Giovanni Battista Viotti |

Giovanni Battista Viotti

Zvakaoma iye zvino kunyange kufungidzira mukurumbira waViotti panguva yehupenyu hwake. Nguva yose mukuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi hweviolin yenyika inobatanidzwa nezita rake; akanga ari rudzi rwemwero iyo vaimbi veviolin vaiyerwa nokuongororwa nayo, zvizvarwa zvevatambi zvakadzidza kubva mumabasa ake, makonsati ake akashanda semuenzaniso wevaimbi. Kunyange Beethoven, pakugadzira Violin Concerto, yakatungamirirwa naViotti's Twentieth Concerto.

MuItaly nerudzi, Viotti akave mukuru wechikoro cheFrench classical violin, achipesvedzera kuvandudzwa kweFrench cello art. Kumwero mukuru, Jean-Louis Duport Jr. (1749-1819) akabva kuViotti, achitamisa akawanda emitemo yemuviyoni yakakurumbira kune cello. Rode, Baio, Kreutzer, vadzidzi uye vanoyemura Viotti, vakatsaurira mitsara inotevera yekushingaira kwaari muChikoro chavo: mumaoko evatenzi vakuru vakawana unhu hwakasiyana, hwavaida kuipa. Nyore uye melodic pasi peminwe yaCorelli; kuwirirana, kupfava, kuzere nenyasha pasi peuta hweTartini; zvinofadza uye zvakachena paGavignier's; hukuru uye humambo paPunyani; azere nemoto, azere neushingi, anonzwisa tsitsi, mukuru mumaoko aViotti, asvika pakukwana kuti ataure zvido nesimba uye nehukuru ihwohwo hunochengetedza nzvimbo yaanogara uye inotsanangura simba raanaro pamusoro pemweya.

Viotti akaberekwa musi waMay 23, 1753 muguta reFontanetto, pedyo neCrescentino, mudunhu rePiedmontese, mumhuri yemupfuri aiziva kuridza nyanga. Mwanakomana akawana zvidzidzo zvake zvekutanga zvemimhanzi kubva kuna baba vake. Mano emumhanzi emukomana uyu akazviratidza kare, pazera remakore 8. Baba vake vakamutengera violin pamutambo, uye Viotti muduku akatanga kudzidza kubva pairi, kunyanya kuzvidzidzisa. Imwe bhenefiti yakabva muzvidzidzo zvake nemutambi welute Giovannini, akagara mumusha mavo kwegore. Viotti akanga ava nemakore 11 panguva iyoyo. Giovannini aizivikanwa semuimbi akanaka, asi nguva pfupi yemusangano wavo inoratidza kuti aisagona kupa Viotti zvakanyanya.

Muna 1766 Viotti akaenda kuTurin. Mumwe munyori wenziyo Pavia akamusuma kuna Bhishopi weStrombia, uye musangano uyu wakave wakanakira muimbi wechidiki. Achifarira tarenda reviolinist, bhishopi akasarudza kumubatsira uye akakurudzira Marquis de Voghera, uyo akanga achitsvaga "mufambidzani wekudzidzisa" wemwanakomana wake ane makore gumi nemasere, Prince della Cisterna. Panguva iyoyo, yakanga iri tsika mudzimba dzevakuru kupinza murume wechiduku ane tarenda mumba mavo kuti abatsire mukukura kwevana vavo. Viotti akagara mumba memuchinda uyu ndokuendeswa kunodzidza nemukurumbira Punyani. Mushure mezvo, Prince della Cisterna akazvikudza kuti kudzidziswa kwaViotti naPugnani kwakamudyira mari inodarika 18 francs: “Asi handizvidembi nemari iyi. Kuvapo kwemuimbi akadaro hakugone kubhadharwa zvakanyanya.

Pugnani "akakwenenzvera" mutambo waViotti, achimuita tenzi akazara. Zviri pachena kuti aida mudzidzi wake ane tarenda zvikuru, nokuti paakangogadzirira zvakakwana, akaenda naye parwendo rwekonzati kumaguta eEurope. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1780. Pamberi perwendo rwacho, kubvira muna 1775, Viotti akashanda muchikwata chevaimbi veimba yeTurin court.

Viotti akapa makonzati muGeneva, Bern, Dresden, Berlin uye akatouya kuSt. airidza chete padare roumambo, akapa Potemkin kuna Catherine II. Makonzati emutambi wechidiki weviolinist akaitwa nekubudirira nguva dzose uye inoramba ichiwedzera, uye Viotti paakasvika muParis munenge muna 1781, zita rake rakanga ratozivikanwa zvakanyanya.

Paris akasangana naViotti nemhepo ine dutu remauto. Absolutism yakararama makore ayo ekupedzisira, kutaura kunopisa kwaitaurwa kwese kwese, pfungwa dzedemocracy dzakafadza pfungwa. Uye Viotti haana kuramba asina hanya nezvaiitika. Akafadzwa nemifungo yevanyori vesaikoropidhi, kunyanya Rousseau, waakakotama pamberi pehupenyu hwake hwese.

Zvisinei, maonero enyika eviolin akanga asina kugadzikana; izvi zvinosimbiswa nechokwadi chehupenyu hwake. Chimurenga chisati chaitika, akaita mabasa emuimbi wedare, kutanga neMuchinda Gamenet, ipapo naMuchinda weSoubise, uye pakupedzisira naMarie Antoinette. Heron Allen anotora mazwi aViotti akavimbika kubva munhoroondo yake yehupenyu. Mushure memutambo wekutanga pamberi paMarie Antoinette muna 1784, "Ndakasarudza," anonyora kudaro Viotti, "kurega kutaura kuruzhinji uye kuzvipira zvachose kubasa remambo uyu. Semubairo, akanditsvagira, panguva yaGurukota Colonna, penjeni ye150 pounds sterling.

Nhoroondo dzaViotti dzinowanzova nenyaya dzinopupurira kuzvikudza kwake kweunyanzvi, izvo hazvina kumubvumira kuti apfugame pamberi pemasimba aripo. Fayol, somuenzaniso, anorava, kuti: “Mambokadzi weFrance Marie Antoinette akashuva Viotti kuuya kuVersailles. Zuva rekonzati rakasvika. Vese vedare vakauya concert yakatanga. Mabhawa ekutanga eiyo solo akamutsa kutarisisa kukuru, apo kamwe kamwe kuchema kwakanzwika mukamuri rinotevera: "Nzvimbo yeMonsignor Comte d'Artois!". Mukati menyongano yakatevera, Viotti akatora violin muruoko rwake ndokubuda, achisiya chivanze chose, zvikuru kukunyadziswa kwaavo vaivapo. Uye heino imwe nyaya, zvakare yakataurwa naFayol. Anoda kuziva nekuratidzwa kwekuzvikudza kwerumwe rudzi - murume we "yechitatu estate". Muna 1790, nhengo yeNational Assembly, shamwari yaViotti, yaigara mune imwe yeimba dzeParis pauriri hwechishanu. Muridzi weviolin ane mukurumbira akabvuma kuita konzati kumba kwake. Ziva kuti vatongi vaigara chete mudzimba dzepasi dzezvivakwa. Apo Viotti akaziva kuti vapfumi vanoverengeka nevakadzi venzanga yepamusoro vakakokwa kukonzati yake, akati: “Tavakotamira zvakakwana, zvino ngavasimuke kwatiri.”

Musi waKurume 15, 1782, Viotti akatanga kuoneka pamberi peruzhinji rweParis pakonzati yakazaruka paConcert spirituel. Rakanga riri sangano rekare rekonzati rakabatanidzwa zvikuru nevaristocratic denderedzwa uye mabhunu makuru. Panguva yekuitwa kwaViotti, Concert spirituel (Spiritual Concert) yakakwikwidza ne "Concerts of Amateurs" (Concerts des Amateurs), yakavambwa muna 1770 naGossec uye yakatumidzwa zita muna 1780 kuita "Concerts of the Olympic Lodge" ("Concerts de la Loge Olimpique"). Vateereri vazhinji vemabhunu vakaungana pano. Asi zvakadaro, kusvikira yavharwa muna 1796, "Concert spiriuel" yaiva horo huru uye yakakurumbira pasi rose. Nokudaro, kuita kwaViotti mairi kwakakurumidza kukwezva pfungwa kwaari. Mutungamiriri weConcert spirituel Legros (1739-1793), mune mumwe musi waMarch 24, 1782, akataura kuti “nekonzati yakaitwa neSvondo, Viotti akasimbisa mukurumbira mukuru waakanga atowana muFrance.”

Pakukwirira kwemukurumbira wake, Viotti akangoerekana amira kuita mumakonzati eruzhinji. Eimar, munyori weViotti's Anecdotes, anotsanangura chokwadi ichi nekuti mutambi weviolin akabata nekuzvidza kuombera kwevanhu, avo vaive nekunzwisisa kushoma kwemimhanzi. Zvisinei, sezvatinoziva kubva munhoroondo yakanyorwa yemuimbi, Viotti anotsanangura kuramba kwake kubva kumakonti evanhu vose nemabasa emuimbi wedare Marie Antoinette, uyo ane basa raakasarudza kuzvipira panguva iyoyo.

Zvisinei, imwe haipokani neimwe. Viotti akanga asemeswa chaizvo nepamusoro-soro pezvaidiwa nevoruzhinji. Muna 1785 akange ave shamwari dzepedyo naCherubhini. Vakagara pamwechete parue Michodière, kwete. 8; kwaigara vaimbi nevadi vemimhanzi. Pamberi pevateereri vakadaro, Viotti airidza achida.

Manheru chaiwo echimurenga, muna 1789, the Count of Provence, mukoma wamambo, pamwe naLeonard Otier, Marie Antoinette's enterprising hairdresser, vakaronga King's Brother Theatre, vachikoka Martini naViotti sevatungamiri. Viotti aigara achikwevera kune marudzi ese ezviitwa zvesangano uye, sekutonga, izvi zvakaguma mukukundikana kwaari. MuTuileries Hall, mitambo yeItaly neFrench komiki opera, komedhi mune prose, nhetembo uye vaudeville yakatanga kupihwa. Pakati peimba yemitambo itsva yakanga iri chikwata cheItaly opera, icho chakarerwa naViotti, uyo akatanga kushanda nechido. Zvisinei, chimurenga chakakonzera kuparara kweimba yemitambo. Martini "panguva yakaoma zvikuru yechimurenga akatomanikidzwa kuvanda kuitira kuti arege kukanganwa hukama hwake nedare." Zvinhu zvakanga zvisisina kumira zvakanaka naViotti: “Zvandakanga ndaisa chinenge chinhu chose chandaiva nacho mubhizimisi reimba yemitambo yokuItaly, ndakatya zvikuru pakuswedera kworukova rwakashata urwu. Zvakandinetsa sei uye zvibvumirano zvakadii zvandaifanira kuita kuti ndibude mudambudziko! Viotti anoyeuka munhoroondo yake youpenyu yakatorwa naE. Heron-Allen.

Kusvikira imwe nguva mukukura kwezviitiko, Viotti sezviri pachena akaedza kuramba. Akaramba kutama uye, akapfeka yunifomu yeNational Guard, akaramba aine theatre. Imba yemitambo yakavharwa muna 1791, uye Viotti akasarudza kusiya France. Manheru okusungwa kwemhuri youmambo, akatiza kubva kuParis achienda kuLondon, kwaakasvika pana July 21 kana kuti 22, 1792. Pano akagamuchirwa noushamwari. Kwapera gore, muna July 1793, akamanikidzwa kuenda kuItaly maererano nerufu rwaamai vake uye kutarisira vakoma vake, vakanga vachiri vana. Zvisinei, Riemann anotaura kuti rwendo rwaViotti kunyika yake rwakabatana nechishuvo chake chekuona baba vake, avo vakakurumidza kufa. Imwe nzira kana imwe, asi kunze kweEngland, Viotti kusvika 1794, ashanyira panguva ino kwete muItaly chete, asiwo muSwitzerland, Germany, Flanders.

Achidzokera kuLondon, kwemakore maviri (1794-1795) akatungamirira basa rakasimba rekonzati, achiita munenge makonzati ose akarongwa nomukurumbira wokuGermany mutambi weviolin Johann Peter Salomon (1745-1815), uyo akagara muguta guru reChirungu kubva muna 1781. Makoniti aSoromoni. dzaive dzakakurumbira.

Pakati pezvakaitwa naViotti, koniti yake muna Zvita 1794 aine mukurumbira kaviri bass mutambi Dragonetti anoda kuziva. Vakaridza Viotti duet, Dragonetti achitamba chikamu chechipiri cheviolin pamabhesi maviri.

Achigara muLondon, Viotti akatangazve kuita mabasa esangano. Akatora chikamu mukutungamira kweRoyal Theatre, achitora nyaya dzeItaly Opera, uye mushure mekubva kwaWilhelm Kramer kubva pachinzvimbo chemutungamiriri weRoyal Theatre, akamutsiva mune ino post.

Muna 1798, hupenyu hwake hune rugare hwakangoerekana hwaparara. Akapomerwa mhosva yemapurisa yezvirongwa zvechisimba pamusoro peDirectory, iyo yakatsiva revolutionary Convention, uye kuti aisangana nevamwe vevatungamiri veFrance revolution. Akakumbirwa kuti abve muEngland mumaawa makumi maviri nemana.

Viotti akagara mutaundi reSchoenfeldts pedyo neHamburg, kwaakagara kwemakore anenge matatu. Ikoko akanyatsonyora mimhanzi, ainyorerana neimwe yeshamwari dzake dzepedyo dzechiRungu, Chinnery, uye akadzidza naFriedrich Wilhelm Piksis (1786-1842), akazova mutambi weviolin ane mukurumbira wokuCzechoslovakia uye mudzidzisi, muvambi wechikoro chekuridza violin muPrague.

Muna 1801 Viotti akagamuchira mvumo yokudzokera kuLondon. Asi haana kukwanisa kubatanidzwa muhupenyu hwemimhanzi hweguta guru uye, maererano nezano raChinnery, akatanga kutengesa waini. Kwaiva kufamba kwakaipa. Viotti akaratidza kuva mutengesi asingakwanisi uye akaparara. Kubva mubhuku rewiro raViotti, romusi waMarch 13, 1822, tinodzidza kuti haana kubhadhara zvikwereti zvaakanga aumba zvine chokuita nokutengeserana kwakashata. Akanyora kuti mweya wake wakabvarurwa kubva mukuziva kuti aive ave kufa asina kubhadhara chikwereti chaChinnery che24000 francs, chaakamukweretesa kuti atengese waini. "Kana ndikafa ndisina kubhadhara chikwereti ichi, ndinokumbira kuti utengese zvese zvandingawane chete, wozviziva uye wozvitumira kuna Chinnery nevadyi venhaka yake."

Muna 1802, Viotti anodzokera kumitambo yemimhanzi uye, achigara zvachose muLondon, dzimwe nguva anoenda kuParis, uko kutamba kwake kuchiri kuyemurwa.

Zvishoma zvikuru zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pehupenyu hwaViotti muLondon kubva muna 1803 kusvika muna 1813. Muna 1813 akatora chikamu chekushingaira musangano reLondon Philharmonic Society, achigovera kukudzwa uku naClementi. Kuzarurwa kweSosaiti kwakaitika pana March 8, 1813, Salomon akaitisa, nepo Viotti airidza muokhestra.

Asingakwanisi kutsungirira matambudziko emari aikura, muna 1819 akatamira kuParis, uko, nerubatsiro rwemuchengeti wake wekare, Count of Provence, akazova Mambo weFrance pasi pezita raLouis XVIII, akagadzwa kuva mutungamiriri weItaly. Opera House. Musi waKukadzi 13, 1820, Duke weBerry akaurayiwa munhandare, uye mikova yenzvimbo iyi yakavharwa kune veruzhinji. Opera yekuItaly yakafamba kakawanda kubva mukamuri kuenda kune imwe uye yakava nehupenyu hunosiririsa. Somugumisiro, pane kusimbisa nzvimbo yake yemari, Viotti akavhiringidzika zvachose. Muchirimo cha1822, aneta nokukundikana, akadzokera kuLondon. Utano hwake huri kuramba huchiipa. Pana March 3, 1824, na7 kiroko mangwanani, akafira kumba kwaCaroline Chinnery.

Chinhu chidiki chakasara kubva kwaari: zvinyorwa zviviri zvekonsato, maviolin maviri - Klotz uye anoshamisa Stradivarius (akakumbira kutengesa yekupedzisira kuti abhadhare zvikwereti), mabhokisi maviri egoridhe newachi yegoridhe - ndizvo chete.

Viotti aiva mutambi mukuru weviolin. Kuita kwake ndiko kutaura kwepamusoro-soro kwemaitiro emumhanzi classicism: mutambo uyu waisiyaniswa neukuru hunoshamisa, kunzwisa tsitsi, simba guru, moto, uye panguva imwechete kureruka kwakasimba; aizivikanwa nehungwaru, hurume hunokosha uye kufara kwekutaura. Viotti aive neruzha rwune simba. Kusimba kwechirume kwekuita kwakasimbiswa nekudedera kuri pakati nepakati, kwakadzorwa. "Paive nechimwe chinhu chakanakisa uye chaikurudzira nezvekuita kwake zvekuti kunyangwe vatambi vane hunyanzvi vakamunzvenga uye vakaita sevasina maturo," Heron-Allen anonyora, achitora mashoko aMiel.

Kuita kwaViotti kwaienderana nebasa rake. Akanyora 29 concertos violin uye 10 piano concerto; 12 sonatas yeviolin nepiyano, akawanda violin duets, 30 trios eviolin maviri uye mabhesi maviri, 7 kuunganidzwa kwetambo quartets uye 6 quartets yemimhanzi yevanhu; nhamba ye cello inoshanda, akati wandei zvidimbu zvezwi - inokwana mazana maviri enziyo.

Violin concertos ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yenhaka yake. Mumabasa emhando iyi, Viotti akasika mienzaniso ye heroic classicism. Kuoma kwemimhanzi yavo kunoyeuchidza mifananidzo yaDavid uye inobatanidza Viotti nevanyori vakadai saGossec, Cherubini, Lesueur. Mamiriro ehurumende mumafambiro ekutanga, elegiac uye kurota pathos muadagio, iyo inopisa yedemocratism yekupedzisira rondos, yakazadzwa nemaimbiro enziyo dzeParisian dzinoshanda masabhubhu, inosiyanisa zvakanaka maconcerto ake kubva mukusikwa kweviolin kwevenguva yake. Viotti aive netarenda rekunyora zvine mwero, asi akakwanisa kuratidza zvine hunyoro mafambiro enguva iyoyo, izvo zvakapa nziyo dzake kukosha kwemimhanzi uye nhoroondo.

Kufanana naLully naCherubini, Viotti anogona kutorwa semumiriri wechokwadi werudzi rweFrance art. Mubasa rake, Viotti haana kupotsa imwe yenyika stylistic chimiro, kuchengetedzwa kwacho kwaitarisirwa nekushingaira kunoshamisa nevanyori venguva yekuchinja.

Kwemakore akawanda, Viotti aiitawo zvidzidzo zvekudzidzisa, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji hazvina kumbotora nzvimbo inokosha muupenyu hwake. Pakati pevadzidzi vake vane violin vakatanhamara vakadai saPierre Rode, F. Pixis, Alde, Vache, Cartier, Labarre, Libon, Maury, Pioto, Roberecht. Pierre Baio naRudolf Kreutzer vakazviona sevadzidzi vaViotti, pasinei nokuti havana kutora zvidzidzo kubva kwaari.

Mifananidzo yakawanda yeViotti yakasara. Mufananidzo wake unonyanya kuzivikanwa wakapendwa muna 1803 nemuimbi wechiFrench Elisabeth Lebrun (1755-1842). Heron-Allen anorondedzera chitarisiko chake sezvinotevera: “Zvisikwa zvakakomborera Viotti munyama nomumudzimu. Musoro, une ushingi, chiso, kunyange zvazvo chakanga chisina kugaroenzana zvakakwana, chairatidza, chaifadza, chiedza chinopenya. Chimiro chake chaive chakaenzana uye chine nyasha, tsika dzake dzakanakisa, hurukuro yake ine moyo uye yakakwenenzverwa; akanga ari mutauri ane hunyanzvi uye mukutapurirana kwake chiitiko ichi chaiita sechaive chavapenyu zvakare. Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu ekuora kwaigara Viotti mudare reFrance, haana kumborasikirwa nemutsa wake wakajeka uye kusatya kwechokwadi.

Viotti akapedza kuvandudzwa kweiyo violin art yeChiedza, achibatanidza mukuita kwake uye kushanda tsika huru dzeItaly neFrance. Chizvarwa chinotevera chemaviolin akazarura peji itsva munhoroondo yeviolin, yakabatanidzwa nenguva itsva - nguva yerudo.

L. Raaben