunda yeVyatka, muongorori akakurumbira uye muimbi wenguva iyoyo - VV Andreev, haana kuwana chiridzwa chemimhanzi chisingazivikanwi chine chimiro chehemispherical. Pamwe chete natenzi SI Nalimov, vakagadzira chirongwa chekugadzira chiridzwa chinoenderana nekugadzirwa kwemuenzaniso wakawanikwa. Mushure mekuvakazve uye kudzidza kwezvinyorwa zvekare, zvakagumiswa kuti iyi ndiyo yekare domra.

Iyo "Great Russian Orchestra" - iyo inonzi balalaika orchestra inotungamirirwa naAndreev, yakanga iripo kunyange kusati kwawanikwa domra, asi tenzi akanyunyuta pamusoro pekushaikwa kweboka rinotungamirira melodic, nokuda kwebasa raakakodzera zvakakwana. Pamwe chete nemunyori uye pianist NP Fomin, nerubatsiro rwayo nhengo dzedenderedzwa remumhanzi raAndreev dzakadzidza notation yemimhanzi uye dzakasvika padanho rehunyanzvi, domra yakatanga kushanduka kuita chiridzwa chakazara chedzidzo.

Domra rinotaridzika sei? Pane pfungwa yokuti pakutanga yakagadzirwa nematanda. Ikoko, huni hwakavharwa nepakati, tsvimbo (mutsipa) yakapedzwa, marunda akatambanudzwa emhuka akashanda setambo. Mutambo uyu waiitwa neruzevha, munhenga, kana bhonzo rehove. Domra yemazuva ano ine muviri uri nani wakagadzirwa nemaple, birch, mutsipa wakagadzirwa nematanda akaoma. Kuridza dhomra, plectrum yakagadzirwa kubva mugomba rekamba inoshandiswa, uye kuwana ruzha rwakaputika, plectrum yakagadzirwa nedehwe rechokwadi inoshandiswa. Chiridzwa chine tambo chine muviri wakatenderedzwa, avhareji urefu hwehuro, tambo nhatu, chikamu chechina. Muna 1908, yekutanga 4-tambo dzakasiyana dze domra dzakagadzirwa. Zvakaitika pakusimbirira kwemukurumbira wakakurumbira - G. Lyubimov, uye pfungwa yacho yakazadzikiswa natenzi wezviridzwa zvemimhanzi - S. Burovy. Nekudaro, iyo 4-tambo yaive yakaderera kune yechinyakare 3-tambo domra maererano netimbre. Gore rega rega, kufarira kwakawedzera chete, uye muna 1945 koniti yekutanga yakaitika, uko domra yakava chiridzwa choga. Yakanyorwa naN. Budashkin uye yakabudirira zvikuru mumakore akatevera. Mhedzisiro yeizvi yaive kuvhurwa kwedhipatimendi rekutanga rezviridzwa zvevanhu muRussia paInstitute. Gnesins, iyo yaive nedhipatimendi re domra. Yu. Shishakov akava mudzidzisi wokutanga.

kuwanda muEurope. Mubhaibheri rakashandurwa naSemyon Budnov, zita rechimbo ichi rakataurwa kuti ritarise kuti vaIsraeri vakarumbidza Mwari zvakadii mumapisarema akanyorwa naMambo David “Rumbidzai Jehovha padhomu”. MuHurumende yeLithuania, chiridzwa ichi chemimhanzi chaionekwa sechirairo chevanhu kune vanhuwo zvavo, asi panguva yekutonga kweGrand Dukes yeRadziwills, yairidzwa muchivanze kufadza nzeve.

Kusvika iye zvino, konzati, chamber nziyo nziyo dzinoitwa pamusoro domra muRussia, Ukraine, Belarus, uyewo mune dzimwe nyika post-Soviet. Vaimbi vazhinji vakapa nguva yavo kugadzira nziyo dzechiridzwa ichi. Nzira diki yakadaro iyo domra yakapfuura, kubva kumunhu kuenda kune chiridzwa chedzidzo, hapana chimwe chiridzwa chekuimba chemazuva ano symphony orchestra chakakwanisa kupfuura.