Yehudi Menuhin |
Yehudi Menuhin
Muma30s ne40s, kana zvasvika kune vekunze violinists, zita rekuti Menuhin raiwanzo kutaurwa mushure mezita reHeifetz. Yakanga iri mukwikwidzi wake akakodzera uye, kusvika pamwero mukuru, iyo antipode maererano nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira. Ipapo Menuhin akasangana nenjodzi, pamwe yakaipisisa kune muimbi - chirwere chebasa cheruoko rwerudyi. Zviripachena, yaive mhedzisiro ye "yakawandisa" mapendekete akabatanidzwa (maoko aMenuhin akapfupika pane zvakajairwa, izvo, zvisinei, zvakanyanya kukanganisa kurudyi, uye kwete ruoko rweruboshwe). Asi zvisinei nekuti dzimwe nguva Menuhin haatombodzikisa uta patambo, haatomboudzi kusvika kumagumo, simba retarenda rake rerupo rakaita zvekuti violinist iyi haigone kunzwika zvakakwana. NaMenuhin unonzwa chimwe chinhu chisina mumwe munhu - anopa mutsara wega wega wemimhanzi akasiyana nuances; chero chisikwa chemimhanzi chinoratidzika kunge chakavhenekerwa nemwaranzi yezvakapfuma zvayo. Mumakore ose aya, unyanzvi hwake hunova huchiwedzera uye hunodziya uye hune hutano, huchienderera mberi hunoramba huri panguva imwechete "menukhinian" akachenjera.
Menuhin akazvarwa uye akakurira mumhuri isinganzwisisike iyo yakabatanidza tsika dzinoyera dzechiJudha chekare nedzidzo yakanatswa yeEurope. Vabereki vakabva kuRussia - baba Moishe Menuhin vaive chizvarwa cheGomel, amai Marut Sher - Yalta. Vakapa vana vavo mazita muchiHebheru: Yehudi zvinoreva muJudha. Mukoma waMenuhin ainzi Khevsib. Muduku wacho ainzi Yalta, sezviri pachena mukukudza guta iro mai vake vakaberekerwa.
Kwenguva yokutanga, vabereki vaMenuhin vakasangana kwete muRussia, asi muPalestine, uko Moishe, arasikirwa nevabereki vake, akarerwa nasekuru vakaoma. Vose vaidada nokuva vemhuri dzekare dzechiJudha.
Nguva pfupi mushure mekufa kwasekuru vake, Moishe akatamira kuNew York, kwaakadzidza masvomhu uye pedagogy paYunivhesiti uye akadzidzisa pachikoro chechiJudha. Maruta akauyawo kuNew York muna 1913. Kwapera gore vakaroorana.
Pana April 22, 1916, mwana wavo wokutanga akaberekwa, mukomana wavakatumidza kuti Yehudi. Mushure mekuzvarwa kwake, mhuri yakatamira kuSan Francisco. VekwaMenuhin vakarenda imba paSteiner Street, “chimwe chezvivako zviya zvokunyepedzera zvemapuranga zvine mahwindo akakura, mitsetse, mipumburu yakavezwa, uye muti womuchindwe une shavi uri pakati pelawn yepamberi yakafanana neSan Francisco sedzimba dzebrownstone dziri dzeNew. York. Pakanga pari ipapo, mumamiriro ezvinhu echengeteko yokunyama inoenzaniswa, apo kurerwa kwaYehudi Menuhin kwakavamba. Muna 1920, hanzvadzi yaYehudi yokutanga, Khevsiba, yakaberekwa, uye muna October 1921, yechipiri, Yalta.
Mhuri yacho yaigara iri yoga, uye makore okutanga aYehudi akaapedza aine vanhu vakuru. Izvi zvakakanganisa kukura kwake; hunhu hwekureruka, tsika yekufungisisa nekukurumidza yakaonekwa muhunhu. Akaramba akavharika kweupenyu hwake hwese. Mukurerwa kwake, pakanga pane zvakare zvinhu zvakawanda zvisina kujairika: kusvika pazera remakore 3, aitaura kunyanya muchiHebheru - mutauro uyu wakagamuchirwa mumhuri; ipapo amai, mukadzi akadzidza zvikuru, akadzidzisa vana vake 5 mitauro - German, French, Chirungu, Italian uye Russian.
Amai vaiva muimbi akanaka. Airidza piyano uye cello uye aida mimhanzi. Menuhin akanga asati ava nemakore maviri apo vabereki vake vakatanga kuenda naye kumakonzati eiyo symphony orchestra. Zvaisaita kuti vamusiye pamba apa sezvo painge pasisina wekuchengeta mwana. Muduku wacho akazvibata zvakanaka uye kazhinji kazhinji airara norugare, asi pakurira kwokutanga akamuka uye aifarira zvikuru zvakanga zvichiitwa muchikwata chevaimbi. Nhengo dze orchestra dzaiziva mwana wacho uye dzaifarira zvikuru muteereri wavo asina kujairika.
Menuhin paaiva nemakore mashanu, tete vake vakamutengera violin uye mukomana wacho akaendeswa kunodzidza naSigmund Anker. Matanho ekutanga ekuziva chiridzwa chakava chakamuomera kwazvo, nekuda kwemaoko mapfupi. Mudzidzisi haana kukwanisa kusunungura ruoko rwake rworuboshwe pakusungirirwa, uye Menuhin aisanzwa kubvunda. Asi apo zvipingamupinyi izvi muruoko rworuboshwe zvakakundwa uye mukomana akakwanisa kuenderana nemaitiro echimiro cheruoko rworudyi, akatanga kufambira mberi nokukurumidza. Musi wa5 Gumiguru 26, mwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekutanga kwemakirasi, akakwanisa kuita mune imwe konzati yevadzidzi paFairmont Hotel ine fashoni.
Yehudi ane makore manomwe akatamiswa kubva kuAnker kuenda kune anoperekedza symphony orchestra, Louis Persinger, muimbi wetsika huru uye mudzidzisi akanaka. Zvisinei, muzvidzidzo zvake naMenuhin, Persinger akaita zvikanganiso zvakawanda, izvo zvakazokanganisa kushanda kweviolinist nenzira inouraya. Akatakurwa nedata remukomana, kufambira mberi kwake nekukurumidza, haana kutarisisa kudivi rehunyanzvi remutambo. Menuhin haana kuenda kuburikidza nekudzidza kunoenderana tekinoroji. Persinger akakundikana kuziva kuti zvimiro zvemuviri zvemuviri waYehudi, kupfupika kwemaoko ake, zvakazadzwa nengozi dzakakomba dzisina kuzviratidza dzimene muhuduku, asi dzakatanga kuzviita dzimene dzinonzwa mukukura.
Vabereki vaMenuhin vakarera vana vavo zvine utsinye. Na5.30 mangwanani munhu wose aimuka uye, pashure pemangwanani, akashanda pamba kusvikira na7:3. Izvi zvakateverwa nezvidzidzo zvemumhanzi zvemaawa matatu – masisita akagara pasi papiyano (vose vakave varidzi vepiyano vakanaka kwazvo, Khevsiba aive shamwari yake yenguva dzose), uye Yehudi akatora violin. Masikati kwakateverwa nekudya kwemangwanani kechipiri uye kurara kweawa. Mushure meizvi - zvidzidzo zvitsva zvemimhanzi kwemaawa maviri. Ipapo, kubva na 2 kusvikira ku 4 kiroko mumasikati, zororo rakapiwa, uye madekwana vakavamba makirasi muzvidzidzo zvavose. Yehudi akazivana kare nemabhuku echinyakare uye anoshanda pauzivi, akadzidza mabhuku eKant, Hegel, Spinoza. Svondo mhuri yaipedza kunze kweguta, ichifamba netsoka makiromita masere kuenda kumahombekombe.
Chipo chinoshamisa chemukomana uyu chakakwezva kutarisisa kweanopa philanthropist Sydney Erman. Akarayira vaMenuhin kuti vaende kuParis kuti vape vana vavo dzidzo yemimhanzi chaiyo, uye vakatarisira zvinyorwa. Mumatsutso 1926 mhuri akaenda kuEurope. Musangano usingakanganwiki pakati paYehudi naEnescu wakaitwa muParis.
Bhuku raRobert Magidov "Yehudi Menuhin" rinotaura ndangariro dzemuFrench cellist, purofesa paParis Conservatory Gerard Hecking, uyo akasuma Yehudi kuEnescu:
“Ndinoda kudzidza newe,” akadaro Yehudi.
– Sezviri pachena, pakanga pane kukanganisa, ini handipi zvidzidzo zvega, – akati Enescu.
“Asi ndinofanira kudzidza nemi, ndapota nditeererei.
- Hazviite. Ndiri kuenda parwendo nechitima kuenda mangwana na6.30:XNUMX am.
Ndinogona kuuya kwasara awa ndotamba iwe uchirongedza. Anogona here?
Aneta Enescu akanzwa chimwe chinhu chinokwezva zvisingaite mumukomana uyu, chakananga, chine chinangwa uye panguva imwe chete isina kuzvidzivirira. Akaisa ruoko rwake pabendekete raJehudhi.
"Wakunda, mwana," Hecking akaseka.
– Huya na 5.30 kuna Clichy street, 26. Ndichange ndiripo, – Enescu akati zvakanaka.
Apo Yehudi akapedza kutamba kuma6 o'clock mangwanani akatevera, Enescu akabvuma kutanga kushanda naye mushure mekupera kwekushanya kwekonzati, mumwedzi ye2. Akaudza baba vake vakashamisika kuti zvidzidzo zvacho zvaizova zvemahara.
"Yehudi achandiunzira mufaro wakawanda sezvandinomubatsira."
Muridzi weviolin wechidiki akanga agara achirota kudzidza naEnescu, sezvaakambonzwa mutambi weviolin weRomania, ipapo pakakwirira mukurumbira wake, pakonzati muSan Francisco. Hukama hwakagadzirwa naMenuhin naEnescu hahungatombonzi hukama hwemudzidzisi-mudzidzi. Enescu akava kwaari baba vechipiri, mudzidzisi anoteerera, shamwari. Kangani mumakore akatevera, Menuhin paakava muimbi akura, Enescu akaita naye mumakonzati, achiperekedza piyano, kana kuridza kaviri Bach Concerto. Hongu, uye Menuhin aida mudzidzisi wake nesimba rose rehunhu hwakanaka uye hwakachena. Aparadzaniswa neEnescu mukati meHondo Yenyika II, Menuhin akabva abhururuka achienda kuBucharest pamukana wokutanga. Akashanyira Enescu yaifa muParis; mudhara mukuru akamupa maviolini ake anokosha.
Enescu akadzidzisa Yehudi kwete chete kuridza chiridzwa, akazarura mweya wenziyo kwaari. Mukutungamirira kwake, tarenda romukomana wacho rakabudirira, richipfumiswa mumudzimu. Uye zvakava pachena chaizvo mugore rekutaurirana kwavo. Enescu akaenda nomudzidzi wake kuRomania, uko mambokadzi akavapa vateereri. Pakudzokera kuParis, Yehudi anoita mumakonti maviri neLamouret Orchestra inotungamirirwa naPaul Parey; muna 1927 akaenda kuNew York, kwaakaita manyawi nekonzati yake yekutanga paCarnegie Hall.
Winthrop Sergent anorondedzera mutambo wacho sezvinotevera: “Vadi venziyo vakawanda vekuNew York vachiri kuyeuka kuti, muna 1927, Yehudi Menuhin ane makore gumi nerimwe, mukomana mukobvu, aizvivimba aipfeka mabhurugwa mapfupi, masokisi nehembe yakashama mutsipa, akafamba sei. panhandare yeCarnegie Hall, akamira pamberi neNew York Symphony Orchestra ndokuridza Beethoven's Violin Concerto nekukwana kwaishora chero tsananguro ine musoro. Mitezo yeorchestra yakachema nomufaro, uye vatsoropodzi havana kuvanza kuvhiringidzika kwavo.
Kunotevera kunouya mukurumbira wenyika. "MuBerlin, kwaakaridza makonzati eviolin naBach, Beethoven naBrahms pasi pebaton yaBruno Walter, mapurisa haana kumbokwanisa kudzosa mhomho yevanhu mumugwagwa, uku vateereri vakamupururudza kwemaminetsi makumi mana nemashanu. Fritz Busch, mutungamiriri weDresden Opera, akadzima kumwe kuita kuitira kuti aitise konisheni yaMenuhin nechirongwa chimwe chetecho. MuRoma, muhoro yekonzati yeAugusteo, boka revanhu rakaputsa mahwindo gumi nemaviri mukuedza kupinda mukati; muVienna, mumwe mutsoropodzi, akapotsa apererwa nemufaro, aigona kungomupa epithet "inoshamisa". Muna 45 akagamuchira mubairo wekutanga pamakwikwi eParis Conservatoire.
Kutamba kwakasimba kwekonzati kwakaenderera mberi kusvika 1936, apo Menuhin akangoerekana adzima makonzati ese uye akaenda pamudyandigere kwegore nehafu nemhuri yake yese - vabereki nehanzvadzi mune imwe villa yakatengwa panguva iyoyo pedyo neLos Gatos, California. Akanga aine makore 19 panguva iyoyo. Yakanga iri nguva apo jaya rakanga rava munhu mukuru, uye iyi nhambo yakaratidzirwa nenhamo yakadzika yomukati iyo yakamanikidza Menuhin kuita chisarudzo chechienzi chakadaro. Anotsanangura kuvharika kwake nechido chekuzviedza uye kuziva hunhu hwehunyanzvi hwaari kuita. Kusvikira zvino, mumaonero ake, airidza chete intuitively, semwana, pasina kufunga nezvemitemo yekushanda. Iye zvino akasarudza, kuisa aphoristically, kuziva violin uye kuziva pachake, muviri wake mumutambo. Anobvuma kuti vadzidzisi vese vakamudzidzisa achiri mudiki vakamupa kukura kwakanakisa kwehunyanzvi, asi haana kuita chidzidzo chakafanana chehunyanzvi hweviolin naye: "Kunyangwe nemutengo wengozi yekurasikirwa nemazai ese egoridhe mune ramangwana. , ndaifanira kudzidza kuti hanzi dzikaabvisa sei.”
Ehe, mamiriro emidziyo yake akamanikidza Menuhin kutora njodzi yakadaro, nekuti "saizvozvo" nekuda kwekuda kuziva, hapana muimbi ari pachinzvimbo chake aizoita kudzidza kwehunyanzvi hwekutamba violin, achiramba kupa makonti. Sezviri pachena, panguva iyoyo akatotanga kunzwa zvimwe zviratidzo zvakamuvhundutsa.
Zvinonakidza kuti Menuhin anosvika pakugadzirisa matambudziko eviolin nenzira iyo, zvichida, hapana mumwe mutambi akaita pamberi pake. Pasina kumira chete pakudzidza kwemethodological mabasa uye zvinyorwa, anonyura mune psychology, anatomy, physiology uye ... kunyangwe mune sainzi yezvokudya zvinovaka muviri. Ari kuyedza kumisa hukama pakati pezviitiko uye kunzwisisa zvinokonzeresa pakuridza violin yezvakanyanya kuoma psycho-physiological uye biological zvinhu.
Nekudaro, tichitarisa nemhedzisiro yehunyanzvi, Menuhin, panguva yekuvanzika kwake, aive akabatanidzwa kwete chete mukuongorora kwakadzikama kwemitemo yekuridza violin. Sezviri pachena, panguva imwecheteyo, nzira yekukura kwemweya yakapfuurira maari, saka yakasikwa kwenguva iyo jaya rinoshanduka kuva murume. Chero zvazvingava, nyanzvi yakadzokera pakuita yakafumiswa neuchenjeri hwemwoyo, iyo kubva zvino zvichienda mberi inova chiratidzo cheunyanzvi hwake. Iye zvino ari kutsvaga kunzwisisa munziyo zvidimbu zvemweya zvakadzika; anokwezvwa naBach naBeethoven, asi kwete heroic-civilian, but philosophic, achipinda mukusuwa uye achisimuka kubva mukusuwa nekuda kwehondo itsva dzehunhu nehunhu hwevanhu nevanhu.
Zvichida, muunhu, hunyoro uye unyanzvi hweMenuhin pane zvinhu zvinowanzoonekwa nevanhu vekuMabvazuva. Uchenjeri hwake munzira dzakawanda hwakafanana nehuchenjeri hwekuMabvazuva, nemaitiro ahwo ekudzikama pamweya uye ruzivo rwepasi kuburikidza nekufungisisa nezvehutsika hwezvinhu. Kuvapo kwemaitiro akadaro muMenuhin hazvishamisi, kana tikayeuka mamiriro ezvinhu aakakurira, tsika dzakasimwa mumhuri. Uye gare gare Mabvazuva akamukwezva kwairi. Mushure mekushanyira India, akatanga kufarira dzidziso dzeyogis.
Kubva pakuzvisarudzira, Menuhin akadzokera kumimhanzi pakati pe1938. Gore rino rakaratidzwa nechimwe chiitiko - muchato. Yehudi akasangana naNola Nicholas muLondon pane imwe yemakonzati ake. Chinhu chinosetsa ndechekuti kuroora kwehama nehanzvadzi mbiri kwakaitika panguva imwe chete: Khevsiba akaroora Lindsay, shamwari yepedyo yemhuri yekwaMenuhin, uye Yalta akaroora William Styx.
Kubva muwanano iyi, Yehudi aiva nevana vaviri: musikana akaberekwa muna 1939 uye mukomana muna 1940. Musikana wacho ainzi Zamira - kubva pashoko rechiRussia rokuti "rugare" uye zita rechiHebheru reshiri inoimba; mukomana akagamuchira zita rokuti Krov, iro raibatanidzwawo neshoko rechiRussia rokuti "ropa" uye shoko rechiHebheru rokuti "kurwa". Iri zita rakapihwa pasi pekufunga kwekutanga kwehondo pakati peGermany neEngland.
Hondo yakavhiringidza upenyu hwaMenuhin zvakanyanya. Sababa vevana vaviri, akanga asiri pasi pechiuto, asi hana yake semuimbi haina kumubvumira kuti arambe ari mucherechedzi wekunze wezviitiko zvehondo. Mukati mehondo, Menuhin akapa konzati dzinenge 500 “mumisasa yose yamauto kubva kuAleutian Islands kusvikira kuCaribbean, uye ipapo mhiri kweAtlantic Ocean,” anonyora kudaro Winthrop Sergent. Panguva imwecheteyo, akaridza mimhanzi yakakomba mune chero vateereri - Bach, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, uye hunyanzvi hwake hwemoto hwakakunda kunyange varwiwo zvavo. Vanomutumira tsamba dzinobaya mwoyo dzizere nekutenda. Gore ra1943 rakaratidzwa nechiitiko chikuru cheYehudi - akasangana naBela Bartok muNew York. Pakukumbira kwaMenuhin, Bartók akanyora Sonata nokuda kweviolin yega pasina kuperekedzwa, yakaitwa kekutanga nemuimbi munaNovember 1944. Asi chaizvoizvo makore aya akazvipira kumakonzati muzvikwata zvemauto, zvipatara.
Pakupera kwa1943, achiregeredza ngozi yokufamba achiyambuka gungwa, akaenda kuEngland ndokuvamba muitiro mukuru wekonzati muno. Munguva yekurwisa kwemauto akabatana, akatevera chaizvo pazvitsitsinho zvemauto, wekutanga wevaimbi venyika vairidza muParis yakasunungurwa, Brussels, Antwerp.
Koniti yake muAntwerp yakaitika apo kunze kweguta kwakanga kuchiri mumaoko eGermany.
Hondo yava kupera. Kudzokera kunyika yake, Menuhin zvakare, sa1936, kamwe kamwe anoramba kupa makonzati uye anotora zororo, achipa iyo, sezvaakaita panguva iyoyo, kukudzokororazve maitiro. Zviri pachena kuti zviratidzo zvekuzvidya mwoyo zviri kuwedzera. Zvisinei, kuzorora hakuna kugara kwenguva refu - mavhiki mashoma chete. Menuhin inokwanisa kukurumidza uye nekumisikidza zvizere midziyo yekutonga. Zvakare, mutambo wake unorova nekukwana kwakakwana, simba, kurudziro, moto.
Makore 1943-1945 akaratidza kuve akazara nekusawirirana muhupenyu hwemunhu Menuhin. Kugara achifamba zvishoma nezvishoma kwakakanganisa ukama hwake nomudzimai wake. Nola naYehudi vakanga vakanyanya kusiyana. Haana kunzwisisa uye haana kumuregerera nekuda kwekuda kwake art, izvo zvaiita senge zvisingasiyi nguva yemhuri. Kwenguva yakati vakanga vachiri kuedza kuchengetedza mubatanidzwa wavo, asi muna 1945 vakamanikidzwa kuenda kundorambana.
Kurudziro yekupedzisira yekurambana sezviri pachena yaive musangano waMenuhin nemuimbi weChirungu Diana Gould munaGunyana 1944 muLondon. Rudo rwakapisa rwakapisa kumativi ose. Diana aiva nounhu hwomudzimu hwainyanya kufarirwa naYehudi. Pana October 19, 1947, vakaroorana. Kubva muwanano iyi vana vaviri vakazvarwa - Gerald muna Chikunguru 1948 naJeremiah - makore matatu gare gare.
Chinguvana pashure pezhizha ra1945, Menuhin akatanga kushanyira nyika Dzakabatana, kubatanidza France, Holland, Czechoslovakia, uye Russia. MuEngland, akasangana naBenjamin Britten ndokutamba naye mune imwe konzati. Anotorwa moyo neruzha rwakanaka rwepiyano pasi peminwe yaBritten uyo akamuperekedza. MuBucharest, pakupedzisira akasangana naEnescu zvakare, uye uyu musangano wakabvumikisa kwavari vose vari vaviri kuti vakanga vari pedyo zvakadini mumudzimu nomumwe nomumwe. Muna November 1945, Menuhin akasvika muSoviet Union.
Nyika yakanga ichangotanga kumutsidzira kubva mukusagadzikana kunotyisa kwehondo; maguta akaparadzwa, zvokudya zvakapiwa pamakadhi. Uye zvakadaro hupenyu hwehunyanzvi hwakanga huchiwedzera. Menuhin akabayiwa mwoyo nekuita kwakanaka kwevaMuscovites pakonzati yake. "Zvino ndiri kufunga nezvekuti zvinobatsira sei kuti muimbi ataure nevateereri vandakawana muMoscow - ane hanya, anoteerera, achimutsa mumhanzi pfungwa yekupisa kwepamusoro uye chishuwo chekudzokera kunyika ine mimhanzi. akapinda muupenyu zvizere uye organically. uye hupenyu hwevanhu… ".
Akaita muTchaikovsky Hall mune mamwe manheru 3 concertos - yeviolin mbiri naI.-S. Bach naDavid Oistrakh, concertos naBrahms naBeethoven; mumanheru maviri asara - Bach's Sonatas ye solo violin, akatevedzana madiki. Lev Oborin akapindura nekudzokorora, achinyora kuti Menuhin mutambi weviolinist wechirongwa chikuru chekonzati. "Chikamu chikuru chekugadzira chemutambi weviolin anoshamisa mabasa emhando huru. Iye ari padhuze nemaitiro emasalon miniature kana akachena virtuoso anoshanda. Menuhin's element ihombe canvases, asi zvakare akauraya zvisingaite akati wandei madiki.
Ongororo yaOborin ndeyechokwadi mukuratidza Menuhin uye nenzira kwayo anonyora hunhu hwake hweviolin - hombe yeminwe nzira uye ruzha rwunoshamisa musimba uye runako. Hungu, panguva iyoyo inzwi rake rakanga rine simba zvikuru. Zvichida hutano hwake hwakanga hwakanyatsoenderana nenzira yekutamba neruoko rwose, "kubva papfudzi", iyo yakapa inzwi hupfumi hunokosha uye huwandu, asi neruoko rwakapfupika, zviri pachena, rwakakonzera kuti ive yakanyanyisa. Akanga asingatevedzeri musonatas yaBach, uye kana ari konzati yaBeethoven, munhu aisagona kunzwa kuita kwakadaro mundangariro yechizvarwa chedu. Menuhin akakwanisa kusimbisa rutivi rwetsika mukati maro uye akaridudzira sechiyeuchidzo chechakachena, chepamusoro classicism.
Muna December 1945, Menuhin akatanga kuzivana nomuperekedzi akakurumbira wokuGermany Wilhelm Furtwängler, aishanda muGermany muutongi hweNazi. Zvinoita sekuti chokwadi ichi chaifanira kudzinga Yehudi, izvo zvisina kuitika. Pane zvinopesana, mune akati wandei zvirevo zvake, Menuhin anouya kuzodzivirira Furtwängler. Muchinyorwa chakanyanya kutsaurirwa kumutungamiriri, anotsanangura kuti, achiri kugara muNazi Germany, Furtwängler akaedza sei kurerutsa dambudziko revaimbi vechiJudha uye akaponesa vazhinji kubva pakutsiviwa. Dziviriro yaFurtwängler inomutsa kurwiswa kwakapinza paMenuhin. Anosvika pakati pekukakavadzana pamubvunzo - ko vaimbi vakashandira maNazi vangaruramiswa here? Kutongwa, kwakaitwa muna 1947, kwakasunungura Furtwängler.
Nenguva isipi mumiriri wemauto eAmerica muBerlin akafunga kuronga nhevedzano yemakonzati ephilharmonic pasi pekutungamira kwake nekutora chikamu kwevakakurumbira vekuAmerican soloists. Wokutanga akanga ari Menuhin. Akapa makonti matatu muBerlin - 3 eAmerica uye maBritish uye 2 - akazarurirwa ruzhinji rweGermany. Kutaura pamberi pevaGerman - ndiko kuti, vavengi venguva pfupi yapfuura - kunomutsa kushorwa kwakasimba kwaMenuhin pakati pemaJuda eAmerica neEurope. Kushivirira kwake kunoratidzika kwavari sokunyengera. Kuti ruvengo rwakakura sei kwaari runogona kutongwa neidi rokuti haana kubvumirwa kupinda muIsraeri kwemakore akawanda.
Makonzati aMenuhin akave rudzi rwedambudziko renyika muIsrael, senge nyaya yaDreyfus. Paakazosvika ikoko muna 1950, boka raiva panhandare yendege yeTel Aviv rakamukwazisa nokunyarara kwechando, uye kamuri rake repahotera rairindwa nemapurisa ane zvombo akamuperekedza kutenderera guta. Kuita kwaMenuhin chete, mimhanzi yake, kudana zvakanaka uye kurwisana nezvakaipa, kwakaputsa ruvengo urwu. Pashure perwendo rwechipiri muIsrael muna 1951-1952, mumwe wevatsoropodzi akanyora, kuti: “Mutambo wenyanzvi yakadaro saMenuhin unogona kuita kuti kunyange munhu asingatendi kuvapo kwaMwari atende muna Mwari.”
Menuhin akapedza Kukadzi naKurume 1952 muIndia, kwaakasangana naJawaharlar Nehru naEleanor Roosevelt. Nyika yakamushamisa. Akava nehanya neuzivi hwake, chidzidzo chedzidziso yeyogis.
Muchikamu chechipiri che50s, chirwere chekushanda kwenguva refu chakatanga kuzviratidza pachena. Zvisinei, Menuhin anoramba achiedza kukunda chirwere ichi. Uye anokunda. Chokwadi, ruoko rwake rworudyi haruna kunyatsonaka. Pamberi pedu pane muenzaniso wekukunda kwekuda pamusoro pechirwere, uye kwete kupora kwechokwadi kwemuviri. Asi Menuhin ndiye Menuhin! Kufemerwa kwake kwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro kunoita nguva dzese uye zvino kukanganwa nezve ruoko rwerudyi, nezvehunyanzvi - nezve zvese zviri munyika. Uye, chokwadika, Galina Barinova akarurama apo, pashure pokushanya kwaMenuhin muna 1952 muUSSR, akanyora kuti: “Zvinoita sokuti kukwira nokudzika kwaMenuhin kwakafuridzirwa hakuparadzaniswi nechitarisiko chake chemweya, nokuti muongorori chete ane mweya wakajeka uye wakachena anogona. kupinda zvakadzika zvebasa raBeethoven neMozart”.
Menuhin akauya kunyika yedu nehanzvadzi yake Khevsiba, shamwari yake yenguva refu mukonzati. Vakapa manheru esonata; Yehudi akaitawo mumakonzati esymphony. MuMoscow, akatanga ushamwari naRudolf Barshai, mukuru weMoscow Chamber Orchestra. Menuhin naBarshai, vachiperekedzwa neiri boka, vakaimba Mozart's Symphony Concerto yeviolin uye viola. Chirongwa ichi chaisanganisirawo Bach Concerto uye Divertimento muD huru naMozart: “Menuhin akazvikunda; Kugadzira mimhanzi kuzere nezvakasiyana zvekusika zvakawanikwa.
Simba raMenuhin rinoshamisa: anoita nzendo refu, anoronga mitambo yemimhanzi yegore negore muEngland neSwitzerland, anoitisa, anotarisira kutora zvidzidzo.
Chinyorwa chaWinthrop chinopa tsananguro yakadzama yekutaridzika kwaMenuhin.
“Mutsvuku, ane vhudzi dzvuku, ane maziso ebhuruu achinyemwerera somukomana uye chimwe chinhu chine mazizi muchiso chake, anopa fungidziro yomunhu ane mwoyo wakapfava uye panguva imwe cheteyo asina kuoma. Anotaura Chirungu chinoyevedza, mazwi akanyatsosarudzwa, ane chirevo icho vazhinji vevamwe vake vekuAmerica vanofunga nezveBritish. Haambogumbuki kana kutaura nehasha. Maonero ake kune nyika yakamupoteredza anoita semusanganiswa weruremekedzo rwekuitira hanya neruremekedzo rwenguva dzose. Vakadzi vakatsvinda anovadana kuti “vakadzi vakanaka,” uye anotaura navo achivadzivisa nomurume akarerwa zvakanaka achitaura pamusangano. Kuparadzaniswa kusingarambiki kwaMenuhin kubva kune mamwe mativi ebhanari ehupenyu kwakatungamirira shamwari dzakawanda kumufananidza naBuddha: zvirokwazvo, kubatikana kwake nemibvunzo yehukoshi husingagumi kukuvadziko yechinhu chiri chose chenguva uye chechinguvana chinomuisa kukanganwiro kunoshamisa muzvinhu zvisina maturo zvenyika. Achiziva izvi, mudzimai wake haana kushamisika paakabvunza munguva pfupi yapfuura zvine ruremekedzo kuti Greta Garbo aive ani.
Hupenyu hwaMenuhin nemukadzi wake wechipiri hunoratidzika kunge hwakakura nemufaro. Anonyanya kumuperekedza panzendo, uye pakutanga kwehupenyu hwavo pamwe chete, hapana kwaakaenda pasina iye. Yeuka kuti akatobereka mwana wake wokutanga mumugwagwa - pamutambo muEdinburgh.
Asi kudzokera kurondedzero yaWinthrop: “Kufanana nevaimbi vakawanda vemakonzati, Menuhin, sezvineiwo, anorarama upenyu hwokubatikana. Mudzimai wake wechiRungu anomudana kuti "mugovera mimhanzi yeviolin". Ane imba yake - uye inoshamisa kwazvo - yakagara muzvikomo zviri pedyo neguta reLos Gatos, zana remakiromita kumaodzanyemba kweSan Francisco, asi haawanzopedza inopfuura vhiki imwe kana maviri pagore mairi. Mamiriro ake akanyanya kuita imba yechikepe chinofamba mugungwa kana chikamu chemota yePullman, yaanogara panguva yekushanya kwake kusinga vhiringike. Kana mukadzi wake asipo, anopinda mukamuri yePullman nekunzwa kweimwe mhando yekusagadzikana: zvinoita sekunge zvisina mwero kwaari kugara chigaro chakagadzirirwa vanhu vakati wandei vari voga. Asi imwe kamuri yakaparadzana iri nyore kwaari kuti aite maekisesaizi akasiyana-siyana anotemerwa nedzidziso dzekumabvazuva dzeyoga, dzaakazove muteveri makore akati wandei apfuura. Mukufunga kwake, maekisesaizi aya ane hukama zvakananga nehutano hwake, sezviri pachena hwakanaka, uye nemamiriro ake epfungwa, sezviri pachena. Chirongwa chezviitwa izvi chinosanganisira kumira pamusoro wako kwemaminetsi gumi nemashanu kana gumi nemaviri zuva nezuva, feat, pasi pemamiriro ese ane chekuita neanoshamisa tsandanyama kurongeka, muchitima chinozununguka kana pane steamboat panguva yedutu, inoda kutsungirira kwakanyanya.
Mukwende waMenuhin unoshamisa mukureruka kwawo uye, zvichipihwa kureba kwenzendo dzake zhinji, mukushaikwa kwawo. Iine masutukesi maviri ane shabby akaiswa zvipfeko zvemukati, zvipfeko zvemitambo uye basa, vhoriyamu isingachinjiki yemuzivi weChinese Lao Tzu "The Teachings of the Tao" uye hombe yeviolin kesi ine maviri stradivarius anokosha zana nemakumi mashanu ezviuru zvemadhora; anogara achiapukuta nematauro ePullman. Kana achangobva pamba, angava netswanda yehuku yakakangwa nemichero mumukwende wake; zvese zvakaputirwa nerudo mupepa rewakisi naamai vake, vanogara nemurume wavo, baba vaYehudi, zvakare pedyo neLos Gatos. Menuhin haafarire mota dzekudyira uye kana chitima chakamira kwenguva yakati rebei kana shoma muguta ripi neripi, anoenda kunotsvaga zvitoro zvekudya, kwaanodya karoti uye celery muto muhuwandu. Kana pane chimwe chinhu chiri munyika chinofadza Menuhin kupfuura kutamba violin uye mazano akakwirira, zvino iyi mibvunzo yezvokudya zvinovaka muviri: akagutsikana zvakasimba kuti hupenyu hunofanira kubatwa sehupenyu hwose, anokwanisa kubatanidza zvinhu zvitatu izvi pamwechete mupfungwa dzake. .
Pakupera kwechimiro, Winthrop anogara pane rudo rwaMenuhin. Achiratidza kuti mari yaanowana kubva kumakonzati inodarika $100 pagore, anonyora kuti anogovera yakawanda yeiyi mari, uye izvi zviri kuwedzera kumakonzati erudo eRed Cross, vaJudha veIsrael, kune vakawirwa nemisasa yevasungwa yeGermany, kuti vabatsire. basa rekuvakazve muEngland, France, Belgium neHolland.
“Anowanzoendesa mari yekonzati ichiendesa kuhomwe yepenjeni yechikwata chaanoimba nacho. Kuda kwake kushanda neunyanzvi hwake kune chero chinangwa chekupa kwakamuita kuti atendwe nevanhu munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi - uye bhokisi rakazara remirairo, kusvika uye kusanganisira Legion of Honor neMuchinjikwa weLorraine.
Mufananidzo weMenuhin wemunhu uye wekugadzira wakajeka. Anogona kunzi mumwe wevakuru vakuru vevanhu pakati pevaimbi venyika ye bourgeois. Iyi humanism inosarudza kukosha kwayo kwakasiyana mutsika yemimhanzi yenyika yezana redu ramakore.
L. Raaben, 1967
