Paul Hindemith |

Paul Hindemith

Ramangwana redu mumhanzi wezvisikwa zvevanhu Uye teerera chinyararire mimhanzi yenyika. Danai pfungwa dzezvizvarwa zviri kure Kuchikafu chemweya chehama. G. Hesse

P. Hindemith ndiye muimbi mukuru wechiGerman, mumwe weakazivikanwa classics emimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Kuve hunhu hwemwero wepasirese (conductor, viola uye viola d'amore mutambi, mhanzi theorist, publicist, mudetembi - munyori wezvinyorwa zvemabasa ake) - Hindemith akangoitawo pasi rose mukuita kwake kuumba. Iko hakuna mhando yakadaro uye rudzi rwemimhanzi yaisazofukidzwa nebasa rake - ingave iyo yehuzivi yakakosha symphony kana opera yevasati vaenda kuchikoro, mimhanzi yekuedza zviridzwa zvemagetsi kana zvidimbu zvetambo dzekare ensemble. Iko hakuna chiridzwa chakadaro chaisazoonekwa mumabasa ake seanoimba uye paaisakwanisa kuzviridza (nokuti, maererano nevemazuva ano, Hindemith aive mumwe wevanyori vashoma vaigona kuita zvinenge zvikamu zvese mumitambo yake yeorchestra, saka. - akagadzwa zvakasimba kwaari basa re "vose-muimbi" - All-round-musiker). Mutauro wemumhanzi wacho pachawo, uyo wakatora maitiro akasiyana ekuyedza ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, unoratidzwawo nechishuwo chekubatanidzwa. uye panguva imwe chete nguva dzose vachimhanyira kune zvakabva - kuna JS Bach, gare gare - kuna J. Brahms, M. Reger naA. Bruckner. Nzira yekugadzira yeHindemith ndiyo nzira yekuzvarwa kwechinyakare chitsva: kubva paudiki hwehudiki kuenda kune kunowedzera kukomba uye kunofunga kwekutaura kwehunyanzvi hwake.

Kutanga kwekuita kweHindemith kwakabatana ne20s. - mutsara wekutsvaga kwakanyanya muEuropean art. Mapesvedzero ekutaura kwemakore ano ( opera The Killer, the Hope of Women, yakavakirwa parugwaro rwaO. Kokoschka) inokurumidza kupa nzira kukuzivisa kunopesana nerudo. Grotesque, parody, caustic kuseka kwese nzira (iyo opera Nhau dzeZuva), mubatanidzwa nejazz, ruzha uye mutinhimira weguta guru (piano suite 1922) - zvese zvakabatanidzwa pasi pesirogani yakajairika - "pasi nerudo. ” Muiti wechidiki chirongwa chekuita chinoratidzwa zvisina kujeka mumashoko emunyori wake, seaya anoperekedza kuguma kweiyo viola Sonata op. 21 #1: “Kumhanya kunonetsa. Kunaka kwenzwi inyaya yechipiri. Nekudaro, kunyangwe ipapo neoclassical orientation yakadzora mune yakaoma spectrum yekutsvaga stylistic. Nokuda kweHindemith, neoclassicism yakanga isiri imwe chete yemitauro yakawanda yemitauro, asi pamusoro pezvose nheyo yekusika inotungamira, kutsvaga "chimiro chakasimba uye chakanaka" (F. Busoni), chido chekuvandudza tsika dzakagadzikana uye dzakavimbika dzekufunga, kubva kare. kuna vatenzi vekare.

Pakazosvika chikamu chechipiri che20s. pakupedzisira akaumba chimiro chemunhu oga chemunyori. Kutaura kwehasha kwenziyo dzeHindemith kunopa chikonzero chokuifananidza ne“mutauro wokunyora matanda.” Nhanganyaya kutsika yemimhanzi yeBaroque, iyo yakava nzvimbo yepakati peHindemith's neoclassical passions, yakaratidzirwa mukupararira kwekushandiswa kwepolyphonic nzira. Fugues, passacaglia, maitiro emutsara wepolyphony saturate nziyo dzemhando dzakasiyana. Pakati pazvo pane kutenderera kwezwi "Hupenyu hwaMaria" (pachiteshi chaR. Rilke), pamwe chete neopera "Cardillac" (yakavakirwa panhau pfupi yaTA Hoffmann), uko kukosha kwekuzvarwa kwemitemo yemimhanzi yebudiriro. inoonekwa seyakapokana kune Wagnerian "mumhanzi mutambo". Pamwe chete nemazita anoshanda kune zvakanakisa zvisikwa zveHindemith ye20s. (Hongu, zvichida, uye kazhinji, zvisikwa zvake zvakanakisisa) zvinosanganisira kutenderera kwekamuri yemimhanzi yemimhanzi - sonatas, ensembles, concertos, apo manzwiro emuiti wezvakasikwa ekufunga mupfungwa dzemimhanzi akawana ivhu rakaorera zvikuru.

Basa raHindemith rinobudirira zvikuru mumhando dzezviridzwa hariparadzaniswe nemufananidzo wake wekuita. Sezvo ari violist uye nhengo yakakurumbira L. Amar quartet, munyori akapa konzati munyika dzakasiyana-siyana (kusanganisira USSR muna 1927). Mumakore iwayo, aive murongi wemhemberero dzemumhanzi mutsva wekamuri muDonaueschingen, akafuridzirwa nezvitsva zvakanzwika ipapo uye panguva imwechete achitsanangura mamiriro emitambo semumwe wevatungamiriri vemimhanzi avant-garde.

Mumakore makumi matatu. Basa raHindemith rinokwevera kune kujeka kukuru uye kugadzikana: kuita kwechisikigo kwe "sludge" yemhepo yekuedza iyo yakanga ichipisa kusvika zvino yakaonekwa nemimhanzi yose yeEurope. Kune Hindemith, pfungwa dzeGebrauchsmusik, mimhanzi yehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, yakaita basa rinokosha pano. Kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzira mimhanzi yeamateur, munyori aida kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwevateereri vazhinji nehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwekugadzira. Zvisinei, chimwe chisimbiso chekuzvidzora iye zvino hachifananidzi kuedza kwake kushandiswa uye kudzidzisa. Mazano ekukurukurirana uye kunzwisisana kwakavakirwa pamimhanzi haasiye tenzi weGermany paanenge achigadzira zvinyorwa zve "high style" - sezvakangoita kusvika kumagumo anochengetedza kutenda mukuda kwakanaka kwevanhu vanoda unyanzvi, kuti "Vanhu vakaipa hapana nziyo" ( "Bose Menschen haben keine Lleder").

Kutsvaga kwechinangwa chesainzi chekusika mumhanzi, chishuwo chekunzwisisa uye kusimbisa zvekusingaperi mitemo yemimhanzi, nekuda kwechimiro chayo chemuviri, zvakare yakatungamira kune yakanaka yeinopindirana, yekare chirevo cheHindemith. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo "Nhungamiro yeKuumba" (1936-41) yakaberekwa - chibereko chemakore akawanda ekushanda naHindemith, musayendisiti uye mudzidzisi.

Asi, zvichida, chikonzero chakanyanya kukosha chekubva kwemunyori kubva mukuzvigadzirisa stylistic audacity yemakore ekutanga yaive mitsva yekugadzira super-tasks. Kukura pamweya kweHindemith kwakamutswa nemhepo chaiyo yemakore makumi matatu. - iyo yakaoma uye inotyisa mamiriro efascist Germany, izvo zvaida kuti muimbi aunganidze masimba ese etsika. Hazvisi zvakangoitika kuti opera The Painter Mathis (30) yakaonekwa panguva iyoyo, mutambo wakadzika wemagariro wakanzwisiswa nevakawanda mukuwirirana zvakananga nezviri kuitika (kushamwaridzana kwakanaka kwakamutswa, semuenzaniso, nechiitiko chekupiswa kwemoto. Mabhuku echiLutheran panzvimbo yemusika muMainz). Dingindira rebasa racho pacharo rakanzwika rakakosha zvikuru - muimbi uye nzanga, yakagadziridzwa pahwaro hwenhoroondo yenhoroondo yehupenyu hwaMathis Grunewald. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti opera yaHindemith yakarambidzwa nevakuru vefascist uye pasina nguva yakatanga hupenyu hwayo muchimiro chesymphony yezita rimwe chete (1938 zvikamu zvaro zvinonzi mapendi eIsenheim Altarpiece, akapendwa naGrunewald: "Concert of Angels" , “The Entombment”, “The Temptations of St. Anthony”) .

Kupokana nehudzvanyiriri hwefascist kwakava chikonzero chekutama kwemunyori kwenguva refu uye kusingadzokerike. Zvisinei, achigara kwemakore akawanda kure nenyika yake (kunyanya kuSwitzerland neU.SA), Hindemith akaramba akatendeka kune tsika dzepakutanga dzemimhanzi yeGermany, pamwe chete nemugwagwa wake wakasarudzwa. Mumakore epashure pehondo, akaenderera mberi nekupa zvaanoda kumhando dzezviridzwa (iyo Symphonic Metamorphoses yeWeber's Themes, iyo Pittsburgh uye Serena symphonies, sonatas nyowani, ensembles, uye makonsati akagadzirwa). Basa rakakosha zvikuru reHindemith mumakore achangopfuura ndiro symphony "Harmony of the World" (1957), iyo yakasimuka pane zvinyorwa zve opera yezita rimwe chete (iro rinotaura nezvekutsvaga kwemweya kweastronomer I. Kepler uye dambudziko rake rakaoma) . Kuumbwa kwacho kunoguma nepassacaglia yakaisvonaka, inoratidzira kutamba kwakatenderera kwemitumbi yokudenga uye inofananidzira kuwirirana kwechadenga.

Kutenda mutsinhirano iyi—pasinei nenyongano youpenyu chaihwo—kwakatekeshera mubasa rose rapashure romunyori. Nzira dzekuparidza-dziviriro dzinonzwika mukati maro zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya. MuThe Composer's World (1952), Hindemith anozivisa hondo pa "indasitiri yevaraidzo" yemazuva ano uye, kune rumwe rutivi, kune elitist technocracy yeazvino avant-garde mimhanzi, ine hutsinye zvakaenzana, mumaonero ake, kumweya wechokwadi wekugadzira. . Kurinda kwaHindemith kwaive nemitengo iri pachena. Chimiro chake chemimhanzi chinobva kuma50s. dzimwe nguva kuzere nekukwira kwedzidzo; kwete kusununguka kubva kune didactics uye kutsoropodza kurwiswa kwemunyori. Uye zvakadaro, zviri mukuda uku kwekunzwanana, kuri kuitika - uyezve, mumhanzi weHindemith - simba rakakura rekupikisa, iyo huru yehutsika uye yekunaka "nerve" yezvakanakisa zvisikwa zveGerman tenzi nhema. Pano akaramba ari muteveri weBach mukuru, achipindura panguva imwechete kumibvunzo yose "inorwara" yehupenyu.

T. Kuruboshwe

• Opera mabasa eHindemith →