Finger |

APPLICATION (kubva kuLatin applico - ndinoisa, ndinodzvanya; Chirungu chigunwe; French doigte; Italian digitazione, diteggiature; German Fingersatz, Applikatur) - nzira yekuronga nekuchinjanisa zvigunwe pakuridza mimhanzi. chiridzwa, pamwe nekudoma nzira iyi mumanotsi. Kugona kuwana rhythm yechisikigo uye inonzwisisika ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvehunyanzvi hwekuita zvearidzwa. Kukosha kweA. kunokonzerwa nekubatana kwayo kwemukati nenguva dzel. nzira dze instr. mitambo. Yakanyatsosarudzwa A. inobatsira pakutaura kwayo, inobatsira kukunda unyanzvi. matambudziko, anobatsira mutambi kuti agone mimhanzi. prod., nekukurumidza kuifukidza mune zvese uye zvakadzama, inosimbisa iyo muses. ndangariro, inofambisa kuverenga kubva papepa, inovandudza rusununguko rwekutarisa pamutsipa, keyboard, mavharuvhu, kune vanoita patambo. zviridzwa zvinobatsirawo pakuchena kwemanzwi. Sarudzo ineunyanzvi yeA., iyo panguva imwe chete inopa inodiwa sonority uye nyore kufamba, inonyanya kutarisisa kunaka kwekuita. MuA. yomuiti upi noupi, pamwe chete nedzimwe nheyo dzakajairika munguva yake, hunhu hwomunhu oga hunoonekawo. Kusarudzwa kweA. kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo kunokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwemaoko emuiti (kureba kweminwe, kushanduka kwavo, chiyero chekutambanudza). Panguva imwecheteyo, A. inonyanya kugadziriswa nekunzwisisa kwega kwega kwebasa, chirongwa chekuita uye kushandiswa kwayo. Mupfungwa iyi, tinogona kutaura nezve aesthetics yeA. Mikana yeA. zvinoenderana nerudzi uye dhizaini yechiridzwa; ivo vakapamhama zvakanyanya kune kiibhodhi netambo. zviridzwa zvakakotamiswa (violin, cello), zvakanyanya kuganhurirwa kune tambo. kudzurwa uye kunyanya kumweya. zvishandiso.

A. muzvinyorwa zvinoratidzwa nenhamba dzinoratidza kuti ndeupi munwe uyu kana kuti ruzha rwakatorwa. Mumapepa emimhanzi yetambo. tambo zviridzwa, zvigunwe zveruoko rworuboshwe zvinoratidzirwa nenhamba kubva ku1 kusvika ku4 (kubva pamunwe wechiratidzo kusvika kumunwe muduku), kuiswa kwechigunwe ne cellists kunoratidzwa nechiratidzo . Mune zvinyorwa zvezviridzwa zvekhibhodi, kusarudzwa kweminwe kunogamuchirwa nenhamba 1-5 (kubva pachigunwe kusvika kumunwe muduku weruoko rumwe norumwe). Kare, mamwe mazita aishandiswa zvakare. Misimboti yakajairika yeA. yakachinja nekufamba kwenguva, zvichienderana nekushanduka kwema muses. art-va, uyewo kubva pakuvandudzwa kwemamusi. zvishandiso uye kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekuita.

Mienzaniso yekutanga yaA. yakaunzwa: yezviridzwa zvakakotamiswa - mu "Treatise on Music" ("Tractatus de musica", pakati pe1272 ne1304) Czech. ice theorist Hieronymus Moravsky (ine A. ye5-tambo. fidel viola), yezviridzwa zveibhodhi - mugwaro "The Art of Performing Fantasies" ("Arte de tacer Fantasia ...", 1565) naSpaniard Thomas kubva kuSanta Maria uye mu "Organ kana Instrumental Tablature" ("Orgel-oder Instrumenttabulatur …”, 1571) ChiGerman. nhengo E. Ammerbach. Chimiro cheiyi A. - shoma yekushandisa nhamba yeminwe: pakuridza zviridzwa zvakakotamiswa, zvigunwe zviviri chete zvekutanga uye tambo yakazaruka yainyanya kusanganiswa, kutsvedza nemunwe mumwechete pachromatic kwakashandiswawo. semitone; pamakeyboards, arithmetic yakashandiswa, zvichienderana nekuchinja kweminwe yepakati chete, nepo zvigunwe zvakanyanyisa, zvisingawanzoitiki, zvakanga zvisingashande. Iyo yakafanana sisitimu uye mune ramangwana inoramba yakajairika kune akakotama viols uye harpsichord. Muzana ramakore rechi 15, kuridza viol, kwaingogumira kuhafu-chinzvimbo uye chinzvimbo chekutanga, yaive polyphonic, chordal; nzira yekuverenga pa viola da gamba yakatanga kushandiswa muzana remakore rechi16, uye kuchinja kwezvinzvimbo kwakatanga pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi17 ne18. Zvakawanda zvakagadziridzwa aive A. pane harpsichord, iyo muzana remakore rechi16-17. chakava chiridzwa choga. Aisiyaniswa nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana. chaiyo a. yakatemerwa zvakanyanya nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemifananidzo yemumhanzi weharpsichord. Rudzi rwemadiki, akarimwa ne harpsichordists, yaida yakanaka minwe nzira, kunyanya chinzvimbo (mukati me "chinzvimbo" cheruoko). Saka kudzivirira kupinza chigunwe, sarudzo yakapihwa kupinza uye kushandura zvimwe zvigunwe (4th pasi pe3, 3rd kuburikidza 4th), chinyararire shanduko yeminwe pane imwe kiyi (doigté substituer), kutsvedza kwemunwe kubva kukiyi nhema kuenda kune chena. imwe (doigté de glissé), nezvimwewo. Iyi nzira A. yakarongedzwa naF. Couperin mune chinyorwa "Unyanzvi hwekuridza Harpsichord" ("L'art de toucher le clavecin", 1716). Kumwe kushanduka-shanduka a. yaisanganiswa: pakati pevatambi pazviridzwa zvakakotamiswa, kunyanya maviolinists, nekuvandudzwa kwekutamba kwenzvimbo, nzira yekuchinja kubva panzvimbo kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo, pakati pevatambi pazviridzwa zvekhibhodi, nekusumwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuisa chigunwe, chaida kugona keyboard. decomp. "zvinzvimbo" zveruoko (kusumwa kwehunyanzvi uhu kunowanzo kusanganiswa nezita reI. C. Bhaha). Hwaro hweiyo violin A. kwaiva kupatsanurwa kwemutsipa wechiridzwa muzvinzvimbo uye kushandiswa kwekuora. mhando dzekuiswa kwemunwe pane fretboard. Kupatsanurwa kweiyo fretboard kuita zvinzvimbo zvinomwe, zvichibva pakurongeka kwezvigunwe, neKrom patambo yega yega, manzwi akafukidzwa muhuwandu hwequart, yakagadzwa naM. Corret mu“Chikoro cheOrpheus” (“L'école d'Orphée”, 1738); A., zvichibva pakuwedzera uye kuderera kwehukuru hwechinzvimbo, chakaiswa pamberi naF. Geminiani paInyanzvi Yekutamba paViolin Chikoro, op. 9, 1751). In touch skr. A. ine rhythmic. Chimiro chendima uye sitiroko chairatidzwa naL. Mozart mune yake "Chiitiko chechikoro chakakosha cheviolin" ("Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule", 1756). Gare gare III. Berio akagadzira musiyano pakati peviolin A. zveA. cantilena uye A. technician nzvimbo nekuisa diff. misimboti yezvavanosarudza muchikoro chake che "Great violin" ("Grande mеthode de violon", 1858). Percussion mechanics, rehearsal mechanics uye pedal mechanism yepiyano yechiito, iyo yakavakirwa pamisimboti yakasiyana zvachose kana ichienzaniswa neye harpsichord, yakavhura hunyanzvi hutsva hwevanoridza piyano. uye arts. zvigone. Munguva yeY. Haydna, V. A. Mozart uye L. Beethoven, shanduko inoitwa kune "zvigunwe zvishanu" FP. A. Mitemo yeizvi inonzi. zvechinyakare kana zvechinyakare fp. A. zvakapfupikiswa nenzira yakadaro. inoshanda se "Complete Theoretical and Practical Piano School" ("Voll-ständige theoretisch-praktische Pianoforte-Schule", op. 500, kunosvika 1830) K. Czerny uye Piano Chikoro. Dzidziso yakadzama yedzidziso uye inoshanda pakuridza piyano” (“Klavierschule: ausführliche theoretisch-praktische Anweisung zum Pianofortespiel…”, 1828) naI.

Muzana remakore rechi18 pasi pesimba rekuridza violin, iyo A. ye cello inoumbwa. Huru (ichienzaniswa neviolin) saizi yechiridzwa uye nzira yakamira yakamira yekuibata (mutsoka) yakatemesa iyo cello violin: kurongeka kwakakura kwenguva pafretboard kwaida kutevedzana kwakasiyana kweminwe pakuridza ( kuita munzvimbo dzekutanga dzeizwi rose kwete 1st uye 2nd, uye 1st uye 3rd zvigunwe), kushandiswa kwechigunwe mumutambo (iyo inonzi kubvuma kwebheti). Kekutanga, misimboti yeA. cello inoratidzwa mu cello “Chikoro…” (“Mthode … pour apprendre … le violoncelle”, op. 24, 1741) naM. Correta (ch. “On fingering in the yekutanga uye inotevera zvinzvimbo", "Pakuiswa kwechigunwe - chiyero"). Kuvandudzwa kwekugamuchira kwebheti kunobatanidzwa nezita raL. Boccherini (kushandiswa kwechigunwe chechina, kushandiswa kwezvigaro zvepamusoro). Mune ramangwana, akarongeka J.-L. Duport akatsanangura misimboti yecello acoustics mubasa rake Essai sur le doigté du violoncelle et sur la conduite de l'archet, 4, pa cello fingering uye kuitisa uta. Kukosha kukuru kwebasa iri kwakabatana nekugadzwa kwemisimboti yepiyano yecello yakakodzera, kuzvisunungura kubva kugambo (uye, kune imwe nhanho, violin) zvinofurira uye kuwana chaiyo cello hunhu, mukugadzirisa zvikero zvepiyano.

Vatambi vakuru vemitambo yerudo muzana remakore rechi19 (N. Paganini, F. Liszt, F. Chopin) vakasimbisa nheyo itsva dzeA., kwete zvakanyanya pa "kunakira" kwekuita, asi pakunyorerana kwemukati kune muses. zviri mukati, pakukwanisa kuwana nerubatsiro rwezvinoenderana. A. ruzha rwakanyanya kana ruvara. effect. Paganini akaunza maitiro eA., osn. pazvigunwe zvakatambanudzwa uye kureba kureba, zvichiita zvakanyanya kuwanda kweumwe neumwe. tambo; mukuita izvi, akakunda chinzvimbo mukuridza violin. Liszt, uyo akafurirwa nehunyanzvi hwekuita kwaPaganini, akasundira miganhu yeFP. A. Pamwe chete nekuisa chigunwe, kushandura uye kuyambuka 2nd, 3rd uye 5th zvigunwe, akashandisa zvakanyanya chigunwe uye zvigunwe zvishanu pamakiyi madema, achitamba kutevedzana kwemanzwi nemunwe mumwechete, nezvimwewo.

Munguva yepashure perudo K. Yu. Davydov akapinza muitiro wekutamba maseru A., osn. kwete pakushandiswa kwakakwana kwekufamba kwezvigunwe pamunwe nechinzvimbo chisingachinji cheruoko mune imwe nzvimbo (nheyo yeinonzi positional parallelism, inorimwa nechikoro cheGermany mumunhu weB. Romberg), asi pamusoro pekufamba kweruoko uye kuchinja nguva dzose kwezvinzvimbo.

A development. muzana remakore rechi20 rinoratidza zvisikwa zvaro zvakadzika zvakanyanya. kubatana ne Express. kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwekuita (nzira dzekugadzira ruzha, zvirevo, simba, agogics, kutaura, kune vanoridza piyano - pedalization), inoburitsa zvinoreva A. sei nyanzvi yepfungwa. chinhu uye chinotungamira kune kurongeka kwehunyanzvi hweminwe, kusvika pakuiswa kwehunyanzvi, DOS. pahupfumi hwemafambiro, automation yavo. Mupiro mukuru pakuvandudzwa kwemazuva ano. fp. A. yakaitwa naF. Busoni, uyo akagadzira musimboti wechikamu chakatsanangurwa cheicho chinonzi "technical units" kana "complexes" inosanganisira mapoka eunifomu ezvinyorwa zvinoridzwa neamwechete A. Iyi nheyo, iyo inovhura mikana yakafara ye automating kufamba kweminwe uye, kusvika pamwero wakati, inobatanidzwa nenheyo yezvinonzi. "rhythmic" A., yakagamuchira zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa muA. zvimwe zvishandiso. AP Casals yakatanga hurongwa hutsva hweA. pa cello, osn. pakutambanudza kukuru kwezvigunwe, izvo zvinowedzera huwandu hwechinzvimbo pane imwe tambo kusvika panguva yekota, pamafambiro akataurwa eruoko rweruboshwe, pamwe nekushandiswa kwekugadzirisa kwezvigunwe pafretboard. Pfungwa dzeCasals dzakagadzirwa nemudzidzi wake D. Aleksanyan mumabasa ake "Kudzidzisa Cello" ("L' enseignement de violoncelle", 1914), "Theoretical and Practical Guide to Playing the Cello" ("Traité théorétique et pratique du violoncelle", 1922) uye mubhuku rake remasutu. by I. C. Bach ye cello solo. Vatambi veviolin E. Izai, achishandisa kutambanudza kweminwe uye kuwedzera huwandu hwechinzvimbo kusvika panguva yechitanhatu uye kunyange yechinomwe, yakaunza iyo inonzi. “interpositional” kuridza violin; akashandisawo nzira ye "kunyarara" kuchinja kwechinzvimbo nerubatsiro rwetambo dzakazaruka uye manzwi e harmonic. Kugadzira nzira dzeIzaya dzeminwe, F. Kreisler akagadzira hunyanzvi hwekushandisa zvakanyanya tambo dzakavhurika dzeviolin, izvo zvakakonzera kupenya kukuru uye kusimba kwekurira kwechiridzwa. Kunyanya kukosha inzira dzakaunzwa naKreisler. mukuimba, hwaro pakushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwemutinhimira, unoratidzira musanganiswa wemanzwi (portamento), kutsiva zvigunwe painzwi rimwechete, kudzima chigunwe chechina mucantilena uye kuchitsiva neyechitatu. Mazuva ano maitiro ekuita maviolinists akavakirwa pane imwe elastic uye inofambisa pfungwa yechinzvimbo, kushandiswa kweyakamanikana uye yakawedzera kurongeka kweminwe pane fretboard, hafu-chinzvimbo, kunyangwe zvinzvimbo. Mn. nzira dzemazuva ano violin A. yakarongedzwa naK. Flash mu "Iyo Art yeViolin Kutamba" ("Kunst des Violinspiels", Teile 1-2, 1923-28). Mukugadzirwa kwakasiyana-siyana uye kushandiswa kweA. budiriro huru dzezizi. kuita chikoro: piyano - A. B. Goldenweiser, K. N. Igumnova, G. G. Neuhaus uye L. AT. Nikolaev; mutambi weviolin - L. M. Tseytlina A. Uye. Yampolsky, D. F. Oistrakh (chirevo chinobereka kwazvo pamatunhu echinzvimbo chakaiswa pamberi pake); sero - S. M. Kozolupova, A. Ya Shtrimer, gare gare - M. L. Rostropovich uye A. AP Stogorsky, akashandisa zvigunwe zveCasals uye akagadzira akati wandei maitiro matsva.

References: (fp.) Neuhaus G., On fingering, mubhuku rake: Paunyanzvi hwekuridza piyano. Zvinyorwa zvemudzidzisi, M., 1961, p. 167-183, Wedzera. kusvika kuchitsauko IV; Kogan GM, Papiyano manyorerwo, M., 1961; Ponizovkin Yu. V., Pamusoro pemitemo yemunwe yeSV Rakhmaninov, mu: Proceedings of the State. music-pedagogical. in-ta im. Gnesins, kwete. 2, M., 1961; Messner W., Anobata zvigunwe muBeethoven's Piano Sonatas. Handbook yevadzidzisi vepiyano, M., 1962; Barenboim L., Fingering principles of Artur Schnabel, in Sat: Mibvunzo yemimhanzi uye kuita zvemitambo, (nyaya) 3, M., 1962; Vinogradova O., Kukosha kweminwe yekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita kwevadzidzi vepiyano, mu: Essays pamusoro penzira yekudzidzisa kuridza piyano, M., 1965; Adam L., Méthode ou principe géneral de doigté…, P., 1798; Neate Ch., Essay of fingering, L., 1855; Kchler L., Der Klavierfingersatz, Lpz., 1862; Clauwell OA, Der Fingersatz des Klavierspiels, Lpz., 1885; Michelsen GA, Der Fingersatz beim Klavierspiel, Lpz., 1896; Babitz S., Pakushandisa JS Bach's keyboard fingerings, "ML", v. XLIII, 1962, No 2; (skr.) - Plansin M., Condensed fingering senzira itsva muunyanzvi hweviolin, "SM", 1933, No 2; Yampolsky I., Zvinokosha zve violin fingering, M., 1955 (muChirungu - Misimboti ye violin fingering, L., 1967); Jarosy A., Nouvelle théorie du doigté, Paganini et son secret, P., 1924; Nyama C., Violin fingering: its theory and practice, L., 1966; (sero) - Ginzburg SL, K. Yu. Davidov. Chitsauko kubva munhoroondo yeRussia mimhanzi tsika uye methodological pfungwa, (L.), 1936, p. 111 – 135; Ginzburg L., Nhoroondo ye cello art. Book. chekutanga. Cello classics, M.-L., 1950, p. 402-404, 425-429, 442-444, 453-473; Gutor VP, K.Yu. Davydov somuvambi wechikoro. Nhanganyaya, ed. uye cherechedza. LS Ginzburg, M.-L., 1950, p. 10-13; Duport JL, Essai sur Ie doigté du violoncelle et sur la conduite de l'archet, P., 1770 (last ed. 1902); (double bass) – Khomenko V., Zvigunwe zvitsva zvezvikero uye arpeggios zvemabhesi maviri, M., 1953; Bezdeliev V., Pakushandiswa kwechigunwe chitsva (chigunwe chezvishanu) paunenge uchitamba mabhesi maviri, mu: Scientific uye methodological manotsi eSaratov State Conservatory, 1957, Saratov, (1957); (balalaika) - Ilyukhin AS, Pamunwe wezvikero uye arpeggios uye pane hushoma hwehunyanzvi hwemutambi we balalaika, M., 1960; (nyere) - Mahilon V., Ütude sur le doigté de la flyte, Boechm, Brux., 1882.

IM Yampolsky