Yakasimba uye yemahara maitiro mu polyphony

Polyphony imhando yepolyphony yakavakirwa pamubatanidzwa uye panguva imwe chete kuvandudzwa kwenziyo mbiri kana kupfuura dzakazvimiririra. Mune polyphony, mukugadzirisa kwayo, maitiro maviri akaumbwa uye akagadzirwa: yakasimba uye yakasununguka.

Chimiro chakasimba kana kunyora kwakasimba mupolyphony

Chimiro chakasimba chakaitwa mumhanzi wezwi uye nekwaya wezana ramakore rechi 15-16 (kunyangwe polyphony pachayo, hongu, yakamuka kare). Izvi zvinoreva kuti magadzirirwo chaiwo erwiyo rwacho aitsamira pamwero mukuru pamano enzwi romunhu.

Rutivi rwerwiyo rwakatemerwa netessitura yezwi iro mimhanzi yaiitirwa (kazhinji huwandu hwacho hwaisapfuura duodecimus interval). Pano, kusvetuka pazvidiki uye zvechinomwe, kuderedzwa uye kuwedzera nguva, izvo zvaionekwa sezvisina kunaka pakuimba, zvakabviswa. Iyo melodic budiriro yaidzorwa nekufamba kwakatsetseka uye nhanho padanho re diatonic.

Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, rhythmic sangano rechimiro inova yakakosha. Nokudaro, kusiyana kwemutinhimira mumabasa akati wandei ndiyo chete simba rinosunda rekusimudzira nziyo.

Vamiririri vemhando yakasimba ye polyphony ndeye, semuenzaniso, O. Lasso naG. Palestrina.

Yemahara maitiro kana yemahara kunyora mu polyphony

Chimiro chemahara mupolyphony chakagadziridzwa mumhanzi wezwi-chiridzwa uye chiridzwa kubva muzana ramakore re17. Kubva pano, ndiko kuti, kubva pamikana yemimhanzi yezviridzwa, kunouya ruzha rwemahara uye rwakasununguka rwedingindira renziyo, sezvo risisaenderane nehuwandu hwezwi rekuimba.

Kusiyana nemaitiro akasimba, kusvetuka kukuru kwepakati kunobvumidzwa pano. Sarudzo yakakura yemayuniti ane rhythmic, pamwe nekupararira kwekushandiswa kwechromatic uye yakashandurwa ruzha - zvese izvi mu polyphony inosiyanisa yakasununguka maitiro kubva kune yakasimba.

Basa revanyori vane mukurumbira Bach naHandel ndiro rakanyanya remahara maitiro mupolyphony. Vanenge vese vanyori vakazotevera nzira imwechete, semuenzaniso, Mozart naBeethoven, Glinka naTchaikovsky, Shostakovich (nenzira, akaedzawo ne polyphony yakasimba) uye Shchedrin.

Saka, ngatiedzei kuenzanisa aya maviri masitaera:

• Kana muchimiro chakasimba dingindira harina kwarakarerekera uye rakaoma kurangarira, zvino muchimiro chemahara dingindira iri mutinhimira wakajeka uri nyore kurangarira.
• Kana iyo nzira yekunyora yakasimba yakakanganisa kunyanya mimhanzi yezwi, saka mumhando yemahara mhando dzakasiyana: zvese kubva kumunda wezviridzwa zvemimhanzi uye kubva kumunda wezwi-zviridzwa mimhanzi.
• Mimhanzi mukunyora kwakasimba kwepolyphonic mune yayo modal hwaro yaitsamira pamachechi echinyakare modhi, uye mune yemahara polyphonic kunyora vanyori vanoshanda nesimba uye hukuru pane zvakanyanya pakati pezvikuru uye zvidiki nemaitiro avo eharonic.
• Kana iyo yakaomesesa dhizaini inoratidzirwa nekusagadzikana kwekushanda uye kujeka kunouya chete mu cadences, saka mune yemahara maitiro chokwadi mu harmonic mabasa anoratidzwa zvakajeka.

Muzana remakore rechi17-18, vanyori vakaramba vachishandisa zvakanyanya mafomu enguva yakaoma yemaitiro. Aya ndiwo mateti, misiyano (kusanganisira iyo yakavakirwa pane ostinato), ricercar, marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekutevedzera maitiro echorale. Yemahara maitiro anosanganisira fugue, pamwe neakawanda mafomu umo polyphonic mharidzo inopindirana nehomophonic chimiro.