Isaac Stern |

Isaac Stern

Stern inyanzvi-muimbi ane mukurumbira. Violin kwaari inzira yekukurukurirana nevanhu. Kuve nekwakakwana kwese zviwanikwa zvechiridzwa mukana unofadza wekutaura zvidiki-diki zvepfungwa nuances, pfungwa, manzwiro uye manzwiro - zvese izvo hupenyu hwemweya hwemunhu hwakapfuma mazviri.

Isaac Stern akaberekwa musi waChikunguru 21, 1920 muUkraine, muguta reKremenets-on-Volyn. Atova mucheche, akapedzisira ava nevabereki vake muUnited States. “Ndaiva nemakore anenge manomwe apo mumwe mukomana wemuvakidzani wangu, shamwari yangu, akanga atotanga kuridza violin. Zvakandikurudzirawo. Iye zvino munhu uyu anoshanda muinishuwarenzi, uye ini ndiri mutambi weviolin, ”akayeuka Stern.

Isaac akatanga kudzidza kuridza piyano achitungamirirwa naamai vake, ndokuzodzidza violin paSan Francisco Conservatory mukirasi yemudzidzisi ane mukurumbira N. Blinder. Murume wechidiki akakura zvakajairwa, zvishoma nezvishoma, zvisina kumboita semwana mudiki, kunyangwe akaita dambarefu rake neochestra aine makore gumi nerimwe, achitamba kaviri Bach concerto nemudzidzisi wake.

Zvakawanda gare gare, akapindura mubvunzo wekuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvakaita basa rakasimba mukukura kwake kwekusika:

“Pakutanga ndaiisa mudzidzisi wangu Naum Blinder. Haana kumbondiudza kutamba, akangondiudza kuti ndisaite sei, uye saka akandimanikidza kuti ndizvimirire kutsvaga nzira dzakakodzera dzekutaura uye matekiniki. Chokwadi, vamwe vakawanda vaitenda mandiri uye vainditsigira. Ndakapa konzati yangu yekutanga yakazvimirira pazera remakore gumi nemashanu muSan Francisco uye ndaisamboratidzika semwana mudiki. Zvanga Zvakanaka. Ndakaridza Ernst Concerto - yakaoma zvakanyanya, uye saka handisati ndamboita kubvira ipapo.

MuSan Francisco, Stern aitaurwa nezvake senyeredzi itsva iri kusimuka mumhepo yeviolin. Mukurumbira muguta wakamuzarurira nzira yokuenda kuNew York, uye pana October 11, 1937, Stern akaita dambarefu rake rokutanga muhoro yeTown Hall. Zvisinei, konzati yacho haina kuva inofadza.

“Kutanga kwangu kuNew York muna 1937 kwakanga kusina kujeka, inenge njodzi. Ndinofunga kuti ndakatamba zvakanaka, asi vatsoropodzi vakanga vasina hushamwari. Muchidimbu, ndakasvetukira pane rimwe bhazi repakati pemaguta uye ndakatyaira kwemaawa mashanu kubva kuManhattan kusvika pachiteshi chekupedzisira, ndisina kuburuka, ndichifunga nezvedambudziko rekuti ndoenderera here kana kuti kuramba. Kwapera gore, akazviratidza zvakare pachikuva uye haana kutamba zvakanaka, asi kutsoropodza kwacho kwakandigamuchira nechido.

Kutarisana nemashure evatenzi vakajeka veAmerica, Stern akanga achirasikirwa panguva iyoyo uye akanga asati akwanisa kukwikwidzana naHeifetz, Menuhin uye mamwe "madzimambo eviolin". Isaac anodzokera kuSan Francisco, kwaanoramba achishanda nezano raLouis Persinger, aimbova mudzidzisi weMenuhin. Hondo inovhiringa zvidzidzo zvake. Anoita nzendo dzakawanda kuenda kumauto eUS muPacific uye anopa makonti nemauto.

"Kutamba kwakawanda kwemakonzati kwakaenderera mberi mukati memakore eHondo Yenyika Yechipiri," anonyora V Rudenko, "zvakabatsira muimbi aitsvaga kuti azviwane, azviwanire" izwi rake ", nzira yechokwadi, yakananga manzwiro ekutaura. Kunzwa uku kwaive konzati yake yechipiri yeNew York kuCarnegie Hall (1943), mushure mezvo vakatanga kutaura nezveStern semumwe wevatambi vepasirese vakatanhamara.

Stern akakomberedzwa neimpresario, anovandudza chiitiko chekonzati yakakura, achipa makonzati anosvika makumi mapfumbamwe pagore.

Mhedzisiro yakasimba pakuumbwa kwaStern semuimbi kwaive kutaurirana kwake nemukurumbira weSpanish cellist Casals. Muna 1950, mutambi weviolin akatanga kuuya kumutambo wePablo Casals muguta rePrades kumaodzanyemba kweFrance. Musangano naCasals wakashandura pfungwa dzese dzemuimbi wechidiki. Gare gare, akabvuma kuti hapana nomumwe wevaridzi veviolin akanga ane simba rakadaro paari.

"Casals akasimbisa zvakawanda zvandainzwa uye ndaigara ndichishuvira," anodaro Stern. — Dingindira rangu guru iviolin yemimhanzi, kwete mimhanzi yeviolin. Kuti uone chirevo ichi, zvakakosha kukunda zvipingamupinyi zvekududzira. Uye zveCasals ivo havapo. Muenzaniso wake unoratidza kuti, kunyange kupfuura miganhu yakagadzwa yokuravira, hazvidikanwi kunyura murusununguko rwokutaura. Zvese zvandaipihwa naCasals zvaive zvakazara, kwete zvakanangana. Iwe haugone kutevedzera muimbi ane shasha, asi unogona kudzidza kwaari maitiro ekuita basa.

Gare gare, Prada Stern akapinda mumitambo mina.

The heyday yekuita kwaStern kunotangira kuma1950s. Ipapo vateereri vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana nemakondinendi vakabva vaziva unyanzvi hwake. Naizvozvo, muna 1953, mutambi we<em>violin akaita rwendo rwakafukidza inenge nyika yose: Scotland, Honolulu, Japan, Philippines, Hong Kong, Calcutta, Bombay, Israel, Italy, Switzerland, England. Rwendo rwakapedzwa musi wa20 Zvita 1953 muLondon nekuridza neRoyal Orchestra.

"Kufanana nemutambi wese wekonzati, mukufamba kwake kusingaperi neStern, nyaya dzinosetsa kana zviitiko zvakaitika kanopfuura kamwe," anonyora LN Raaben. Saka, panguva yekutamba muMiami Beach muna 1958, akawana anoyemura asingadiwe aivepo pakonzati. Yakanga iri cricket ine ruzha iyo yakakanganisa kuita kweBrahms concerto. Aridza mutsara wokutanga, mutambi we<em>violin akatendeukira kuvateereri ndokuti: “Pandakasaina kondirakiti, ndaifunga kuti ndaizova ndega muimbi wekonzati iyi, asi, sezviri pachena, ndaiva nomukwikwidzi.” Nemashoko aya, Stern akanongedza kumiti yemichindwe mitatu yaiva padariro. Pakarepo vatariri vatatu vakamira vakanyatsoteerera miti yemichindwe. Hapana! Kwete kufemerwa nemimhanzi, kiriketi yakanyarara. Asi muimbi paakangotangazve mutambo, duet nekiriketi yakatangazve ipapo. Ndaifanira kubvisa "executor" asina kukokwa. Michindwe yakabviswa, uye Stern akagumisa konzati yacho zvinyoronyoro, senguva dzose nokuombera maoko kukuru.

Muna 1955, Stern akaroora aimbove mushandi weUN. Mwanasikana wavo akaberekwa gore rakatevera racho. Vera Stern anowanzo kuperekedza murume wake parwendo rwake.

Vaongorori havana kupa Stern neunhu hwakawanda: "unyanzvi husinganzwisisike, manzwiro akasanganiswa nekudzora kwakanaka kwekunaka kwakanatswa, kugona kunoshamisa kweuta. Kuenzana, kureruka, "kusakwana" kweuta, ruzha rusingagumi, manzwi anoshamisa, echirume, uye pakupedzisira, hupfumi husingaverengeki hwemashura anoshamisa, kubva pakafaranuka kusvika kune inoshamisa staccato, ari kurova mukutamba kwake. Kurova hunyanzvi hweStern mukusiyanisa toni yechiridzwa. Anoziva nzira yekuwana ruzha rwakasiyana kwete chete rwekuumbwa kweakasiyana uye vanyori, uye mukati mebasa rimwe chetero, ruzha rweviolin yake "inoberekwazve" zvisingazivikanwe.

Stern anonyanya muimbi wenziyo, asi kutamba kwake kwaisazivikanwa pamutambo. Akaorora nekusiyana-siyana kwemaitiro ekugadzira, akanaka zvakaenzana mukunaka kusinganzwisisike kwekududzira kwaMozart, mu“Gothic” yeBach inosiririsa uye nekudhumhana kunoshamisa kweBrahms.

"Ndinoda mimhanzi yenyika dzakasiyana," anodaro, "classics, nekuti yakanaka uye yakasarudzika, vanyori vemazuva ano, nekuti vanotaura chimwe chinhu kwandiri uye kunguva yedu, ndinodawo anonzi "hackneyed" mabasa, senge. Mendelssohn's concertos uye Tchaikovsky.

V. Rudenko anonyora kuti:

"Kugona kunoshamisa kwekushandura kwekugadzira kunoita kuti zvive nyore kune Stern mugadziri kwete chete" kuratidza" maitiro, asi kufunga nenzira yekufananidzira mairi, kwete "kuratidza" manzwiro, asi kuratidza ruzivo rwakakwana rwechokwadi mumimhanzi. Ichi ndicho chakavanzika chemazuva ano emuimbi, mune maitiro ake ekuita hunyanzvi hwekuita uye hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwekuita senge zvabatanidzwa. Iyo organic manzwiro echiridzwa chakanangana, chimiro cheviolin uye mweya wemahara wenhetembo kunatsiridza kusimuka pahwaro uhwu inobvumira muimbi kuti azvipire zvachose kune kutiza kwekufungidzira. Iyo inogara ichikwezva, inokwezva vateereri, inopa kusimuka kune iwo mafaro chaiwo, kubatanidzwa kwekugadzira kweruzhinji uye muimbi, anotonga paI. Stern's concerts.

Kunyangwe kunze, mutambo waStern waienderana zvakanyanya: hapana mafambiro anongoerekana aita, pasina angularity, uye hapana "twitchy" shanduko. Munhu aigona kuyemura ruoko rworudyi rwomuimbi weviolin. "Kubata" kweuta kwakadzikama uye kuzvivimba, nemaitiro akasiyana ekubata uta. Inobva pakushanda kwekushanda kwechigadziko uye kushandiswa kwehupfumi kwefudzi.

Fikhtengolts anonyora kuti: “Mifananidzo yenziyo inoratidza mukududzira kwake kunyaradzwa kwezvivezwa, asi dzimwe nguva kuchinja-chinja kwerudo, kupfuma kusinganzwisisike kwemumvuri, “mitambo” yemanzwi. Zvingaita sekuti chimiro chakadaro chinobvisa Stern kure nemazuva ano uye kubva kune iyo "yakakosha" iyo inofananidzira iyo uye iyo yakanga isipo kare. "Kuzaruka" kwemanzwiro, iko kukurumidza kwekutapurirana kwavo, kusavapo kwekupokana uye kusahadzika kwanga kuri hunhu hwechizvarwa chakapfuura chevanodanana violinists, vachiri kuunza mweya wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX kwatiri. Zvisinei, izvi handizvo: “Unyanzvi hwaStern hune pfungwa huru yemazuva ano. Kwaari, mimhanzi mutauro mhenyu wezvishuvo, izvo zvisingatadzise kufanana uku kubva kutonga muunyanzvi uhu, hwakanyorwa naHeine - kufanana kuripo "pakati pekuda uye kuzara kwehunyanzvi."

Muna 1956 Stern akatanga kuuya kuUSSR. Zvadaro muimbi akashanyira nyika yedu kakawanda. K. Ogievsky akataura zvakajeka nezverwendo rwemaestro muRussia muna 1992:

“Isaac Stern akanaka! Chikamu chechina chezana chapfuura kubva parwendo rwake rwekupedzisira munyika yedu. Iye zvino maestro anopfuura makumi manomwe, uye violin mumaoko ake enchanting achiri kuimba achiri mudiki, achipuruzira nzeve nekunzwa kweruzha. Maitiro ane simba emabasa ake anoshamisa nekunaka kwavo uye chiyero, kusiyana kwema nuances uye mashiripiti "kubhururuka" kwezwi, izvo zvinopinda zvakasununguka kunyange mumakona e "matsi" emakonti emakonti.

Maitiro ake haasati akanganisa. Semuyenzaniso, mifananidzo ye "beaded" muMozart's Concerto (G-dur) kana kuti mitsetse mikuru yeBeethoven's Concerto Stern inoita nekuchena kusingaite uye kupenya kwefirigree, uye kurongeka kwemafambiro emaoko ake kunogona kungoitirwa shanje. Iyo inimitable ruoko rworudyi rwe maestro, iyo yakakosha kushanduka inobvumira kuchengetedza kutendeseka kwemutsara wezwi paunoshandura uta uye kushandura tambo, ichiri yakarurama uye ine chivimbo. Ndinoyeuka kuti kusatarisika kunoshamisa kwe "kuchinja" kwaStern, uko kwakamutsa mufaro wevashandi kare panguva yekushanya kwake kwakapfuura, kwakaita kuti vadzidzisi kwete vezvikoro zvemimhanzi uye makoreji chete, asiwo veMoscow Conservatory, vadzokorore kutarisisa kwavo kune chinhu ichi chakaomarara. violin nzira.

Asi zvakanyanya kushamisa uye, zvingaite senge, zvinoshamisa mamiriro eStern's vibrato. Sezvaunoziva, violin vibration inyaya yakapfava, inoyeuchidza nezvechishamiso chekudyara chakawedzerwa nemuiti ku "midziyo yemimhanzi" kune zvaanoda. Haisi chakavanzika kuti violinists, sevanoimba, vanowanzoona shanduko dzisingachinjike mumhando ye vibrato yavo mumakore ari pedyo nekupera kwekuita kwavo konzati. Iyo inova isina kudzorwa zvakanaka, iyo amplitude isingazvimirire inowedzera, iyo frequency inoderera. Ruoko rworuboshwe rwemutambi weviolinist, senge tambo dzevaimbi, anotanga kurasikirwa nekusimba uye anorega kuteerera aesthetic "Ini" yemuimbi. Kudengenyeka kunoratidzika kuva kwakamisikidzwa, kunorasikirwa noupenyu hwayo, uye muteereri anonzwa kunyandura kweruzha. Kana iwe uchitenda kuti kudedera kwakanaka kunopiwa naMwari, zvinozoitika kuti nekufamba kwenguva, Wemasimbaose anofara kutorazve zvipo zvake. Sezvineiwo, izvi zvese hazvina chekuita nemutambo wemuenzi ane mukurumbira: Chipo chaMwari chinoramba ainaye. Uyezve, zvinoita sekunge ruzha rweStern rwuri kutumbuka. Kuteerera mutambo uyu, unorangarira ngano yechinwiwa chinoshamisa, kuravira kwacho kunonakidza, kunhuhwirira kunonhuhwirira uye kuravira kunotapira zvekuti unoda kunwa zvakanyanya, uye nyota inongowedzera.

Avo vakanzwa Stern mumakore apfuura (munyori wemitsara iyi akaita rombo rakanaka rekuenda kumakonti ake ese eMoscow) usatadza pamberi pechokwadi kana vachitaura nezvesimba rekusimudzira tarenda raStern. Mutambo wake, wakafemerwa zvine rupo nerunako rwehunhu uye kutendeseka kusingaenzaniswi, ruzha rwake, sekunge rwakarukwa nekutya kwemweya, unoita zvekurarisa.

Uye mutereri anogamuchira mutero unoshamisa wesimba remweya, majekiseni ekuporesa echokwadi anokudzwa, anoona chiitiko chekutora chikamu mukuita kwekugadzira, mufaro wekuve.

Muimbi uyu akambotamba mumafirimu kaviri. Kekutanga aitamba chipoko mufirimu raJohn Garfeld "Humoresque", kechipiri - basa raEugene Ysaye mufirimu "Nhasi tinoimba" (1952) pamusoro peAmerican impresario Yurok.

Stern inosiyaniswa nekureruka kwekubata nevanhu, mutsa uye kupindura. Muteveri mukuru webaseball, anotevera nhau mumitambo neshanje sezvaanoita zvichangoburwa munziyo. Kusakwanisa kuona mutambo wechikwata chake chaanofarira, anokumbira kuti ataure nekukurumidza mhedzisiro, kunyangwe kumakonzati.

“Handimbofi ndakakanganwa chinhu chimwe chete: hapana mutambi akakwirira kudarika mimhanzi,” anodaro maestro. -Inogara iine mikana yakawanda kupfuura iyo yakanyanya zvipo maartist. Ndicho chikonzero nei zvichiitika kuti vashanu virtuosos vanogona kududzira peji imwe chete yemimhanzi nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana - uye vose vanozove vakaenzana neunyanzvi. Pane nguva dzaunonzwa mufaro unobatika kuti waita chimwe chinhu: kuyemura kukuru kwemimhanzi. Kuti aedze, muiti anofanira kuchengetedza simba rake, kwete kurishandisa mumitambo isingaperi.