Giuseppe Tartini (Giuseppe Tartini) |

Giuseppe Tartini

Tartini. Sonata g-moll, “Devil's Trills” →

Giuseppe Tartini ndechimwe chezvivheneko zvechikoro cheItaly violin chezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, ane hunyanzvi hwakachengeta kukosha kwahwo kusvika nhasi. D. Oistrakh

Muimbi akatanhamara weItaly, mudzidzisi, virtuoso violinist uye mumhanzi theorist G. Tartini akatora imwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanya kukosha mutsika yeviolin yeItaly muhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Tsika dzinobva kuA. Corelli, A. Vivaldi, F. Veracini nevamwe vakatangira uye vakararama panguva imwe chete navo vakabatanidzwa muunyanzvi hwake.

Tartini akaberekerwa mumhuri yeboka rakanaka. Vabereki vaida kuti mwanakomana wavo aite basa romufundisi. Nokudaro, akatanga kudzidza pachikoro chechechi yePirano, uye ipapo muCapo d'Istria. Ikoko Tartini akatanga kuridza violin.

Hupenyu hwemuimbi hwakakamurwa kuita 2 nguva dzakapesana. Mhepo, akadzikama nemasikirwo, achitsvaga njodzi - akadaro ari mumakore ake ehudiki. Kuda kwaTartini kwakamanikidza vabereki vake kusiya pfungwa yekutumira mwanakomana wavo munzira yemweya. Anoenda kuPadua kunodzidza mutemo. Asi Tartini anofarirawo kuvaitira fenzi, achirota nezvebasa remufenzi. Mukuwirirana nefenzi, anoenderera mberi achiwedzera kuita zvine chinangwa mumhanzi.

Muchato wapachivande kumudzidzi wake, mwana womukoma wemufundisi mukuru, wakachinja zvikuru hurongwa hwose hwaTartini. Muchato uyu wakamutsa hasha dzehama dzepamusoro dzemukadzi wake, Tartini akatambudzwa naCardinal Cornaro uye akamanikidzwa kuvanda. Nzvimbo yake yekupotera yaive Minorite monastery muAssisi.

Kubva panguva iyoyo yakatanga nguva yechipiri yehupenyu hwaTartini. Imba yemamongi haina kungodzivirira mudiki reki uye yakava nzvimbo yake yekugara mukati memakore ekutapwa. Pakanga pari pano apo kuberekwazve kwetsika uye kwemweya kwaTartini kwakaitika, uye pano kukura kwake kwechokwadi semunyori kwakatanga. Muimba yemamongi, akadzidza dzidziso yemimhanzi uye kuumbwa pasi pekutungamirirwa kwemuimbi weCzech uye theorist B. Chernogorsky; akazvimiririra akadzidza violin, akasvika pakukwana kwechokwadi mukuziva chiridzwa, icho, maererano nevemazuva ano, chakatopfuura mutambo weCorelli yakakurumbira.

Tartini akagara muimba yemamongi kwemakore maviri, uye kwemamwe makore maviri akaridza muimba yeopera muAncona. Ikoko muimbi akasangana Veracini, uyo aiva nesimba guru basa rake.

Kutapwa kwaTartini kwakaguma muna 1716. Kubva panguva iyoyo kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwake, kunze kwekuzorora kwenguva pfupi, aigara muPadua, achitungamirira chapel orchestra muBasilica yeSt. Antonio uye achiita semuimbi weviolin mumaguta akasiyana-siyana eItaly. . Muna 1723, Tartini akagamuchira kokero yekushanyira Prague kuti atore chikamu mumhemberero dzemimhanzi pachiitiko chekugadzwa kwaCharles VI. Kushanya uku, zvisinei, kwakagara kusvika 1726: Tartini akagamuchira kupiwa kwekutora nzvimbo yemuimbi wekamuri muPrague chapel ye Count F. Kinsky.

Kudzokera kuPadua (1727), munyori akaronga chikoro chemimhanzi ipapo, achipa simba rake rakawanda pakudzidzisa. Vakararama panguva iyoyo vaimuti “mudzidzisi wemarudzi.” Pakati pevadzidzi veTartini pane vakatanhamara maviolinists ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX saP. Nardini, G. Pugnani, D. Ferrari, I. Naumann, P. Lausse, F. Rust nevamwe.

Kubatsira kwemuimbi mukusimudzira hunyanzvi hwekuridza violin kukuru. Akashandura kugadzirwa kwouta, akahurebesa. Unyanzvi hwekuita uta hwaTartini pachake, kuimba kwake kunoshamisa paviolin kwakatanga kuonekwa semuenzaniso. Muimbi akagadzira nhamba huru yemabasa. Pakati pavo pane akawanda matatu sonatas, anenge 125 concertos, 175 sonatas yeviolin uye cembalo. Yakanga iri mubasa raTartini iyo yekupedzisira yakagamuchira mamwe marudzi uye stylistic kukura.

Mufananidzo wakajeka wemafungiro enziyo emunyori wakazviratidza mukuda kupa zvinyorwa zvepurogiramu kumabasa ake. Sonatas "Dido Yakaraswa" uye "Dhiabhorosi's Trill" akawana mukurumbira chaiwo. Wekupedzisira anoshamisa mutsoropodzi wemumhanzi weRussia V. Odoevsky akafunga nezvekutanga kwenguva nyowani muunyanzvi hweviolin. Pamwe chete nemabasa aya, iyo monumental cycle "Iyo Art of the Bow" yakakosha zvikuru. Inosanganisira makumi mashanu akasiyana pane dingindira reCorelli's gavotte, imhando yemhando yematekinoroji ayo asina chete kukosha kwekudzidzisa, asiwo yakakwirira hunyanzvi kukosha. Tartini aive mumwe wevaimbi-vafungidzi venguva yezana ramakore rechi50, maonero ake edzidziso haana kungotaurwa muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemumhanzi, asiwo mukunyorerana nemasainzi makuru emumhanzi panguva iyoyo, ari iwo magwaro akakosha enguva yake.

I. Vetlitsyna

Tartini ishasha yeviolinist, mudzidzisi, nyanzvi uye yakadzika, yepakutanga, muimbi wepakutanga; nhamba iyi ichiri kure nekuyemurwa nekuda kwezvakanaka uye kukosha munhoroondo yemimhanzi. Zvinokwanisika kuti acharamba "achionekwa" kwenguva yedu uye zvisikwa zvake, zvizhinji zvacho zviri kuunganidza guruva mumabhuku ezvinyorwa zveItaly museums, zvichamutsidzirwa. Iye zvino, vadzidzi chete ndivo vanotamba 2-3 yesonatas yake, uye mune repertoire yevatambi vakuru, mabasa ake ane mukurumbira - "Dhiyabhorosi Trills", sonatas muA minor uye G minor dzimwe nguva anopenya. Makoniti ake anoshamisa anoramba asingazivikanwi, mamwe acho anogona kutora nzvimbo yavo yakakodzera padyo nemakonzati eVivaldi naBach.

Mune violin tsika yeItari muhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Tartini akatora nzvimbo yepakati, sekunge achigadzira maitiro makuru enguva yake mukuita uye hunyanzvi. Hunyanzvi hwake hwakatorwa, kusanganisa kuita monolithic dhizaini, tsika dzinobva kuCorelli, Vivaldi, Locatelli, Veracini, Geminiani uye mamwe makuru akafanotangira uye akararama panguva iyoyo. Iyo inokatyamadza nekusiyana-siyana kwayo - mazwi akanyorova kwazvo mu "Abandoned Dido" (ndiro raive zita reimwe yeviolin sonatas), hunyoro hwemamelos mu "Dhiabhorosi's Trills", kuita kwakanaka kwekonzati muA- dur fugue, kusuruvara kukuru muAdagio inononoka, ichiri kuchengetedza chiziviso chinosuruvarisa chimiro chevatenzi venguva yemimhanzi yebaroque.

Kune kwakawanda kwerudo mumimhanzi uye chitarisiko cheTartini: "Unhu hwake hwehunyanzvi. zvisingagoneki zvishuvo zvechishuwo uye zviroto, kukanda uye kunetseka, kukurumidza kukwira nekudzika kwemamiriro emanzwiro, mushoko, zvese zvakaitwa naTartini, pamwe naAntonio Vivaldi, mumwe wevatangiri vekutanga verudo mumimhanzi yeItaly, aive nehunhu. Tartini yakasiyaniswa nekukwezva kuhurongwa, saka hunhu hwevanodanana, rudo rukuru rwePetrarch, muimbi wenziyo werudo rweRenaissance. "Hazvina tsaona kuti Tartini, anonyanya kufarirwa pakati pevayolin sonatas, akatowana zita rerudo" Dhiyabhorosi Trills.

Hupenyu hwaTartini hwakakamurwa kuita nguva mbiri dzakapesana. Yekutanga makore ehudiki asati avharirwa mumonastery yeAssisi, yechipiri ndeye hupenyu hwese. Mhepo, inotamba, inopisa, isingaenzaniswi nemasikirwo, ichitsvaga njodzi, yakasimba, yakanyanyisa, yakashinga - akadaro ari munguva yekutanga yehupenyu hwake. Muchipiri, mushure mekugara kwemakore maviri muAssisi, uyu munhu mutsva: kuzvidzora, kubviswa, dzimwe nguva kusuruvara, nguva dzose kuisa pfungwa pane chimwe chinhu, kucherechedza, kubvunza, kushanda nesimba, atodzikama muhupenyu hwake hwega, asi zvakanyanya. achitsvaga asinganeti mumunda weunyanzvi, uko kupuruzira kwehunhu hwake hunopisa hunoramba huchirova.

Giuseppe Tartini akaberekwa muna Kubvumbi 12, 1692 muPirano, taundi diki riri muIstria, nzvimbo yakatarisana neYugoslavia yemazuva ano. MaSlav mazhinji aigara muIstria, "yakazara nekumukira kwevarombo - varimi vadiki, vabati vehove, mhizha, kunyanya kubva kumakirasi epasi evaSlavic - vachipokana nekudzvinyirirwa kweChirungu neItaly. Shungu dzaipisa. Kuve pedyo kweVenice kwakaunza tsika yenzvimbo kune pfungwa dzeRenaissance, uye gare gare kune iyo hunyanzvi kufambira mberi, nhare iyo anti-papist republic yakaramba iri muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Hapana chikonzero chekuisa Tartini pakati pevaSlav, zvisinei, maererano nemamwe mashoko kubva kune vatsvakurudzi vekunze, munguva dzekare zita rake raive nekuguma kweYugoslavia - Tartich.

Baba vaGiuseppe - Giovanni Antonio, mutengesi, Florentine pakuzvarwa, aive we "nobile", ndiko kuti, "anokudzwa" kirasi. Amai - nee Catarina Giangrandi vanobva kuPirano, sezviri pachena, vaibva kunzvimbo imwe chete. Vabereki vake vaida kuti mwanakomana wavo aite basa rekunamata. Aizove mumongi weFrancisca muMinorite monastery, uye akatanga kudzidza pachikoro cheparamende muPirano, ipapo kuCapo d'Istria, kwaidzidziswa mimhanzi panguva imwe chete, asi mune yekutanga fomu. Pano Giuseppe muduku akatanga kuridza violin. Ndiani chaizvo akanga ari mudzidzisi wake haazivikanwi. Haangambovi muimbi mukuru. Uye gare gare, Tartini aisafanira kudzidza kubva kumudzidzisi ane hunyanzvi akasimba weviolin. Hunyanzvi hwake hwakakundwa naiye pachake. Tartini yaiva mupfungwa yechokwadi yezwi rokuti kuzvidzidzisa (autodidact).

Kuzvida, kuda kwemukomana kwakamanikidza vabereki kusiya pfungwa yekutungamira Giuseppe munzira yemweya. Zvakasarudzwa kuti aizoenda kuPadua kunoita zvidzidzo zvemutemo. MuPadua yaive Yunivhesiti yakakurumbira, uko Tartini akapinda muna 1710.

Akabata zvidzidzo zvake "slipshod" uye akasarudza kurarama hupenyu hune dutu, husina maturo, huzere nemhando dzose dzezviitiko. Aida fenzi pane kutonga. Kuve neunyanzvi uhu hwakarongedzerwa kune wese wechidiki we "anokudzwa" mavambo, asi kuna Tartini yakava basa. Akatora chikamu mumakwikwi akawanda uye akawana unyanzvi hwakadaro mufenzi zvokuti akanga achitorota nezvebasa repfuti, apo kamwe kamwe mamiriro ezvinhu akangoerekana achinja zvirongwa zvake. Ichokwadi ndechokuti kunze kwekudzivirira, akaramba achidzidza mimhanzi uye akatopa zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi, achishanda nemari shoma yaakatumirwa nevabereki vake.

Pakati pevadzidzi vake paiva naElizabeth Premazzone, muzukuru waArchbishop ane simba rose wePadua, Giorgio Cornaro. Mumwe murume wechidiki ane shungu akadanana nemudzidzi wake wechidiki uye vakaroorana pachivande. Apo muchato wacho wakazivikanwa, hauna kufadza hama dzepamusoro dzemudzimai wake. Cardinal Cornaro akatsamwa zvikuru. Uye Tartini akatambudzwa naye.

Achiita semupilgrim kuti asazivikanwa, Tartini akatiza muPadua ndokuenda kuRoma. Zvisinei, pashure pokudzungaira kwenguva yakati, akamira pamusha wemamongi weMinor muAssisi. Imba yemamongi yakadzivirira jaya, asi zvakachinja hupenyu hwake. Nguva yaifamba munhevedzano yakayerwa, yakazadzwa nesevhisi yechechi kana kuti mumhanzi. Saka nekuda kwechiitiko chisina kujairika, Tartini akava muimbi.

MuAssisi, nerombo rakanaka kwaari, aigara Padre Boemo, muimbi ane mukurumbira, muimbi wechechi uye theorist, muCzech nerudzi, asati apihwa mumongi, ainzi Bohuslav wekuMontenegro. MuPadua aive mutungamiriri wekwaya paCathedral yeSant'Antonio. Gare gare, muPrague, K.-V. glitch. Achitungamirirwa nemuimbi anoshamisa akadaro, Tartini akatanga kukura nokukurumidza, achinzwisisa unyanzvi hwekupikisa. Nekudaro, haana kufarira sainzi yemimhanzi chete, asiwo violin, uye munguva pfupi akakwanisa kuridza panguva yemasevhisi achiperekedzwa naPadre Boemo. Zvinogoneka kuti aive mudzidzisi uyu akatanga muTartini chishuwo chekutsvaga mundima yemimhanzi.

Kugara kwenguva refu muimba yemamongi kwakasiya mucherechedzo pahunhu hwaTartini. Akava anonamata, akarerekera kune zvisinganzwisisike. Zvisinei, maonero ake haana kukanganisa basa rake; Mabhuku aTartini anoratidza kuti nechomukati akaramba ari munhu wenyika anoshingaira, anongoerekana aita zvinhu.

Tartini aigara muAssisi kwemakore anopfuura maviri. Akadzokera kuPadua nemhaka yemamiriro ezvinhu asina kurongeka, ayo A. Giller akataura nezvawo kuti: “Paaimboridza violin mumakwaya pazororo, mhepo ine simba yakasimudza keteni pamberi pevaimbi. zvekuti vanhu vaiva mukereke vakamuona. Mumwe Padua, uyo akanga ari pakati pevashanyi, akamuziva uye, achidzokera kumusha, akataura kwakanga kune Tartini. Mashoko aya akabva adzidzwa nomudzimai wake, pamwe chete nekadhinari. Hasha dzavo dzakaserera panguva iyi.

Tartini akadzokera kuPadua uye pasina nguva akazozivikanwa semuimbi ane tarenda. Muna 1716, akakokwa kuti atore chikamu muAcademy of Music, mhemberero yakadzama muVenice mumuzinda waDonna Pisano Mocenigo mukukudza Muchinda weSaxony. Pamusoro peTartini, kuita kwemukurumbira weviolinist Francesco Veracini kwaitarisirwa.

Veracini aiva nemukurumbira munyika yose. MaItaly akadana matambiro ake ekutamba "nyowani chose" nekuda kwehunyengeri hwemanzwiro emanzwiro. Yakanga iri nyowani chaizvo kana ichienzaniswa neyakakura inonzwisa tsitsi maitiro ekutamba aivepo munguva yaCorelli. Veracini ndiye aive mutangiri we "preromantic" sensibility. Tartini aifanira kutarisana nemupikisi ane ngozi akadaro.

Achinzwa Veracini achitamba, Tartini akarohwa nehana. Achiramba kutaura, akatumira mudzimai wake kumunun’una wake muPirano, uye iye pachake akabva kuVenice ndokunogara mumusha wemamongi muAncona. Mukuzvivanza, kure nemheremhere uye nemiedzo, akasarudza kuwana hunyanzvi hweVeracini kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zvakanyanya. Akagara muAncona kwemakore mana. Pakanga pari pano pakatangwa mutambi weviolin yakadzika, anopenya, uyo maItaly akadana kuti "II maestro del la Nazioni" ("World Maestro"), achisimbisa kusaenzana kwake. Tartini akadzokera kuPadua muna 4.

Hupenyu hwakazotevera hwaTartini hwakapedzerwa zvakanyanya muPadua, kwaakashanda semuimbi weviolin uye anoperekedza chapel yetembere yeSant'Antonio. Iyi chapel yaive nevaimbi gumi nevatanhatu nevaimbi makumi maviri nevana uye yaionekwa seimwe yeakanakisa muItari.

Kamwechete chete Tartini akapedza makore matatu ari kunze kwePadua. Muna 1723 akakokwa kuPrague kunogadzwa pachigaro chaCharles VI. Ikoko akanzwika nemudiwa mukuru wemimhanzi, philanthropist Count Kinsky, uye akamunyengetedza kuti arambe ari mubasa rake. Tartini akashanda muKinsky chapel kusvika 1726, ipapo kusuwa kumusha kwakamumanikidza kudzoka. Haana kuzobva paPadua zvakare, kunyangwe akadanwa kakawanda kunzvimbo yake nevadi vemhanzi vepamusoro. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Count Middleton aimupa £ 3000 pagore, panguva iyoyo mari inoshamisa, asi Tartini airamba achiramba zvese zvakadaro.

Mushure mekugara muPadua, Tartini akavhura pano muna 1728 Chikoro chepamusoro cheViolin Playing. Vatambi veviolin vane mukurumbira veFrance, England, Germany, Italy vakadirana kwairi, vachida kudzidza nemukurumbira. Nardini, Pasqualino Vini, Albergi, Domenico Ferrari, Carminati, mutambi weviolin ane mukurumbira Sirmen Lombardini, maFrench Pazhen naLagusset nevamwe vakawanda vakadzidza naye.

Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, Tartini aiva munhu ane mwero zvikuru. De Brosse anonyora kuti: “Tartini ane ruremekedzo, ane ushamwari, haazvitutumadzi uye haadi; anotaura sengirozi uye pasina rusaruro pamusoro pezvakanaka zveFrench neItaly mimhanzi. Ndakafadzwa zvikuru nekuita kwake uye kutaura kwake. "

Tsamba yake (Kurume 31, 1731) kumuimbi ane mukurumbira-sainzi Padre Martini yakachengetedzwa, kubva izvo zviri pachena kuti ainyanya kukosha sei pakuongororwa kwechinyorwa chake paizwi remubatanidzwa, achifunga kuti yakawedzera. Tsamba iyi inopupurira kuva nomwero kwakanyanyisa kweTartini: “Handigoni kubvuma kuti ndiunzwe pamberi pemasayendisiti nevanhu vakangwara zvikuru somunhu ane zvokunyepedzera, azere nezvakawanikwa uye kuvandudzwa kwenziyo dzemazuva ano. Mwari ndiponesei kubva pane izvi, ndinoedza kudzidza kubva kune vamwe!

“Tartini aiva nemutsa zvikuru, aibatsira varombo zvikuru, aishanda mahara nevana vane zvipo zvevarombo. Muhupenyu hwemhuri, akanga asina kufara zvakanyanya, nekuda kwehuipi husingaregi hwemukadzi wake. Avo vaiziva mhuri yaTartini vaiti ndiye chaiye Xanthippe, uye aive nemoyo munyoro saSocrates. Aya mamiriro ehupenyu hwemhuri akawedzera kubatsira kune chokwadi chekuti akapinda zvachose muunyanzvi. Kusvikira akwegura, akatamba muBasilica yeSant'Antonio. Vanotaura kuti maestro, atove akura kwazvo, aienda Svondo yega yega kuKathedral muPadua kunoridza Adagio kubva kusonata yake "The Emperor".

Tartini akararama kusvika pazera remakore makumi manomwe nemasere uye akafa nechirwere chegomarara kana kenza muna 78 ari mumaoko emudzidzi wake waaida, Pietro Nardini.

Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakachengetedzwa nezvemutambo weTartini, uyezve, ine zvimwe zvinopesana. Muna 1723 akanzwika muchechi ye Count Kinsky nemukurumbira weGermany flutist uye theorist Quantz. Hezvino izvo zvaakanyora: “Mukati mokugara kwangu muPrague, ndakanzwawo mutambi akakurumbira wokuItaly anoridza violin Tartini, akanga ari mubasa imomo. Aive zvechokwadi mumwe wevanonyanya kuridza violin. Akabudisa ruzha rwakanaka kwazvo kubva pachiridzwa chake. minwe yake nouta hwake zvakanga zviri pasi pake zvakafanana. Akaita matambudziko makuru asingashande. Trill, kunyangwe kaviri, akarova neminwe yese zvakaenzana uye akatamba achida munzvimbo dzepamusoro. Zvisinei, kuita kwake kwakanga kusingabatiki uye kuravira kwake kwakanga kusina kunaka uye kazhinji kacho kwaipesana nemaitiro akanaka okuimba.

Ongororo iyi inogona kutsanangurwa nekuti mushure mekunge Ancona Tartini, sezviri pachena, achiri netsitsi dzezvinetso zvehunyanzvi, akashanda kwenguva yakareba kuti avandudze midziyo yake yekuita.

Chero zvazvingava, mamwe wongororo anotaura zvakasiyana. Grosley, somuenzaniso, akanyora kuti mutambo waTartini wakanga usina kubwinya, aisagona kumira. Apo vaimbi veviolin vokuItaly vakauya kuzomuratidza unyanzvi hwavo, akateerera achitonhora ndokuti: “Inopenya, imhenyu, ine simba zvikuru, asi,” akawedzera kudaro, achisimudza ruoko rwake kumwoyo wake, “haina chayakandiudza.”

Mafungiro akasarudzika ekutamba kwaTartini akataurwa naViotti, uye vanyori veviolin Methodology yeParis Conservatory (1802) Bayot, Rode, Kreutzer akacherekedza kuwirirana, unyoro, uye nyasha pakati pehunhu hwakasiyana hwekuridza kwake.

Yenhaka yekusika yeTartini, chikamu chidiki chete chakagamuchira mukurumbira. Maererano kure ne data rakazara, akanyora 140 violin concertos inoperekedzwa nequartet kana tambo quintet, 20 concerto grosso, 150 sonatas, 50 trios; 60 sonatas yakabudiswa, dzinenge 200 nziyo dzinoramba dziri mudura rechapel yeSt. Antonio muPadua.

Pakati pe sonatas pane inozivikanwa "Dhiyabhorosi Trills". Pane ngano pamusoro pake, inonzi yakataurwa naTartini pachake. “Humwe husiku (makanga muri muna 1713) ndakarota kuti ndakanga ndatengesa mweya wangu kuna dhiyabhorosi uye kuti akanga ari mubasa rangu. Zvese zvakaitwa pakuda kwangu - muranda wangu mutsva akatarisira chishuwo changu chose. Pane imwe nguva pfungwa yakauya kwandiri kuti ndimupe violin yangu ndione kana aigona kuridza chimwe chinhu chakanaka. Asi chii chakandishamisa pandakanzwa inoshamisa uye inoyevedza sonata uye yakaridza zvakanakisa uye zvine hunyanzvi zvekuti kunyangwe fungidziro yakashinga haigone kufungidzira chero chinhu chakadaro. Ndakatorwa moyo, ndakafadzwa uye nekunakidzwa zvekuti zvakanditorera mweya wangu. Ndakamuka kubva muchiitiko ichi chikuru uye ndakabata violin kuti ndichengetedze mamwe manzwi andainzwa, asi pasina. Sonata yandakazonyora iyo yandakadaidza kuti “Dhiabhorosi Sonata” ndiro basa rangu rakanakisa, asi mutsauko kubva pane wakandifadza wakanyanya zvekuti dai ndaigona kuzvinyima mufaro wandinopihwa neviolin. Ini pakarepo ndingadai ndakatyora chiridzwa changu uye ndabva pamimhanzi zvachose.

Ndinoda kutenda mune iyi ngano, kana isiri yezuva - 1713 (!). Kunyora rondedzero yakakura kudaro muAncona, pazera re21?! Zvinoramba zvichifungidzirwa kuti zuva racho rakavhiringika, kana kuti nyaya yacho yese ndeyehuwandu hweanecdotes. Iyo autograph ye sonata yakarasika. Yakatanga kuburitswa muna 1793 naJean-Baptiste Cartier muunganidzwa The Art of the Violin, ine pfupiso yengano uye noti kubva kune muparidzi: “Ichi chidimbu hachiwanzo kuwanikwa, ndine chikwereti kuna Bayo. Kuyemura kwekupedzisira kwezvisikwa zvakanaka zveTartini kwakamuita kuti ape iyi sonata kwandiri.

Panyaya yemanyorerwo, nziyo dzaTartini, sokunge zvakadaro, chinongedzo pakati pepre-classical (kana kuti “pre-classical”) mafomu emimhanzi uye yekutanga classicism. Akararama munguva yekuchinja, panosangana nguva mbiri, uye akaita seakavhara kushanduka kweItaly violin art yakatangira nguva ye classicism. Zvimwe zvezvinyorwa zvake zvine zvinyorwa zvidiki zvechirongwa, uye kusavapo kweautographs kunosuma huwandu hwakaringana hwekuvhiringidzika mukutsanangurwa kwavo. Saka, Moser anotenda kuti "Iyo Yakasiiwa Dido" ndeye sonata Op. 1 Nha. 10, apo Zellner, mupepeti wekutanga, akabatanidza Largo kubva ku sonata muE minor (Op. 1 Nha. 5), achiiisa muG maduku. Mutsvakurudzi wechiFrench Charles Bouvet anotaura kuti Tartini pachake, achida kusimbisa kuwirirana pakati pe sonatas muE minor, inonzi "Abandoned Dido", uye G mukuru, akapa iyo yekupedzisira zita rokuti "Inconsolable Dido", achiisa Largo yakafanana mune zvose.

Kusvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi50, misiyano yeXNUMX padingindira reCorelli, rainzi Tartini "Iyo Art of the Bow", yaive nemukurumbira. Iri basa raive nechinangwa chakanyanya chekudzidzisa, kunyangwe mushanduro yaFritz Kreisler, akaburitsa misiyano yakati wandei, vakaita konzati.

Tartini akanyora mabhuku akati wandei edzidziso. Pakati pavo pane Chibvumirano cheZvishongo, umo akaedza kunzwisisa kukosha kweunyanzvi hwe melismas unhu hweunyanzvi hwake hwemazuva ano; "Kubata paMumhanzi", ine tsvakurudzo mumunda weacoustics yeviolin. Akazvipira makore ake ekupedzisira kune matanhatu-vhoriyamu basa pakudzidza kwechimiro chemumhanzi ruzha. Basa racho rakasiyirwa purofesa wePadua Colombo kuti rigadziriswe uye ribudiswe, asi rakanyangarika. Kusvika ikozvino, haisati yawanikwa kupi zvako.

Pakati pemabasa ekudzidzisa eTartini, rimwe gwaro rinonyanya kukosha - tsamba-chidzidzo kune aimbova mudzidzi wake Magdalena Sirmen-Lombardini, umo anopa mazano akawanda anokosha ekushanda paviolin.

Tartini yakaunza kumwe kuvandudzwa kwekugadzirwa kwehuta hweviolin. Mugari wenhaka wechokwadi kutsika dzeItaly violin art, akaisa kukosha kwakasiyana kune cantilena - "kuimba" pa violin. Izvo nechishuwo chekufumisa cantilena kuti Tartini kureba kweuta kwakabatana. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuti zvive nyore kubata, akagadzira mitsetse yakareba panzimbe (iyo inonzi "fluting"). Zvadaro, kurira kwakatsiviwa nemhepo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, chitaira “chakagwinya” chakavamba munguva yeTartini chaida kuti pave netunhu tudiki-diki, twakareruka ehunhu hunoyevedza, hwekutamba. Nekuita kwavo, Tartini akakurudzira uta hwakapfupikiswa.

Muimbi-muimbi, muongorori anofunga, mudzidzisi mukuru - muumbi wechikoro chevaviolin akaparadzira mukurumbira wake kunyika dzose dzeEurope panguva iyoyo - akadaro Tartini. Kusikwa kwechimiro chake nekusazvidira kunounza kundangariro mifananidzo yeRenaissance, yaaive mugari wenhaka wechokwadi.

L. Raaben, 1967